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Reproductive systems of gamasid mites (Acari, Anactinotrichida) reconsidered

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Acarid Phylogeny and Evolution: Adaptation in Mites and Ticks

Abstract

Gamasida (=Mesostigmata) are by far the most species rich and ecologically diverse anactinotrichids. Phylogenetic relationships between gamasid taxa are not solved and even highly controversial. In parallel with this discussion, which mainly refers to characters from external morphology, arguments from anatomy, fine structure, and behaviour in reproductive systems have accumulated that are herein updated and likely may help to solve at least part of this controversy. In general, two types of insemination systems are distinguished: podospermy and tocospermy. Podospermy is found in those taxa in which the females have paired sperm induction pores (=solenostomes) close to the bases of legs III/IV in addition to an unpaired genital opening that is used only for oviposition. The males have chelicerae with a modified movable digit that hears a process termed spermatodactyl and is used to manipulate the spermatophore into the sperm induction pore. Tocospermy is found in mites in which no solenostomes are found and the unpaired genital opening is used for both purposes: acceptance of a spermatophore and egg laying. However, tocospermy in this definition obscures profound anatomical and spermatological differences between gamasid taxa like Sejina, Uropodina, Epicriina, Zerconina on the one hand and Parasitina on the other hand. The latter show similarities with podospermous taxa (Dermanyssina) that likely represent synapomorphies: e.g., unpaired oviduct, ovary with nutritive tissue, ribbon-type spermatozoa, males with modified chelicerae. Outgroup comparison indicates that taxa like Sejina, Uropodina, Epicriina, Zerconina present plesiomorphic characters in their reproductive systems and most likely have to be regarded as early derivative groups. Instead Parasitina and Dermanyssina, considered to represent sister groups, are more terminal. To indicate these differences in reproductive systems more distinctly the following terminology is suggested. The plesiotypic mode of reproduction is referred to as architocospermy. The apotypic reproductive system of Parasitina and Dermanyssina is termed neospermy. Podospermy is regarded a subtype of neospermy. Hence the reproductive system of Dermanyssina should be classified more specifically as neopodospermy and that of Parasitina as neotocospermy accordingly. The evolution of these characters is hypothetisized as a consequence of sperm competition and selection for higher efficiency in offspring production.

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  1. Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, J. S. Bach Str. 11/12, D-17489, Greifswald, Germany

    Gerd Alberti

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  1. Università di Siena, Italy

    Fabio Bernini

  2. Istituto Sperimentale di Zoologia Agraria, Italy

    Roberto Nannelli

  3. Università degli Studi di Bari, Italy

    Giorgio Nuzzaci  & Enrico de Lillo  & 

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Alberti, G. (2002). Reproductive systems of gamasid mites (Acari, Anactinotrichida) reconsidered. In: Bernini, F., Nannelli, R., Nuzzaci, G., de Lillo, E. (eds) Acarid Phylogeny and Evolution: Adaptation in Mites and Ticks. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0611-7_14

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