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Remediation of Potentially Toxic Elements in Contaminated Soils

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PHEs, Environment and Human Health

Abstract

This chapter aims to offer an overview of the main remediation methods of potentially toxic elements in contaminated soils, mainly heavy metals, metalloids and radionuclides, focusing on their essential characteristics, advantages and limitations. It consists of two main groups of technologies: the first group dealing with containment and confinement, minimizing their toxicity, mobility and bioavailability. Containment measures include covering, sealing, encapsulation and immobilization through solidification (cement-based, polyethylene and resine binders, bituminization or asphalt batching and vitrification or glassification) and stabilization with inorganic and organic amendments. The second group, remediation with decontamination is based on the remotion, clean up and/or destruction of contaminants. This group includes mechanical procedures (excavation, transport and disposal to landfills), physical separations, chemical technologies such as soil washing with leaching or precipitation of potentially toxic elements, soil flushing, thermal treatments (desorption, pyrometallurgical processes and incineration) and electrokinetic technologies (electromigration, electroosmosis, electrophoresis and combinations of electrokinetics with other techniques). There are also two approaches of biological nature: bioremediation (biosorption, bioreduction, biomineralization and bioleaching-with some examples from Korea) and phytoremediation (phytoextraction, including chelate-assisted phytoextraction, phytostabilization, phytoremediation in mining activities -with examples from Portugal, Spain, Ecuador, Peru and Chile mainly-, phytovolatilisation and phytomining).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Soil Science Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain

    Jaume Bech & Núria Roca

  2. Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Unidade de Investigação de Química Ambiental (UIQA), Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisbon, Portugal

    Maria Manuela Abreu

  3. Department of Energy Resources Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-744, South Korea

    Hyo-Taek Chon

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  1. Jaume Bech
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  2. Maria Manuela Abreu
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  4. Núria Roca
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  1. Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali Informatica e Statistica, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, Venice, Italy

    Claudio Bini

  2. Faculty of Biology, Soil Sc. Lab., University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

    Jaume Bech

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Bech, J., Abreu, M.M., Chon, HT., Roca, N. (2014). Remediation of Potentially Toxic Elements in Contaminated Soils. In: Bini, C., Bech, J. (eds) PHEs, Environment and Human Health. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8965-3_7

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