Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Biomarkers for Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC): An Update

  • Chapter
Advances in Cancer Biomarkers

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 867))

Abstract

The past decades have witnessed increased use of biomarkers in disease management. A biomarker is any characteristic that can be objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological process, pathogenic process, or pharmacological response to a therapeutic intervention. The clinical measurements of biomarkers can be carried out in vivo using imaging modalities like ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as well as in vitro utilizing serum or plasma or other body fluids as specimens. In contrast to the imaging modalities, a prominent value of serum biomarkers is that they could be biologically relevant and disease-specific to pathophysiologic or pathologic process of disease development. This article provides an update of serum biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in risk assessment for early detection through surveillance.

I am grateful to Julia Li of University of Maryland College Park in Washington, DC for her review of the manuscript and comments.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Biomarkers Definitions Working Group (2001) Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints: preferred definitions and conceptual framework. Clin Pharmacol Ther 69:89–95

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Li D, Mallory T, Satomura S (2001) AFP-L3: a new generation of tumor marker for hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Chim Acta 313:15–19

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Weitz IC, Liebman HA (1993) Des-gamma-carboxy (abnormal) prothrombin and hepatocellular carcinoma: a critical review. Hepatology 18:990–997

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Chen R, Mias GI, Li-Pook-Than J, Jiang L, Lam HY, Chen R et al (2012) Personal omics profiling reveals dynamic molecular and medical phenotypes. Cell 148(6):1293–1307

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Li DJ, Chan DW (2010) Decoding the protein folding pattern of serum biomarkers: alternative strategy for cancer biomarker validation? Clin Proteom 6:53–55

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Institute of Medicine of National Academies (2010) Hepatitis and liver cancer a national strategy for prevention and control hepatitis B and C. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  7. Everhart JE, Ruhl CE (2009) Burden of digestive diseases in the United States Part III: overall and upper gastrointestinal diseases. Gasteroenterology 136:1134–1144

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Sherman M (2010) Hepatocellular carcinoma: epidemiology, surveillance, and diagnosis. Semin Liver Dis 30:3–16

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Heppner GH (1984) Tumor heterogeneity. Cancer Res 44:2259–2265

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Altschuler SJ, Wu LF (2010) Cellular heterogeneity: do differences make a difference? Cell 141:559–563

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Marusky A, Polyak K (2010) Tumor heterogeneity: cause and consequence. Biochim Biophys Acta 1805:105–117

    Google Scholar 

  12. McClenllan J, King M-C (2010) Genetic heterogeneity in human disease. Cell 141:210–217

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. El-Serag H (2011) Hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med 365:1118–1127

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Sherman M (2011) Hepatocellular carcinoma: screening and staging. Clin Liver Dis 15:323–334

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Bruix JG, Sherman M (2005) Management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 42:1208–1236

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Chen JG, Parkin DM, Chen QG, Lu JH, Shen QJ, Zhang BC, Zhu YR (2003) Screening for liver cancer: results of randomized controlled trial in Qidong, China. J Med Screen 10:204–209

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Zhang BH, Yang BH, Tang ZY (2004) Randomized controlled trial of screening for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 130:417–422

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. El-Serag HB, Kramer JR, Chen GH, Duan Z, Richardson PA, Davila JA (2011) Effectiveness of AFP and ultrasound tests on hepatocellular carcinoma mortality in HCV-infected patients in the USA. Gut 60:992–997

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Izumi N (2010) Diagnostic and treatment algorithm of the Japanese Society of Hepatology: a consensus-based practice guideline. Oncology 78(suppl 1):78–86

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Song P, Tobe RG, Inagaki Y, Kokudo N, Hasegawa K, Sugawara Y, Tang W (2012) The management of hepatocellular carcinoma around the world: a comparison of guidelines from 2001 to 2011. Liver Int 32(7):1053–1063. doi:10.1111/j.1478-3231.2012.02792.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Stravitz RT, Heuman DM, Chand N, Sterling RK, Shiffman ML, Luketic VA, Sanyal AJ, Habib A, Mihas AA, Giles HC, Maluf DG, Cotterell AH, Posner MP, Fisher RA (2008) Surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis improves outcome. Am J Med 121:119–126

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Doyle MB, Vachharajani N, Maynard E, Shenoy S, Anderson C, Wellen JR, Lowell JA, Chapman WC (2012) Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: long-term results suggest excellent Outcomes. J Am Coll Surg 215(1):19–28

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Colli A, Fraquelli M, Casazza G, Massironi S, Colucci A, Conte D, Duca P (2006) Accuracy of ultrasonography, spiral CT, magnetic resonance, and alpha-fetoprotein in diagnosing hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review. Am J Gastroenterol 10:513–523

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Marrero JA (2011) The role of serum biomarkers in hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance. Gastroenterol Hepatol 7:821–823

    Google Scholar 

  25. Matsui O, Kobayashi S, Sanada J, Kouda W, Ryu Y, Kozaka K, Kitao A, Nakamura K, Gabata T (2011) Hepatocelluar nodules in liver cirrhosis: hemodynamic evaluation (angiography-assisted CT) with special reference to multi-step hepatocarcinogenesis. Abdom Imaging 36:264–272

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Kumada T, Nakano S, Takeda I, Kiriyama S, Sone Y, Hayashi K, Katoh H, Endoh T, Sassa T, Satomura S (1999) Clinical utility of Lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive alpha-fetoprotein in small hepatocellular carcinoma: special reference to imaging diagnosis. J Hepatol 30:125–130

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Tada T, Kumada T, Toyoda H, Kiriyama S, Sone Y, Tanikawa M, Hisanaga Y, Kitabatake S, Kuzuya T, Nonogaki K, Shimizu J, Yamaguchi A, Isogai M, Kaneoka Y, Washizu J, Satomura S (2005) Relationship between Lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive alpha-fetoprotein and pathologic features of hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Int 25:848–853

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Kudo M (2011) Hepatocellular carcinoma in 2011 and beyond: from the pathogenesis to molecular targeted therapy. Oncology 81(suppl 1):1–10

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Sterling RK, Jeffers L, Gordon F, Venook AP, Reddy KR, Satomura S, Kanke F, Schwartz ME, Sherman M (2009) Utility of Lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive fraction of alpha-fetoprotein and des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin, alone or in combination, as biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 7:104–113

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Toyoda H, Kumada T, Kiriyama S, Sone Y, Tanikawa M, Hisanaga Y, Yamaguchi A, Isogai M, Kaneoka Y, Washizu J (2006) Prognostic significance of simultaneous measurement of three tumor markers in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 4:111–117

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Sherman M (2010) The resurrection of alphafetoprotein. J Hepatol 52:939–940

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Kagebayashi C, Yamaguchi I, Akinaga A, Kitano H, Yokoyama K, Satomura M, Kurosawa T, Watanabe M, Kawabata T, Chang W, Li C, Bousse L, Wada HG, Satomura S (2009) Automated immunoassay system for AFP-L3% using on-chip electrokinetic reaction and separation by affinity electrophoresis. Anal Biochem 388:306–311

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Frenette C, Gish RG (2011) Hepatocellular carcinoma: molecular and genomic guideline for the clinician. Clin Liver Dis 15:307–321

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Feng Z (2010) Classification versus association models: should the same methods apply? Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl 242:53–58

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Volk ML, Hernandez JC, Su GL, Lok AS, Marrero JA (2007) Risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma may impair the performance of biomarkers: a comparison of AFP, DCP, and AFP-L3. Cancer Biomark 3:79–87

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Hanaoka T, Sato S, Tobita H, Miyake T, Ishihara S, Akagi S, Amano Y, Kinoshita Y (2011) Clinical significance of the highly sensitive fucosylated fraction of α-fetoprotein in patients with chronic liver disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 26:739–744

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Pepe MS, Etzioni R, Feng Z, Potter JD, Thompson ML, Thornquist M, Winget M, Yasui Y (2001) Phases of biomarker development for early detection of cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 93:1054–1061

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Febbo PG, Ladanyi M, Aldape KD, De Marzo AM, Hammond ME, Hayes DF, Iafrate AJ, Kelley RK, Marcucci G, Ogino S, Pao W, Sgroi DC, Birkeland ML (2011) NCCN Task Force report: evaluating the clinical utility of tumor markers in oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 9(Suppl 5):S1–S32

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Newman TB, Kohn MA (eds) (2009) Evidence-based diagnosis. Cambridge University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  40. Pepe MS, Feng Z, Janes H, Bossuyt PM, Potter JD (2008) Pivotal evaluation of the accuracy of a biomarker used for classification or prediction: standards for study design. J Natl Cancer Inst 100(20):1432–1438

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Sherman M (2010) Epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncology 78(Suppl 1):7–10

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Nordenstedt H, White DL, El-Serag HB (2010) The changing pattern of epidemiology in hepatocellular carcinoma. Dig Liver Dis 42(Suppl 3):S206–S214

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Welzel TM, Graubard BI, Zeuzem S, El-Serag HB, Davila JA, McGlynn KA (2011) Metabolic syndrome increases the risk of primary liver cancer in the United States: a study in the SEER-Medicare database. Hepatology 54:463–471

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Curley SA, Barnett CC Jr, Abdalla EK (2010) Staging and prognostic factors in hepatocellular carcinoma. UpToDate (Version 18.3: September 2010). http://www.uptodate.com/online/content/topic.do?topicKey+gicancer/12573&view=print. Accessed Jan 2011

  45. Nathan H, Mentha G, Marques HP, Capussotti L, Majno P, Aldrighetti L, Pulitano C, Rubbia-Brandt L, Russolillo N, Philosophe B, Barroso E, Ferrero A, Schulick RD, Choti MA, Pawlik TM (2009) Comparative performances of staging systems for early hepatocellular carcinoma. HPB (Oxford) 11:382–390

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Anderson NL, Anderson NG (2002) The human plasma proteome: history, character, and diagnostic prospects. Mol Cell Proteomics 1:845–867

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Meany DL, Chan DW (2011) Aberrant glycosylation associated with enzymes as cancer biomarkers. Clin Proteomics 8:7–14

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Miyoshi E, Moriwaki K, Nakagawa T (2008) Biological function of fucosylation in cancer biology. J Biochem 143:725–729

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Schachter H (2005) The search for glycan function: fucosylation of the TGF-beta1 receptor is required for receptor activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:15721–15722

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Nakagawa T, Takeishi S, Kameyama A, Yagi H, Yoshioka T, Moriwaki K, Masuda T, Matsumoto H, Kato K, Narimatsu H, Taniguchi N, Miyoshi E (2010) Glycomic analyses of glycoproteins in bile and serum during rat hepatocarcinogenesis. J Proteome Res 9:4888–4896

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Okuda H, Saito A, Shiratori K, Yamamoto M, Takasaki K, Nakano M (2005) Clinicopathologic features of patients with primary malignant hepatic tumors seropositive for alpha-fetoprotein-L3 alone in comparison with other patients seropositive for alpha-fetoprotein-L3. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 20:759–764

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Okuda H, Nakanishi T, Takatsu K, Saito A, Hayashi N, Yamamoto M, Takasaki K, Nakano M (2002) Clinicopathologic features of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma seropositive for alpha-fetoprotein-L3 and seronegative for des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin in comparison with those seropositive for des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin alone. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 17:772–778

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Okuda H, Shiratori K, Yamamoto M, Takasaki K, Nakano M (2006) Clinicopathologic features of patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma who are seropositive for alpha-fetoprotein-L3 and those with combined hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 21:869–873

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Liebman HA, Furie BC, Tong MJ, Blanchard RA, Lo KJ, Lee SD, Coleman MS, Furie B (1984) Des-gamma-carboxy (abnormal) prothrombin as a serum marker of primary hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med 310:1427–1431

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Matsubara M, Shiraha H, Kataoka J, Iwamuro M, Horiguchi S, Nishina SI, Takaoka N, Uemura M, Takaki A, Nakamura S, Kobayashi Y, Nouso K, Yamamoto K (2012) Des-γ-carboxyl prothrombin is associated with tumor angiogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 27(10):1602–1608. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2012.07173.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Yuan LW, Tang W, Kokudo N, Sugawara Y, Karako H, Hasegawa K, Aoki T, Kyoden Y, Deli G, Li YG, Makuuchi M (2004) Measurement of des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin levels in cancer and non-cancer tissue in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Rep 12:269–273

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Inagaki Y, Tang W, Makuuchi M, Hasegawa K, Sugawara Y, Kokudo N (2011) Clinical and molecular insights into the hepatocellular carcinoma tumour marker des-γ-carboxyprothrombin. Liver Int 31:22–35

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Durazo FA, Blatt LM, Corey WG, Lin JH, Han S, Saab S, Busuttil RW, Tong MJ (2008) Des-gamma-carboxyprothrombin, alpha-fetoprotein and AFP-L3 in patients with chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 23:1541–1548

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Yuen MF, Lai CL (2005) Serological markers of liver cancer. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 19(1):91–99

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Miyaaki H, Nakashima O, Kurogi M, Eguchi K, Kojiro M (2007) Lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive alpha-fetoprotein and protein induced by vitamin K absence II are potential indicators of a poor prognosis: a histopathological study of surgically resected hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol 42:962–968

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Yamagata Y, Shimizu K, Nakamura K, Henmi F, Satomura S, Matsuura S, Tanaka M (2003) Simultaneous determination of percentage of Lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive alpha-fetoprotein and alpha-fetoprotein concentration using the LiBASys clinical auto-analyzer. Clin Chim Acta 327:59–67

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Kagebayashi C, Yamaguchi I, Akinaga A, Kitano H, Yokoyama K, Satomura M, Kurosawa T, Watanabe M, Kawabata T, Chang W, Li C, Bousse L, Wada HG, Satomura S (2009) Automated immunoassay system for AFP-L3% using on-chip electrokinetic reaction and separation by affinity electrophoresisAnal. Biomolecules 388:306–311

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Kawabata T, Wada HG, Watanabe M, Satomura S (2008) Electrokinetic analyte transport assay for alpha-fetoprotein immunoassay integrates mixing, reaction and separation on-chip. Electrophoresis 29:1399–1406

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Pauker SG, Kassirer JP (1980) The threshold approach to clinical decision making. N Engl J Med 302:1109–1117

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Tamura Y, Igarashi M, Kawai H, Suda T, Satomura S, Aoyagi Y (2010) Clinical advantage of highly sensitive on-chip immunoassay for fucosylated fraction of alpha-fetoprotein in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Dig Dis Sci 55:3576–3583

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Toyoda H, Kumada T, Tada T, Kaneoka Y, Maeda A, Kanke F, Satomura S (2011) Clinical utility of highly sensitive Lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive alpha-fetoprotein in hepatocellular carcinoma patients with alpha-fetoprotein <20 ng/mL. Cancer Sci 102:1025–1031

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Toyoda H, Kumada T, Tada T (2011) Highly sensitive Lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive α-fetoprotein: a new tool for the management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncology 81(Suppl 1):61–65

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Thomas MB, Jaffe D, Choti MM, Belghiti J, Curley S, Fong Y, Gores G, Kerlan R, Merle P, O’Neil B, Poon R, Schwartz L, Tepper J, Yao F, Haller D, Mooney M, Venook A (2010) Hepatocellular carcinoma: consensus recommendations of the National Cancer Institute Clinical Trials Planning Meeting. J Clin Oncol 28:3994–4005

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Malaguarnera G, Giordano M, Paladina I, Berretta M, Cappellani A, Malaguarnera M (2010) Serum markers of hepatocellular carcinoma. Dig Dis Sci 55:2744–2755

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Shang S, Plymoth A, Ge S, Feng Z, Rosen HR, Sangrajrang S, Hainaut P, Marrero JA, Beretta L (2012) Identification of osteopontin as a novel marker for early hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 55:483–490

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Shen Q, Fan J, Yang XR, Tan Y, Zhao W, Xu Y, Wang N, Niu Y, Wu Z, Zhou J, Qiu SJ, Shi YH, Yu B, Tang N, Chu W, Wang M, Wu J, Zhang Z, Yang S, Gu J, Wang H, Qin W (2012) Serum DKK1 as a protein biomarker for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: a large-scale, multicentre study. Lancet Oncol 13:817–826

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Kobayashi M, Hosaka T, Ikeda K, Seko Y, Kawamura Y, Sezaki H, Akuta N, Suzuki F, Suzuki Y, Saitoh S, Arase Y, Kumada H (2011) Highly sensitive AFP-L3% assay is useful for predicting recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after curative treatment pre- and postoperatively. Hepatol Res 41:1036–1045

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Tateishi R, Shiina S, Yoshida H, Teratani T, Obi S, Yamashiki N, Yoshida H, Akamatsu M, Kawabe T, Omata M (2006) Prediction of recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after curative ablation using three tumor markers. Hepatology 44:1518–1527

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Moons KG, Harrell FE (2003) Sensitivity and specificity should be de-emphasized in diagnostic accuracy studies. Acad Radiol 10:670–672

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Kondratovich MV (2008) Comparing two medical tests when results of reference standard are unavailable for those negative via both tests. J Biopharm Stat 18:145–166

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Pepe MS, Janes H, Longton G, Leisenring W, Newcomb P (2004) Limitations of the odds ratio in gauging the performance of a diagnostic, prognostic, or screening marker. Am J Epidemiol 159:882–890

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Wako Life Sciences, Inc., Mountain View, CA, 94043, USA

    Dave Li M.D., Ph.D. & Shinji Satomura Ph.D.

Authors
  1. Dave Li M.D., Ph.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Shinji Satomura Ph.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Dave Li M.D., Ph.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical B, Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy

    Roberto Scatena

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Li, D., Satomura, S. (2015). Biomarkers for Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC): An Update. In: Scatena, R. (eds) Advances in Cancer Biomarkers. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 867. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7215-0_12

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation