Abstract
River engineering study consists of large variation in time and spatial scales. Timescale of river varies from years to second, and, similarly, the variation of spatial scales is from kilometre to millimetre. Spatial scales can be divided into river basin scale and hydraulic scale, and temporal scale can be divided into hydrological, hydraulic and turbulence. Each spatio-temporal scale has fixed contextual uses. In general, turbulence plays the most key role with respect to the influences that rivers have on their channels and beds. Turbulent flows are characterized by asymmetrical patterns, irregular behaviour and the existence of various spatio-temporal scales. To extract better turbulence events and flow structure using point velocity measurements (Eulerian approach) in river, we are proposing generalized three-dimensional octant events instead of conventional two-dimensional quadrant events. Beyond that, we characterize the transitional probability of octant event occurrence in the case of unsteady flow condition. In the field, there is the assumption of steadiness of the flow under high unsteady conditions. Basically, river discharges and all the associated processes are physically unsteady, and river channel flows are typically non-uniform. In this chapter we are mainly discussing the new emerging methodological aspects to characterize the river turbulence using state-of-the-art technology. In this chapter, some of the major issues and developments linked with river dynamics and turbulence study have also been discussed with two case studies. The case studies have been presented and discussed using experimental data and their interpretation in light of river dynamics. The study has significant importance because the turbulent motion is the natural state of river engineering problems.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ashmore PE (1991) How do gravel-bed rivers braid? Can J Earth Sci 28(3):326–341
Ashworth Philip J (1996) Mid-channel bar growth and its relationship to local flow strength and direction. Earth Surf Process Landf 21:123
Berge P, Pomeau Y, Vidal C (1984) Order within chaos, Wiley and Sons, NY
Blöschl G, Sivapalan M (1995) Scale issues in hydrological modelling: a review. Hydrol Process 9(3–4):251–290
Bradshaw P (2013) An introduction to turbulence and its measurement: thermodynamics and fluid mechanics series. Elsevier, Burlington
Church M (1995) Geomorphic response to river flow regulation: case studies and time‐scales. Regul Rivers Res Manag 11(1):3–22
Church M, Ferguson R (2015) Morphodynamics: rivers beyond steady state. Water Resour Res 51(4):1883–1897
Ferguson R (1993) Understanding braiding processes in gravel-bed rivers: progress and unsolved problems. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 75(1):73–87
Grass AJ (1971) Structural features of turbulent flow over smooth and rough boundaries. J Fluid Mech 50(02):233–255
Gordon CM (1975) Sediment entrainment and suspension in a turbulent tidal flow. Mar Geol 18(1):M57–M64
Helder W, Ruardij P (1982) A one-dimensional mixing and flushing model of the Ems-Dollard estuary: calculation of time scales at different river discharges. Neth J Sea Res 15(3–4):293–312
Keshavarzi AR, Gheisi AR (2006) Stochastic nature of three dimensional bursting events and sediment entrainment in vortex chamber. Stoch Env Res Risk A 21(1):75–87
Keylock C, Hardy R, Parsons D, Ferguson R, Lane S, Richards K (2005) The theoretical foundations and potential for large-eddy simulation (LES) in fluvial geomorphic and sedimentological research. Earth Sci Rev 71(3):271–304
Keylock CJ, Lane SN, Richards KS (2014) Quadrant/octant sequencing and the role of coherent structures in bed load sediment entrainment. J Geophys Res Earth Surf 119(2):264–286
Kline S, Reynolds W, Schraub F, Runstadler P (1967) The structure of turbulent boundary layers. J Fluid Mech 30(4):741–773
Kozioł A (2015) Scales of turbulent eddies in a compound channel. Acta Geophys 63(2):514–532
Lane EW (1957) A study of the shape of channels formed by natural streams flowing in erodible material. US Army Engineer Division, Missouri River
Leopold L, Wolman M (1957) River channel patterns: braided, meandering, and straight: US Geological Survey professional paper 282-B., 1960, River meanders. Geol Soc Am Bull 71:769–794
Mianaei SJ, Keshavarzi AR (2008) Spatio-temporal variation of transition probability of bursting events over the ripples at the bed of open channel. Stoch Env Res Risk A 22(2):257–264
Miller JP (1958) High mountain streams: effects of geology on channel characteristics and bed material. State Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Albuquerque
Murray AB, Paola C (1994) A cellular model of braided rivers. Nature 371:54–57
Nakagawa H, Nezu I (1977) Prediction of the contributions to the Reynolds stress from bursting events in open-channel flows. J Fluid Mech 80(01):99–128
Nakagawa H, Nezu I (1978) Bursting phenomenon near the wall in open-channel flows and its simple mathematical model. Kyoto Univ Fac Eng Mem 40:213–240
Nepf H, Vivoni E (2000) Flow structure in depth‐limited, vegetated flow. J Geophys Res Oceans 105(C12):28547–28557
Parker G (1976) On the cause and characteristic scales of meandering and braiding in rivers. J Fluid Mech 76(03):457–480
Richards K, Chandra S, Friend P (1993) Avulsive channel systems: characteristics and examples. Geol Soc Lond, Spec Publ 75(1):195–203
Richardson LF (1921) Some measurements of atmospheric turbulence. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser A Cont Pap Math Phys Character 221:1–28
Richardson WR, Thorne CR (2001) Multiple thread flow and channel bifurcation in a braided river: Brahmaputra–Jamuna River, Bangladesh. Geomorphology 38(3):185–196
Roy A, Bergeron N (1990) Flow and particle paths at a natural river confluence with coarse bed material. Geomorphology 3(2):99–112
Schumm SA, Lichty RW (1963) Channel widening and flood-plain construction along Cimarron River in southwestern Kansas. US Geological Survey, Washington, DC
Seyfried M, Wilcox B (1995) Scale and the nature of spatial variability: field examples having implications for hydrologic modeling. Water Resour Res 31(1):173–184
Sharma N, Tiwari H (2013) Experimental study on vertical velocity and submergence depth near Piano Key Weir. Labyrinth Piano Key Weirs II-PKW 93–100
Smith ND (1974) Sedimentology and bar formation in the upper Kicking Horse River, a braided outwash stream. J Geol 82:205–223
Tiwari H, Sharma N (2014) Statistical study of turbulence near piano key weir: a review. J Exp Appl Mech 5(3):16–28
Tiwari H, Sharma N (2015a) Interaction between flow hydrodynamics and bed roughness in alluvial channel. ISH J Hydraul Eng 22(1):1–10
Tiwari H, Sharma N (2015b) Turbulence study in the vicinity of piano key weir: relevance, instrumentation, parameters and methods. Appl Water Sci 1–10
Whipple KX, Tucker GE (1999) Dynamics of the stream‐power river incision model: implications for height limits of mountain ranges, landscape response timescales, and research needs. J Geophys Res: Solid Earth 104(B8):17661–17674
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media Singapore
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Tiwari, H., Khan, A., Sharma, N. (2017). Emerging Methodologies for Turbulence Characterization in River Dynamics Study. In: Sharma, N. (eds) River System Analysis and Management . Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1472-7_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1472-7_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-10-1471-0
Online ISBN: 978-981-10-1472-7
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)