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History and Development of Food-Based Attractants

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Trapping and the Detection, Control, and Regulation of Tephritid Fruit Flies

Abstract

Adult tephrids require sugar and protein for survival and for development of eggs, and volatile chemicals from these substances are the basis for food-based lures developed as baits for these pests. In this chapter, we discuss food-based lures that mimic food sources for adults other than host fruit. These have been primarily nitrogen sources that provide the protein needed by adult flies, although non-nitrogen-containing volatile chemicals are also included in this category. After male lures, food-based lures have been the predominant attractants used in traps for tephritid fruit flies. Although typically not as powerful as male lures, food-based lures have several advantages over male-specific attractants. They can be used for species for which there are no male lures known; they capture both females and males of target species; they tend to be female-biased, that is, they capture a higher percentage of females than males; and, at least for the Mediterranean fruit fly, traps baited with food-based lures tend to capture flies earlier than traps baited with male lure. There has been a long history of research on the development of food-based attractants for pest tephritids. Several review articles have documented the early history, which started with investigations of sugar-based food lures and lead to the development of the liquid protein baits and synthetic protein-based food lures, the standard food-lures that are currently in use. In this chapter, we discuss the development of and, as much as possible, the diversity of food-based lures that have been tested and/or are used in traps for pest tephritids. Future research directions are also discussed.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Robert Mangan (USDA/ARS, Weslaco, TX and Miami, FL) for valuable discussions on this topic and for access to documents from the USDA Bureau of Entomology laboratory that was located in Mexico City, Mexico, that chronicled the research on food-based baits for A. ludens. This included original reports and an unpublished manuscript by M. McPhail. We also thank Robert Heath (USDA/ARS, Miami, FL, deceased) for his mentorship and for introducing the authors to research on food-based fruit fly attractants.

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  1. Subtropical Horticulture Research Station, USDA/ARS, 13601 Old Cutler Rd., Miami, FL, 33158, USA

    Nancy D. Epsky, Paul E. Kendra & Elena Q. Schnell

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  1. Nancy D. Epsky
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  2. Paul E. Kendra
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  3. Elena Q. Schnell
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Correspondence to Nancy D. Epsky .

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  1. United States Department of Agriculture, APHIS, Waimanalo, Hawaii, USA

    Todd Shelly

  2. ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Miami, Florida, USA

    Nancy Epsky

  3. ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Hilo, Hawaii, USA

    Eric B. Jang

  4. Insect Pest Control Section, International Atomic Energy Agency Food and Agriculture Organization, Vienna, Austria

    Jesus Reyes-Flores

  5. ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Hilo, Hawaii, USA

    Roger Vargas

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Epsky, N.D., Kendra, P.E., Schnell, E.Q. (2014). History and Development of Food-Based Attractants. In: Shelly, T., Epsky, N., Jang, E., Reyes-Flores, J., Vargas, R. (eds) Trapping and the Detection, Control, and Regulation of Tephritid Fruit Flies. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9193-9_3

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