Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Marine Fishes, Birds and Mammals as Sentinels of Ecosystem Variability and Reorganization in the Pacific Arctic Region

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Pacific Arctic Region

Abstract

Extreme reductions in sea ice extent and thickness in the Pacific Arctic Region (PAR) have become a hallmark of climate change over the past decade, but their impact on the marine ecosystem is poorly understood. As top predators, marine fishes, birds and mammals (collectively, upper trophic level species, or UTL) must adapt via biological responses to physical forcing and thereby become sentinels to ecosystem variability and reorganization. Although there have been no coordinated long-term studies of UTL species in the PAR, we provide a compilation of information for each taxa as an ecological foundation from which future investigations can benefit. Subsequently, we suggest a novel UTL-focused research framework focused on measurable responses of UTL species to environmental variability as one way to ascertain shifts in the PAR marine ecosystem. In the PAR, indigenous people rely on UTL species for subsistence and cultural foundation. As such, marine fishes, birds and mammals represent a fundamental link to local communities while simultaneously providing a nexus for science, policy, education and outreach for people living within and outside the PAR.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aagaard K, Roach AT, Schumacher JD (1985) On the wind-driven variability of the flow through Bering strait. J Geophys Res 90:7213–7221

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ainley DG, DeMaster DP (1990) The upper trophic levels in polar marine ecosystems. In: Smith WO Jr (ed) Polar oceanography, Part B Chemistry, biology and geology. Academic, San Diego

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen MJ, Smith GB (1988) Atlas and zoogeography of common fishes in the Bering Sea and northeastern Pacific. NOAA Technical Report NMFS66: 151 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Amstrup SC, Durner GM, Stirling I, Lunn NN, Messier F (2000) Movements and distribution of polar bears in the Beaufort Sea. Can J Zoo 78:948–966

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson PJ, Piatt JF (1999) Community reorganization in the Gulf of Alaska following ocean climate regime shift. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 189:117–123

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andrews AG, Farley EV, Moss JH, Murphy JM, Husoe EF (2009) Energy density and length of juvenile pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) in the eastern Bering Sea from 2004 to 2007: a period of relatively warm and cool sea surface temperatures. N Pac Anadromous Fish Comm Bull 5:183–189

    Google Scholar 

  • Arrigo KR, van Dijken GL (2011) Secular trends in Arctic Ocean net primary production. J Geophys Res 116:C09011. doi:10.1029/2011 JC007151

    Google Scholar 

  • Arrigo KR, Perovich DK, Pickart RS, +28 co-authors (2012) Massive phytoplankton blooms under arctic sea ice. Science 336:1408

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashjian CJ, Braund SR, Campbell RG, George JC, Kruse Maslowski W, Moore SE, Nicolson CR, Okkonen SR, Sherr BF, Sherr EB, Spitz Y (2010) Climate variability, oceanography, bowhead whale distribution and Inupiat subsistence whaling near Barrow, Alaska. Arctic 63:179–194

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baird PH (1994) Black-legged Kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla). In: Poole A, Gill F (eds) The birds of North America No. 92. Academy of Natural Sciences/American Ornithologists’ Union, Philadelphia/Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Barber WE, Smith RL, Vallarino M, Meyer RM (1997) Demersal fish assemblages of the northeastern Chukchi Sea, Alaska. Fish Bull 95:195–209

    Google Scholar 

  • Barry TW (1968) Observations on natural mortality and native use of eider ducks along the Beaufort Sea coast. Can Field Nat 82:141–144

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell RK, Harwood LA (2012) Harvest-based monitoring in the inuvialuit settlement region: steps for success. Arctic 65:421–432

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benoit D, Simard Y, Fortier l (2008) Hydroacoustic detection of large winter aggregations of Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) at depth in ice-covered Franklin Bay (Beaufort Sea). J Geophys Res 113. doi:10.1029/2007JC004276

  • Benoit-Bird KJ, Battaile BC, Heppell SA, +9 co-authors (2013) Prey patch patterns predict habitat use by top marine predators with diverse foraging strategies. PLoS One. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053348

  • Blanchard AL, Parris C, Nichols H (2010) 2009 environmental studies program in the northeastern Chukchi Sea: benthic ecology of the Burger and Klondike survey areas. University of Alaska, Fairbanks

    Google Scholar 

  • Bluhm BA, Coyle KO, Konar B, Highsmith R (2007) High gray whale relative abundances associated with an oceanographic front in the south-central Chukchi Sea. Deep Sea Res II 54:2919–2933

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bluhm BA, Iken K, Hardy SM, Sirenko BI, Holladay BA (2009) Community structure of epibenthic megafauna in the Chukchi Sea. Aquat Biol 7:269–293

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bluhm BA, Iken K, Hopcorft RR (2010) Observations and exploration of the Arctic’s Canada Basin and the Chukchi Sea: the hidden ocean and RUSALCA expeditions. Deep Sea Res II 57:1–4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boeskorov GG, Davydov SP, Kochnev AA, Lang EM (2011) Penetration of the Steller’s sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus) into waters of the Chukchi and East-Siberian Seas. Zool Zhurnal 90:123–128 [in Russian, English Abstract]

    Google Scholar 

  • Boetius A, Albrecht S, Bakker K, + 14 co-authors (2013) Export of algal biomass from the melting Arctic sea ice. Science. doi:10.1126/science.1231346

  • Bradstreet MSW, Finley KJ, Sekerak AD, Griffiths WB, Evans CR, Fabijan FF, Stallard HE (1986) Aspects of the biology of Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) in arctic marine food chains. Can Tech Rep Fish Aquat Sci 1491: 1–193

    Google Scholar 

  • Busby MS, Chernova NV (2001) Redescription of the festive snailfish, Liparis marmoratus (Scorpaeniformes: Liparidae), with a new record from the northern Bering Sea. Ichthyol Res 48:187–191

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carmack E, Barber D, Christensen J, Macdonald R, Rudels B, Sakshaug E (2006) Climate variability and physical forcing of the food webs and the carbon budget on panarctic shelves. Prog Oceanogr 71:145–182

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chambellant M, Stirling I, Gough WA, Ferguson SH (2012) Temporal variations in Hudson Bay ringed seal (Phoca hispida) life-history parameters in relation to environment. J Mamm 93:267–281

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Citta JJ, Quakenbush LT, George JC, Small RJ, Heide-Jørgensen MP, Brower H, Adams B, Brower L (2012) Winter movements of bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) in the Bering Sea. Arctic 65:13–34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke J, Stafford K, Moore SE, Rone B, Aerts L, Crance J (2013) Subarctic cetaceans in the southern Chukchi Sea: evidence of recovery or response to a changing ecosystem. Oceanography 26:136–149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper LW, Sexson MG, Grebmeier JM, Gradinger R, Mordy CW, Lovvorn JR (2013) Linkages between sea ice coverage, pelagic-benthic coupling and the distribution of spectacled eiders: observations in March 2008, 2009 and 2010 from the northern Bering Sea. Deep Sea Res II 94:31–43

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coulson JC (1984) The population dynamics of the Eider duck Somateria mollissima and evidence of extensive non-breeding by adult ducks. Ibis 126:525–543

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Craig PC, Griffiths L, Haldorson L, McElderry H (1985) Distributional patterns of fishes in an Alaskan Arctic lagoon. Polar Biol 4:9–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crawford RE (2009) Forage fish habitat distribution near the Alaskan coastal shelf areas of the Beaufort and Chukchi seas. Final Report, oil spill recovery institute, Cordova. November 2009. Available: www.pws-osri.org

  • Crawford RE, Jorgenson JK (1996) Quantitative studies of Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) schools: important energy stores in the Arctic food web. Arctic 49:181–193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crawford RE, Vagle S, Carmack E (2011) Water mass and bathymetric characteristics of polar cod habitat along the continental shelf and slope of the Beaufort and Chukchi seas. Polar Biol. doi:10.1007/s00300-011-1051-9

  • Cui X, Grebmeier JM, Cooper LW, Lovvorn JR, North CA, Seaver WL, Kolts JM (2009) Spatial distribution of groundfish in the northern Bering Sea in relation to environmental variation. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 393:147–160

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Day RH, DeGange AR, Divoky GJ, Troy DM (1988) Distribution and subspecies of the Dovekie in Alaska. Condor 90:712–714

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Day RH, Kuletz KJ, Nigro DA (1999) Kittlitz’s murrelet (Brachyramphus brevirostris). In: Poole A, Gill F (eds) The birds of North America, No. 435. Academy of Natural Sciences/American Ornithologists’ Union, Philadelphia/Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Day RH, Gall AE, Prichard AK, Divoky GJ, Rojek NA (2011) The status and distribution of Kittlitz’s Murrelet Brachyramphus brevirostris in northern Alaska. Mar Ornithol 39:53–63

    Google Scholar 

  • Delarue J, Martin B, Hannay D, Berchok C (2013) Acoustic occurrence and affiliations of fin whales detected in the northeaster Chukchi Sea, July to October 2007–2010. Arctic 66 (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunton K, Goodall J, Schonberg SV, Grebmeier JM, Maidment DR (2005) Multi-decadal synthesis of benthic-pelagic coupling in the western Arctic: role of cross-shelf advective processes. Deep Sea Res II 52:3462–3477

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eisner L, Hillgruber N, Martinson E, Maselko J (2013) Pelagic fish and zooplankton species assemblages in relation to water mass characteristics in the northern Bering and southeast Chukchi seas. Polar Biol 36:87–113

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eisner L, Napp J, Mier K, Pinchuk A, Andrews A (2014) Climate-mediated changes in zooplankton community structure for the eastern Bering Sea. Deep Sea Res II. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.03.004

  • Fedak MA (2004) Marine mammals as platforms for oceanographic sampling: a “win/win” situation for biological operational oceanography. Mem Natl Inst Polar Res Spec Iss 58:133–147

    Google Scholar 

  • Feder HM, Naidu AS, Jewett SC, Hameedi JM, Johnson WR, Whitledge TE (1994) The northeastern Chukchi Sea: benthos-environmental interactions. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 111:171–190

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feder HM, Jewett SC, Blanchard A (2005) Southeastern Chukchi Sea (Alaska) epibenthos. Polar Biol 28:402–421

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson SH, Higdon JW, Chmelnitsky EG (2010) The rise of killer whales as a major Arctic predator. In: Ferguson SH et al (eds) A little less arctic: top predators in the world’s largest Northern Inland Sea, Hudson Bay, 117. Springer Science+Business Media B.V. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9121-5_6

  • Fischbach AS, Amstrup SC, Douglas DC (2007) Landward and eastward shift of Alaskan polar bear denning associated with recent sea ice changes. Polar Biol 30:1395–1405

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer JB, Larned WW (2004) Summer distribution of marine birds in the western Beaufort Sea. Arctic 57:143–159

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fournier MA, Hines JE (1994) Effects of starvation on muscle and organ mass of king eiders, Somateria spectabilis, and the ecological and management implications. Wildfowl 45:188–197

    Google Scholar 

  • Francis RC, Hare SR, Hollowed AB, Wooster WS (1998) Effects of interdecadal climate variability on the oceanic ecosystems of the NE Pacific. Fish Ocean 7:1–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frey KE, Maslanik JA, Clement Kinney J, Maslowski W (2014) Chapter 3: Recent variability in sea ice cover, age, and thickness in the Pacific Arctic region. In: Grebmeier JM, Maslowski W (eds) The Pacific Arctic region: ecosystem status and trends in a rapidly changing environment. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 31–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Friday NA, Waite JM, Zerbini A, Moore SE (2012) Cetacean distribution and abundance in relation to oceanographic domains on the eastern Bering Sea shelf: 1999–2004. Deep Sea Res 65–70:260–272

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frost KJ, Lowry LF (1981) Trophic importance of some marine gadids in northern Alaska and their body-otolith size relationships. Fish Bull 79:187–192

    Google Scholar 

  • Frost KJ, Lowry LF (1983) Demersal fishes and invertebrates trawled in the northeastern Chukchi and western Beaufort Seas 1976–1977. NOAA Technical Report NMFS-SSRF-764. U.S. Department of Commerce. 22p

    Google Scholar 

  • Frost KJ, Lowry LF (1984) Trophic relationships of vertebrate consumers in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. In: Barnes PW, Schell DM, Reimnitz E (eds) The Alaskan Beaufort Sea: ecosystems and environments. Academic, San Diego

    Google Scholar 

  • Gall AE, Roby DD, Irons DB, Rose IC (2006) Differential response in chick survival to diet in least and crested auklets. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 308:279–291

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gall AE, Day RH, Weingartner TJ (2013) Structure and variability of the marine-bird community in the northeastern Chukchi Sea. Continental Shelf Res 67:96–115

    Google Scholar 

  • Garlich-Miller JL, Quakenbush LT, Bromaghin JF (2006) Trends in age structure and productivity of Pacific walruses harvested in the Bering Strait region of Alaska, 1952–2002. Mar Mamm Sci 22:880–896

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gawarkiewicz G, Haney JC, Caruso MJ (1994) Summertime synoptic variability of frontal systems in the northern Bering Sea. J Geophys Res 99:7617–7625

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • George JC, Philo M, Hazard K, Withrow D, Carroll GM, Suydam R (1994) Frequency of killer whale (Orcinus orca) attacks and ship collisions based on scarring on bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) of the Bering-Chukchi-Beaufort sea stock. Arctic 47(3):247–255

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • George JC, Zeh J, Suydam R, Clark C (2004) Abundance and population trend (1978–2001) of western Arctic bowhead whales surveyed near Barrow, Alaska. Mar Mamm Sci 20:755–773

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gillispie JG, Smith RL, Barbour E, Barber WE (1997) Distribution, abundance and growth of arctic cod in the northeastern Chukchi Sea. Am Fish Soc Symp 19:81–89

    Google Scholar 

  • Grebmeier JM (2012) Shifting patterns of life in the Pacific Arctic and sub-Arctic Seas. Ann Rev Mar Sci 4:16.1–16.16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grebmeier JM, Cooper LW (1995) Influence of the St. Lawrence Island polynyas upon the Bering Sea benthos. J Geophys Res 11:4439–4460

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grebmeier JM, Cooper LW, Feder HM, Sirenko BI (2006a) Ecosystem dynamics of the Pacific-influenced Northern Bering and Chukchi Seas in the Amerasian Arctic. Prog Oceanogr 71:331–361

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grebmeier JM, Overland JE, Moore SE, Farley EV, Carmack EC, Cooper LW, Frey KE, Helle JH, McLoughlin FA, McNutt L (2006b) A major ecosystem shift observed in the northern Bering Sea. Science 311:1461–1464

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grebmeier JM, Moore SE, Overland JE, Frey KE, Gradinger R (2010) Biological-response to recent Pacific Arctic Sea ice retreats. EOS T Am Geophys Un 91(18):161–162

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haney JC (1991) Influence of pycnocline topography and water-column structure on marine distributions of alcids (Aves: Alcidae) in Anadyr Strait, northern Bering Sea, Alaska. Mar Biol 110:419–435

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hare SR, Mantua NJ (2000) Empirical evidence for North Pacific regime shifts in 1977 and 1989. Prog Oceanogr 47:103–145

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harwood LA, Smith TG (2002) Whales of the Beaufort Sea: an overview and outlook. Arctic 55(Supp 1):77–79

    Google Scholar 

  • Harwood LA, Auld J, Joynt A, Moore SE (2010) Distribution of bowhead whales in the SE Beaufort Sea during late summer, 2007–2009. DFO Can Sci Advis Sec Res Doc 2009/111 22 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Harwood LA, Smith TG, Melling H, Alikamik J, Kingsley MCSK (2012) Ringed seals and sea ice in Canada’s Western Arctic: harvest-based monitoring 1992–2011. Arctic 65:377–390

    Google Scholar 

  • Hatch JJ (2002) Arctic Tern (Sterna paradisaea). In: Poole A, Gill F (eds) The birds of North America, No. 707. Wiley and Colleagues: Research Publications, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Heide-Jørgensen MP, Laidre KL, Quakenbush LT, Citta J (2011) Northwest Passage opens for bowhead whales. Biol Lett. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2011.0731

  • Helle JH (2009) Birth of Bering-Aleutian Salmon International Survey (BASIS). N Pac Anadromous Fish Comm Bull 5:vii–viii

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodges JI, King JG, Conant B, Hanson HA (1996) Aerial surveys of waterbirds in Alaska 1957–94: population trends and observer variability. US Dep Int, Nat Bio Serv Info Techical Report 49

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoegh-Guldberg O, Bruno JF (2010) The impact of climate change on the world’s marine ecosystems. Science 328:1523–1528

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hop H, Welch HE, Crawford RE (1997) Population structure and feeding ecology of Arctic cod schools in the Canadian High Arctic. Am Fish Soc Symp 19:68–80

    Google Scholar 

  • Hopcroft RR, Kosobokova KN, Pinchuk AI (2010) Zooplankton community patterns in the Chukchi Sea during summer 2004. Deep Sea Res II 57:27–39

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt GL Jr, Stabeno P, Walters G, Sinclair E, Brodeur RD, Napp JM, Bond NA (2002) Climate change and control of the southeastern Bering Sea pelagic ecosystem. Deep Sea Res II 49:5821–5953

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt GL Jr, Blanchard AL, Boveng P, + 12 co-authors (2013) The Barents and Chukchi Seas: comparison of two Arctic shelf ecosystems. J Mar Syst 109–110:43–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Huntington HP, Moore SE (2008) Assessing the impacts of climate change on Arctic marine mammals. Ecol App 18:S1–S2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ianelli JN, Honkalehto T, Barbeaux S, Kotwicki S, Aydin K, Williamson N (2012) Assessment of the walleye pollock stock in the Eastern Bering Sea. Stock assessment and fishery evaluation reports for 2013. North Pacific Fishery Management Council, 605 West 4th Ave., Suite 306, Anchorage, 99501

    Google Scholar 

  • Irons DB, Anker-Nilssen T, Gaston AJ, Byrd GV, Falk K, Gilchrist G, Hario M, Hjernquist M, Krasnov YV, Mosbech A, Olsen B, Petersen A, Reid JB, Robertson GJ, Strøm H, Wohl KD (2008) Fluctuations in circumpolar seabird populations linked to climate oscillations. Glob Chg Biol 14:1455–1463

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Irvine JR, Macdonald RW, Brown RJ, Godbout L, Reist JD, Carmack EC (2009) Salmon in the Arctic and how they avoid lethal low temperatures. N Pac Anadromous Fish Comm Bull 5:39–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Jarvela LE, Thorsteinson LK (1999) The epipelagic fish community of Beaufort Sea coastal waters, Alaska. Arctic 52:80–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jay CV, Marcot BG, Douglas DC (2011) Projected status of the Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) in the twenty-first century. Polar Biol 34:1065–1084

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jay CV, Fischbach AS, Kochnev AA (2012) Walrus areas of use in the Chukchi Sea during sparse sea ice cover. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 468:1–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jentsch A, Kreyling J, Beierkuhnlein C (2007) A new generation of climate-change experiments: events, not trends. Front Ecol Environ 5:365–374

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly BP, Badajos OH, Kunnasranta M, Moran JR, Martinez-Baker M, Wartzok D, Boveng P (2010) Seasonal home ranges and fidelity to breeding sites among ringed seals. Polar Biol. doi:10.1007/s00300-010-0796

  • Kitaysky AS, Golubova EG (2000) Climate change causes contrasting trends in reproductive performance of planktivorous and planktivorous alcids. J Anim Ecol 69:248–262

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kondzela C, Garvin M, Riley R, Murphy J, Moss J, Fuller SA, Gharrett A (2009) Preliminary genetic analysis of juvenile chum salmon from the Chukchi Sea and Bering Strait. N Pac Anadromous Fish Comm Bull 5:25–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Kovacs KM, Lydersen C, Overland JE, Moore SE (2011) Impacts of changing sea-ice conditions on Arctic marine mammals. Mar Biodiv 41:181–194

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krebs CJ, Berteaux D (2006) Problems and pitfalls in relating climate variability to population dynamics. Clim Res 32:143–149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuletz KJ, Labunski EA, Renner M, Irons DB (2008) The North Pacific pelagic seabird observer program. North Pacific Research Board Final Report, Project No. 637

    Google Scholar 

  • Laidre KL, Stirling I, Lowry LF, Wiig O, Heide-Jorgensen MP, Ferguson SH (2008) Quantifying the sensitivity of arctic marine mammals to climate-induced habitat change. Ecol App 18(2):S97–S125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levin SA (1992) The problem of pattern and scale in ecology. Ecology 73:1943–1967

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ljungblad DK, Moore SE (1983) Killer whales (Orcinus orca) chasing gray whales (Eschrichtiusrobustus) in the northern Bering Sea. Arctic 26:361–364

    Google Scholar 

  • Logerwell E, Rand K, Weingartner T (2011) Oceanographic characteristics of the habitat of benthic fish and invertebrates in the Beaufort Sea. Polar Biol 34:1783–1796

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lovvorn JR, Richman SE, Grebmeier JM, Cooper LW (2003) Diet and body condition of spectacled eiders wintering in pack ice of the Bering Sea. Polar Biol 26:259–267

    Google Scholar 

  • Lovvorn JR, Grebmeier JM, Cooper LW, Bump JK, Richman SE (2009) Modeling marine protected areas for threatened eiders in a climatically changing Bering Sea. Ecol App 19:1596–1613

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lovvorn JR, Mossotti RH, Wilson JJ, McKay D (2012) Eiders in offshore pack ice show previously unknown courtship behavior: acceleration of readiness for a constrained breeding period? Polar Biol 35:1087–1095

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lowry LF, Burkanov VN, Frost KJ, Simpkins MA, Davis R, DeMaster DP, Suydam R, Springer A (2000) Habitat use and habitat selection by spotted seals (Phoca largha) in the Bering Sea. Can J Zoo 78:1959–1971

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lowry LF, Sheffield G, George JC (2004) Bowhead whale feeding in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea, based on stomach content analyses. J Cet Res Manage 6:215–223

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackenzie BR, Schiedek D (2007) Daily ocean monitoring since the 1860s shows record warming of northern European seas. Glob Chge Biol 13:1335–1347

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maher WJ (1960) Recent records of the California gray whale (Eschrichtius glaucus) along the north coast of Alaska. Arctic 13:257–265

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Majewski AR, Lowdon MK, Reist JD, Park BJ (2011) Fish catch data from Herschel Island, Yukon Territory, and other offshore sites in the Canadian Beaufort Sea, July and August 2007, aboard the CCGS Nahidik. Can Data Rep Fish Aquat Sci 1231: vi + 50 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Maslanik J, Stroeve J, Fowler C, Emery W (2011) Distribution and trends in Arctic sea ice age through spring 2011. Geophys Res Lett 38:L13502. doi:10.1029/2011GL047735

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mecklenburg CW, Stein DL, Sheiko BA, Chernova NV, Mecklenburg TA, Holladay BA (2007) Russian-American long term census of the Arctic: benthic fishes trawled in the Chukchi Sea and Bering Strait, August 2004. Northwest Nat 88:168–187

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mehlum F, Hunt GL, Decker MB, Norlund N (1998) Hydrographic features, cetaceans and the foraging of thick-billed murres and other marine birds in the northwestern Barents Sea. Arctic 51:243–252

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moline MA, Karnovsky NJ, Brown Z, Divoky GJ, Frazer TK, Jacopy CA, Torres JJ, Fraser WR (2008) High latitude changes in ice dynamics and their impact on polar marine ecosystems. Ann NY Acad Sci 1134:267–319

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore SE (2005) Long-term environmental change and marine mammals. In: Reynolds JE III, Perrin WF, Reeves RR, Montgomery S, Ragen TJ (eds) Marine mammal research: conservation beyond crisis. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore SE (2008) Marine mammals as ecosystem sentinels. J Mamm 89(3):534–540

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore SE, Huntington HP (2008) Arctic marine mammals and climate change: impacts and resilience. Ecol App 18:S157–S165

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore SE, Laidre KL (2006) Trends in sea ice cover within habitats used by bowhead whales in the western Arctic. Ecol App 16:932–944

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore SE, Reeves RR (1993) Distribution and movements. In: Burns JJ, Montague JJ, Cowles CJ (eds) The bowhead whale. Allen Press, Lawrence

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore SE, George JC, Coyle KO, Weingartner TJ (1995) Bowhead whales along the Chukotka coast in autumn. Arctic 48:155–160

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore SE, DeMaster DP, Dayton PK (2000) Cetacean habitat selection in the Alaskan Arctic in summer and autumn. Arctic 53:432–447

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore SE, George JC, Sheffield G, Bacon J, Ashjian CJ (2010) Bowhead whale distribution and feeding near Barrow, Alaska in late summer 2005–06. Arctic 63:195–205

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore SE, Stafford KM, Melling H, Berchok C, Wiig Ø, Kovacs KM, Lydersen C, Richter-Menge J (2012) Comparing marine mammal acoustic habitats in the Atlantic and Pacific sectors of the High Arctic: year-long records from Fram Strait and the Chukchi Plateau. Polar Biol 35:475–480

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moss JH, Murphy JM, Farley EV, Eisner LB, Andrews AG (2009) Juvenile pink and chum salmon distribution, diet, and growth in the northern Bering and Chukchi Seas. N Pac Anadr Fish Comm Bull 5:191–196

    Google Scholar 

  • Mueter FJ, Litzow MA (2008) Sea ice retreat alters the biogeography of the Bering Sea continental shelf. Ecol App 18:309–320

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mueter FJ, Broms C, Drinkwater KF, Friedland KD, Hare JA, Hunt GR, Melle W, Taylor M (2009) Ecosystem response to recent oceanographic variability in high-latitude Northern Hemisphere ecosystems. Prog Oceanogr 81:93–110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy JM, Templin WD, Farley EV, Seeb JE (2009) Stock-structured distribution of western Alaska and Yukon juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from United States BASIS surveys, 2002–2007. N Pac Anadr Fish Comm Bull 5:51–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Nasu K (1974) Movement of baleen whales in relation to hydrographic conditions in the northern part of the North Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea. In: Hood DW, Kelley EJ (eds) Oceanography of the Bering Sea, with emphasis on renewable resources. Institute of Marine Science, University of Alaska, pp 345–361

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson RJ, Ashjian C, Bluhm B, Conlan K, Gradinger R, Grebmeier J, Hill V, Hopcroft R, Hunt B, Joo H, Kirchman D, Kosobokova K, Lee S, Li WKW, Lovejoy C, Poulin M, Sherr E, Young K (2014) Chapter 10: Biodiversity and biogeography of the lower trophic taxa of the Pacific Arctic region: sensitivities to climate change. In: Grebmeier JM, Maslowski W (eds) The Pacific Arctic region: ecosystem status and trends in a rapidly changing environment. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 269–336

    Google Scholar 

  • Niebauer HJ, Schell DM (1993) Physical environment of the Bering Sea population. In: Burns JJ, Montague JJ, Cowles CJ (eds) The bowhead whale. Allen Press, Lawrence

    Google Scholar 

  • Norcross BL, Holladay BA, Busby MS, Mier K (2010) Demersal and larval fish assemblages in the Chukchi Sea. Deep Sea Res II 57:57–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Norris S (2003) Neutral theory: a new unified model for ecology. Bio Sci 53(2):124–129

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Corry-Crowe GM, Suydam RS, Rosenberg A, Frost KF, Dizon AE (1997) Phylogeography, population structure and dispersal patterns of the beluga whale Delphinapterus leucas in the western Neararctic revealed my mitochondrial DNA. Molec Ecol 6:955–970

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Obst BS, Hunt GL (1990) Marine birds feed at gray whale mud plumes in the Bering Sea. Auk 107:678–688

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Obst BS, Russell RW, Hunt GL, Eppley ZA, Harrison NM (1995) Foraging radii and energetic of least auklets (Aethia pusilla) breeding on three Bering Sea islands. Physiol Zool 68:647–672

    Google Scholar 

  • Okkonen S, Ashjian CA, Campbell R, Clarke JT, Moore SE, Taylor KD (2011) Satellite observations of circulation features associated with bowhead whale feeding hotspot near Barrow, Alaska. Remote Sens Environ 115:2168–2174

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oppel S, Powel AM, Dickson DL (2008) Timing and distance of king eider migration and winter movements. Condor 110:296–305

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oppel S, Dickson DL, Powell AN (2009) International importance of the eastern Chukchi Sea as a staging area for migrating king eiders. Polar Biol 32:775–783

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Overland JE (2009) Meteorology of the Beaufort Sea. J Geophys Res 114:C00A07

    Google Scholar 

  • Overland JE, Wang J, Pickart RS, Wang M (2014) Chapter 2: Recent and future changes in the meteorology of the Pacific Arctic. In: Grebmeier JM, Maslowski W (eds) The Pacific Arctic region: ecosystem status and trends in a rapidly changing environment. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 17–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker-Stetter SL, Horne JK, Weingartner TJ (2011) Distribution of Arctic cod and age-0 fish in the U.S. Beaufort Sea. Polar Biol 34:1543–1557

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paul JM, Paul AJ, Barber WE (1997) Reproductive biology and distribution of the snow crab from the northeastern Chukchi Sea. Am Fish Soc Sym 19:287–294

    Google Scholar 

  • Pennisi E (2010) How a little fish keeps overfished ecosystem productive. Science 329:268

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perovich DK (2011) The changing arctic sea ice cover. Oceanography 24:162–173

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips LM, Powell AN, Taylor EJ, Rexstad EA (2007) Use of the Beaufort Sea by king eiders breeding on the North Slope of Alaska. J Wild Mgt 71:1892–1898

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Piatt JF, Springer AM (2003) Advection, pelagic food webs and the biogeography of seabirds in Beringia. Mar Ornith 31:141–154

    Google Scholar 

  • Piatt JF, Wells JL, Maccharles A, Fadely B (1991) The distribution of seabirds and their prey in relation to ocean currents in the southeastern Chukchi Sea. Can Wild Serv Occ Paper 68:21–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Piatt JF, Sydeman WJ, Wiese F (2007) Introduction: a modern role for seabirds as indicators. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 352:199–204

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pickart RS, Pratt LF, Torres DJ, Whitledge TE, Proshutinsky AY, Aagaard K, Agnew TA, Moore GWK, Dail HJ (2010) Evolution and dynamics of the flow through Herald Canyon in the western Chukchi Sea. Deep Sea Res II 57:5–26

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Post E, Forchhammer MC, Bret-Harte MS, +22 co-authors (2009) Ecological dynamics across the Arctic associated with recent climate change. Science 325:1355–1358

    Google Scholar 

  • Proshutinsky A, Krishfield R, Timmermans ML, Toole J, Carmack E, McLaughlin F, Williams WJ, Zimmermann S, Itoh M, Shimada K (2009) Beaufort gyre freshwater reservoir: state and variability from observations. J Geophys Res 114:C00A10

    Google Scholar 

  • Quakenbush L, Citta J (2008) Biology of the ribbon seal in Alaska. Report to the NMFS, US Department of Commerce. Available at: http://www.fakr.noaa.gov/protectedresources/seals/ice/ribbon/rsbiology2008.pdf

  • Quakenbush, L, Citta J, Crawford J (2009) Biology of the spotted seal (Phoca largha) in Alaska from 1962 to 2008. Report to the NMFS, US Department of Commerce. Available at: http://www.fakr.noaa.gov/protectedresources/seals/ice/spotted/ssbiology072509.pdf

  • Quakenbush LT, Citta JJ, George JC, Small RJ, Heide-Jorgensen MP (2010) Fall and winter movements of bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) in the Chukchi Sea and within a potential petroleum development area. Arctic 63(3):289–307

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quakenbush L, Citta J, Crawford J (2011a) Biology of the ringed seal (Phoca hispida) in Alaska, 1960–2010. Report to the NMFS, US Department of Commerce. Available at: http://www.fakr.noaa.gov/protectedresources/seals/ice/ringed/biologyofringedseals1960-2010.pdf

  • Quakenbush L, Citta J, Crawford J (2011b) Biology of the bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus) in Alaska, 1961–2009. Report to the NMFS, US Department of Commerce. Available at: http://www.fakr.noaa.gov/protectedresources/seals/ice/bearded/biologyofbeardedseals1961-2009.pdf

  • Rand K, Logerwell EA (2010) The first survey of the abundance of benthic fish and invertebrates in the offshore marine waters of the Beaufort Sea since the late 1970s. Polar Biol. doi:10.1007/s00300-110-0900-2

  • Ray GC, Overland JE, Hufford GL (2010) Seascape as an organizing principle for evaluating walrus and seal sea-ice habitat in Beringia. Geophys Res Lett 37:L20504. doi:10.1029/2010GL044452

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richard PR, Heide-Jørgensen MP, Orr J, Dietz R, Smith TG (2001) Summer and autumn movements and habitat use by belugas in the Canadian High Arctic and adjacent waters. Arctic 54:207–222

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson WJ, Davis RA, Evans CR, Lujunglad DK, Norton P (1987) Summer distribution of bowhead whales, Balaena mysticetus, relative to oil industry activities in the Canadian Beaufort Sea, 1980–84. Arctic 40(2):93–104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Root TL, Price JT, Hall KR, Schneilder SH, Rosenzweig C, Pounds JA (2003) Fingerprints of global warming on wild animals and plants. Nature 42:57–60

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rugh DJ, Fraker MA (1981) Gray whale sightings in the eastern Beaufort Sea. Arctic 34:135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Russell RW, Harrison NM, Hunt GL (1999) Foraging at a front: hydrography, zooplankton, and avian planktivory in the northern Bering Sea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 182:77–93139

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryg M, Lydersen C, Markussen NH, Smith TG, Oritsland NA (1990) Estimating the blubber content of phocid seals. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 47:1223–1227

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schofield O, Ducklow HW, Martinson DG, Meredith MP, Moline MA, Fraser WR (2010) How do polar marine ecosystems respond to rapid climate change? Science 328:1520–1523

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scott JBT, Marshall GJ (2010) A step-change in date of sea-ice breakup in western Hudson Bay. Arctic 63:155–164

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shaffer SA, Tremblay Y, Weimerskirch H, Scott D, Thompson DR, Sagar PM, Moller H, Taylor GA, Foley DG, Block BA, Costa DP (2006) Migratory shearwaters integrate oceanic resources across the Pacific Ocean in an endless summer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:12799–12802

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheffield-Guy LM, Roby DD, Gall AI, Irons DB, Rose IC (2009) The influence of diet and ocean conditions on productivity of auklets on St Lawrence Island, Alaska. Mar Ornithol 37:227–236

    Google Scholar 

  • Shimada K, Kamoshida T, Itoh M, Nishino S, Carmack E, McLaughlin F, Zimmermann S, Proshutinsky A (2006) Pacific Ocean inflow: influence on catastrophic reduction of sea ice cover in the Arctic Ocean. Geophys Res Lett 33:L08605

    Google Scholar 

  • Sigler MF, Renner M, Danielson SL, Eisner LB, Lauth RR, Kuletz KJ, Logerwell EA, Hunt GL (2011) Fluxes, fins and feathers: relationships among the Bering, Chukchi and Beaufort Seas in a time of climate change. Oceanography 24:250–265

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith TG (1987) The ringed seal, Phoca hispida, of the Canadian western Arctic. Can Bull Fish Aquat Sci 216:1–81

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith TG (2001) Marine mammals as ‘educated’ oceanographic platforms. Arctic 54:350–356

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith TG, Harwood LA (2001) Observations of neonate ringed seals, Phoca hispida, after early break-up of the sea ice in Prince Albert Sound, N.T. Canada, spring 1998. Polar Biol 24:215–219

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith TG, Stirling I (1978) Variation in the density of ringed seal (Phoca hispida) birth lairs in the Amundsen Gulf, Northwest Territories. Can J Zoo 56:1066–1071

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith TG, Hammill MO, Taugbol G (1991) A review of the developmental, behavioural and physiological adaptations of the ringed seal, Phoca hisipda, to life in the arctic winter. Arctic 44:124–131

    Google Scholar 

  • Springer AM, Roseneau DG, Murphy EC, Springer MI (1984) Environmental controls of marine food webs: food habits of seabirds in the eastern Chukchi Sea. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 41:1202–1215

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Springer AM, Roseneau DG, Lloyd DS, McRoy CP, Murphy EC (1986) Seabird responses to fluctuating prey abundance in the eastern Bering Sea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 32:1–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Springer AM, McRoy CP, Turco KR (1989) The paradox of pelagic food webs in the northern Bering Sea II. Zooplankton communities. Cont Shelf Res 9:359–386

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Springer AM, Estes JA, van Vliet GB, Williams TM, Doak DF, Danner EM, Pfister B (2008) Mammal-eating killer whales, industrial whaling, and the sequential megafaunal collapse in the North Pacific Ocean: a reply to critics of Springer et al. 2003. Mar Mamm Sci 24:414–442

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stafford KM, Moore SE, Spillane M, Wiggins S (2007) Gray whale calls recorded near Barrow, Alaska throughout the winter of 2003–04. Arctic 60:167–172

    Google Scholar 

  • Stephensen SW, Irons DB (2003) A comparison of colonial breeding seabirds in the eastern Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska. Mar Ornithol 31:167–173

    Google Scholar 

  • Stephenson SA (2006) A review of the occurrence of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) in the Canadian western Arctic. Arctic 59:37–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson DE, Lauth RR (2012) Latitudinal trends and temporal shifts in the catch composition of bottom trawls conducted on the eastern Bering Sea Shelf. Deep Sea Res II 65–70:251–259

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stirling I (1997) The importance of polynyas, ice edges and leads to marine mammals and birds. J Mar Syst 10:9–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stroeve JC, Maslanik J, Serreze MC, Rigor I, Meier W, Fowler C (2011) Sea ice response to an extreme negative phase of the Arctic Oscillation during winter 2009/2010. Geophys Res Lett 38:L02502. doi:10.1029/2010GL045662

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sundby S, Nakken O (2008) Spatial shifts in spawning habitats of Arcto-Norwegian cod related to multidecadal climate oscillations and climate change. ICES J Mar Sci 65:953–962

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suydam RS, George JC (1992) Recent sightings of harbor porpoise, Phocoena phocoena, near Point Barrow, Alaska. Can Field Nat 106:489–492

    Google Scholar 

  • Suydam RS, Dickson DL, Fadely JB, Quakenbush LT (2000) Population declines of king and common eiders of the Beafurot Sea. Condor 102:219–222

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suydam RS, Lowry LF, Frost KJ, O’Corry-Crowe GM, Pikok D (2001) Satellite tracking of eastern Chukchi Sea beluga whales into the Arctic Ocean. Arctic 54:237–243

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tewksbury JJ, Sheldon KS, Ettinger AK (2011) Moving farther and faster. Nat Clim Change 1:396–397

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thedinga JF, Johnson SW, Neff AD, Hoffman CA, Maselko JM (2013) Nearshore fish assemblages of the northeastern Chukchi Sea, Alaska. Arctic 66 (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomson DH, Fissel DB, Marko JR, Davis RA, Borstad GA (1986) Distribution of bowhead whales in relation to hydrometerological events in the Beaufort Sea. Environ Studies Rev Funds Rep No. 028

    Google Scholar 

  • Tracy DM, Schamel D, Dale J (2002) Red Phalarope (Phalaropus fulicarius). In: Poole A, Gill F (eds) The birds of North America, No. 698. Academy of Natural Sciences/American Ornithologists’ Union, Philadelphia/Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Udevitz MS, Taylor RL, Garlich-Miller JL, Quakenbush LT, Snyder JA (2013) Potential population-level effects of increased haulout-related mortality of Pacific walrus calves. Polar Biol 36:291–298

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Votrogov LM, Ivashin MV (1980) Sighting of fin and humpback whales in the Bering and Chukchi seas. Rep Int Whal Commn 30:247–251

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang M, Overland JE (2009) A sea ice free summer Arctic within 30 years? Geophys Res Lett 36:L07502. doi:10.1029/2009GL037820

    Google Scholar 

  • Wassmann P (2011) Arctic marine ecosystems in an era of rapid climate change. Prog Oceanogr 90:1–17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weatherhead E, Gearheard S, Barry RG (2010) Changes in weather persistence: insight from Inuit knowledge. Global Environ Change 20:523–528

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weingartner T, Aagaard K, Woodgate R, Danielson S, Sasaki Y, Cavalieri D (2005) Circulation on the north central Chukchi Sea shelf. Deep Sea Res II 52:3150–3174

    Google Scholar 

  • Welch HE, Bergman MA, Siferd TD, Martin KA, Curtis MF, Crawford RE, Conover RJ, Hop H (1992) Energy flow through the marine ecosystem of the Lancaster sound region, Arctic Canada. Arctic 45:343–357

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wood CM, McDonald DG (1997) Global warming: implications for freshwater and marine fish. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Woodgate RA, Aagaard K, Weingartner TJ (2005) A year in the physical oceanography of the Chukchi Sea: moored measurements from autumn 1990–1001. Deep Sea Res II 52:3116–3149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woodgate RA, Weingartner TJ, Lindsay R (2012) Observed increases in Bering strait oceanic fluxes from the Pacific to the Arctic from 2001 to 2011 and their impacts on the Arctic Ocean water column. Geophys Res Lett 39. doi:10.1029/2012GL05092

  • Wu Y, Peterson IK, Tang CDL, Platt T, Sathyendranath S, Fuentes-Yaco C (2007) The impact of sea ice on the initiation of the spring bloom on the Newfoundland and Labrador Shelves. J Plankton Res 29:509–514

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wyllie-Echeverria T (1995) Sea ice conditions and the distribution of walleye Pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) on the Bering and Chukchi Shelf. In: Beamish RV (ed) Climate change and northern fish populations. Canadian Special Pub Fish Aquatic Science, Nanaimo

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements 

We thank our many colleagues for their years of work in the field and laboratory resulting in the published accounts upon which much of this chapter is based. We also thank Kate Stafford (APL/UW) for providing cetacean sightings from the 2010 RUSALCA cruise, as well as the Principal Investigators and crew of that program. Finally, we thank three anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on the initial version of this chapter.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Fisheries Office of Science and Technology, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA

    Sue E. Moore

  2. Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA

    Elizabeth Logerwell, Lisa Eisner, Edward V. Farley Jr. & James R. Murphy

  3. Canada Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Yellowknife, NT, Canada

    Lois A. Harwood

  4. USF&WS, Alaska Region, Anchorage, AK, USA

    Kathy Kuletz

  5. Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA

    James Lovvorn

  6. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Fairbanks, AK, USA

    Lori T. Quakenbush

Authors
  1. Sue E. Moore
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Elizabeth Logerwell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Lisa Eisner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Edward V. Farley Jr.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Lois A. Harwood
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Kathy Kuletz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. James Lovvorn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. James R. Murphy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Lori T. Quakenbush
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sue E. Moore .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, Maryland, USA

    Jacqueline M. Grebmeier

  2. Department of Oceanography, Graduate School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California, USA

    Wieslaw Maslowski

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Moore, S.E. et al. (2014). Marine Fishes, Birds and Mammals as Sentinels of Ecosystem Variability and Reorganization in the Pacific Arctic Region. In: Grebmeier, J., Maslowski, W. (eds) The Pacific Arctic Region. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8863-2_11

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation