Skip to main content

Abstract

Growth and development of plant tissue cultures are intimately coupled to the microenvironment in the culture vessels. The microenvironment, in turn, is largely dependent on mass and energy exchange processes. Maximum potentials for growth and developmental rates of cultures are determined by their genes, however their actual rates are limited by their surrounding microenvironment. Systematic comprehension and control of the microenvironment is, therefore, required to realize the full genetic potential of cultures, and to establish a procedure which will make cultures exhibit their hereditary characteristics in a highly efficient and stable way to meet our purposes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aitken-Christie, J. (1991) Automation. In: P.C. Debergh and R.H. Zimmerman (eds.), Micropropagation, pp. 363–388. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adlercreutz, P. (1986) Theoretical calculations and experimental data for the oxidation of glycerol by immobilized Gluconobacter oxydans cells with oxygen or p-benzoquinone as electron acceptor. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 28: 223–232.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Appelgren, M. (1991) Effects of light on stem elongation of Pelargonium in vitro. Scientia Hort. 45: 345–351.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biddington, N.L. (1992) The influence of ethylene in plant tissue culture. Plant Growth Regul. 11: 173–187.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blažková, A., Ullmann, J., Josefusová, Z., Macháčková, I. and Krekule, J. (1989) The influence of gaseous phase on growth of plants in vitro. — The effect of different types of stoppers. Acta Hort. 251:209–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brainerd, K.E. and Fuchigami, L.H. (1981) Acclimatization of aseptically cultured apple plants to low relative humidity. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 106: 515–518.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brainerd, K.E., Fuchigami, L.H., Kwiatkowski, S. and Clark, CS. (1981) Leaf anatomy and water stress of aseptically cultured “Pixy” plum grown under different environments. HortScience 16: 173–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandt, K. (1991) A method for estimating oxygen availability of stationary plant cell cultures in liquid media. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 26: 195–201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, D.C.W., Leung, D.W.M. and Thorpe, T.A. (1979) Osmotic requirement for shoot formation in tobacco callus. Physiol. Plant 46: 36–41.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, D.C.W. and Thorpe, T.A. (1980) Changes in water potential and its components during shoot formation in tobacco. Physiol. Plant 49: 83–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bula, R.J., Morrow, R.C., Tibbits, T.W. and Barta, D.J. (1991) Light-emitting diodes as a radiation source for plants. Hortscience 26: 203–205.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, C.T. and Tomes, D.T. (1984) Establishment and multiplication of red clover plants by in vitro shoot tip culture. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 3: 49–57.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Capellades, M., Fontarnau, R., Canilla, C. and Debergh, P. (1990) Environment influences anatomy of stornata and epidermal cells in tissue-cultured Rosa multiflora. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 115: 141–145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castro-Concha, L., Loyola-Vargas, V.M., Chan, J.L. and Robert, M.L. (1990) Glutamate dehydrogenase activity in normal and vitrified plants of Agave tequilana Weber propagated in vitro. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 22: 147–151.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cournac, L., Dimon, B., Carrier, P., Lohou, A. and Chagverdieff, P. (1991) Growth and photosynthetic characteristics of Solanum Tuberosum plantlets cultured in vitro in different conditions of aeration, sucrose supply and CO2 enrichment. Plant Physiol. 97: 112–117.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dalton, S.J. and Dale, P.J. (1981) Induced tillering of Lo Hum multiflorum in vitro. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 1: 57–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Debergh, P., Aitken-Christie, J., Cohen, D., Grout, B., Arnold, S. von, Zimmerman, R. and Ziv, M. (1992) Reconsideration of the term “vitrification” as used in micropropagation. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 30: 135–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Debergh, P., Harbaoui, Y. and Lemeur, R. (1981) Mass propagation of globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus): Evaluation of different hypotheses to overcome vitrification with special reference to water potential. Physiol. Plant 53: 181–187.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Proft, M.P., Maene, L.J. and Debergh, P.C. (1985) Carbon dioxide and ethylene evolution in the culture atmosphere of Magnolia cultured in vitro. Physiol. Plant 65: 375–379.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Riek, J., Cleemput, O. van and Debergh, P.C. (1991) Carbon metabolism of micropropagated Rosa multiflora L. In vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. 27P: 57–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Desjardins, Y., Hdider, C. and de Riek, J. (1994) Carbon nutrition in vitro. Regulation and manipulation of carbon assimilation in micropropagated systems. In.: J. Aitken-Christie, T. Kozai and M.A.L. Smith(eds.) Automation and Environmental Control in Plant Tissue Culture (this volume), pp. 441–471. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Desjardins, Y., Laforge, F., Lussier, C. and Gosselin, A. (1988) Effect of CO2 enrichment and high photosynthetic photon flux on the development of autotrophy and growth of tissue-cultured strawberry, raspberry and asparagus plants. Acta Hort. 230: 45–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Desjardins, Y., Lamarre, M. and Gosselin, A. (1992) Photosynthesis and transpiration of in vitro cultured asparagus plantlets. Scientia Hort. 49: 9–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dillen, W. and Buysens, S. (1989) A simple technique to overcome vitrification in Gypsophila paniculata L. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 19: 181–188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dogane, Y., Saito, H., Ando, T., Nakagawa, M. and Mii, M. (1989) Trophic phase: a new concept for in vitro culture and acclimatization. Abstr. Japan. Soc. Hort. Sci. Autumn Meeting, Gifu, pp. 510–511 (in Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Doi, M., Oda, H. and Asahira, T. (1989) In vitro atmosphere of cultured C3 and CAM plants in relation to day-lengths. Environ. Control Biol. 27: 9–13 (in Japanese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Doi, M., Oda, H., Ogasawara, N. and Asahira, T. (1992) Effects of CO2 enrichment on the growth and development of in vitro cultured plantlets. J. Jap. Soc. Hort. Sci. 60: 963–970 (in Japanese with English abstract).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dolan, J.T., Ury, M.G. and Wood, C.H. (1992) A novel-high efficacy microwave powered light source. Presented at 6th Intl. Symp. on the Science and Technology of Light Sources, Technical University of Budapest, 11 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donnelly, D.J., Skelton, F.E. and Nelles, J.E. (1987) Hydathode anatomy and adaxial water loss in micropropagated “Silvan” blackberry. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 112: 566–569.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donnelly, D.J. and Vidaver, W.E. (1984) Pigment content and gas exchange of red raspberry in vitro and ex vitro. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 109: 177–181.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dooley, J.H. (1991) Influence of lighting spectra on plant tissue culture. Ann. Amer. Soc. Agr. Eng. Meeting, Chicago. Paper No. 917530, 8 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dubé, S.L. and Vidaver, W. (1992) Photosynthetic competence of plantlets grown in vitro. An automated system for measurement of photosynthesis in vitro. Physiol. Plant 84: 409–416.

    Google Scholar 

  • Economou, A.S. and Read, P.E. (1986) Influence of light duration and irradiance on micropropagation of a hardy deciduous azalea. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 111: 146–149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evers, P.W. (1982) Growth and morphogenesis of shoot initials of Douglas fir in vitro. 3. Photosynthesis in vitro. Proc. 5th Intl. Cong. Plant Tiss. & Cell Cult., Tokyo, pp. 263–264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Falque, M., Compan, D. and Galzy, R. (1991) A method for the study of CO2 exchanges in vitro cultured Vitis rupestris plantlets. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 27: 175–181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forney, C.F. and Brandi, D.G. (1992) Control of humidity in small controlled-environment chambers using glycerol-water solutions. HortTechnol. 2: 52–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fournioux, J.-C. and Bessis, R. (1986) Influence de la teneur en gaz carbonique sur la morphogenèse de la vigne en culture in vitro. Can. J. Bot. 64: 2608–2616.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuchigami, L.H., Cheng, T.Y. and Soeldner, A. (1981) Abaxial transpiration and water loss in aseptically cultured plum. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 106: 519–522.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fujiwara, K. (1988) A method for estimating CO2 exchange rates of tissue-cultured plantlets in vitro for a constant CO2 concentration in the culture vessel with time. Plant Tiss. Cult. Lett. 5: 104–106 (in Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fujiwara, K. (1991) Water environment in plant tissue culture vessels. J. Agr. Meteorol. 47:101–107 (in Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fujiwara, K., Aitken-Christie, J. and Kozai, T. (1993) Water potential of radiata pine shoots cultured in vitro under different relative humidities. Plant Tiss. Cult. Lett. 10: 144–150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fujiwara, K., Dogane, Y., Ando, T., Mii, M. and Kozai, T. (1990) A classification system of trophic phases of plant cultures in vitro. Abstr. 7th Intl. Cong. Plant Tiss. & Cell Cult., Amsterdam, p. 100: Code No. A3–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fujiwara, K., Kira, S. and Kozai, T. (1992) Time course of CO2 exchange of potato cultures in vitro with different sucrose concentrations in the culture medium. J. Agr. Meteorol. 48: 49–56 (in Japanese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fujiwara, K., Kozai, T., Nakajo, Y. and Watanabe, I. (1989) Effects of closures and vessels on light intensities in plant tissue culture vessels. J. Agr. Meteorol. 45: 143–149 (in Japanese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fujiwara, K., Kozai, T. and Watanabe, I. (1987) Measurements of carbon dioxide gas concentration in closed vessels containing tissue cultured plantlets and estimates of net photosynthetic rates of the plantlets. J. Agr. Meteorol. 43: 21–30 (in Japanese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fujiwara, K., Kozai, T. and Watanabe, I. (1988) Development of a photoautotrophic tissue culture system for shoot and/or plantlets at rooting and acclimatization stages. Acta Hort. 230: 153–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fujiwara, K., Yamauchi, C. and Kozai, T. (1993) Effects of culture medium components on the oxygen diffusion coefficient in liquid and gelled media. Abstr. Japan. Plant Cell Tiss. Cult. Ann. Meeting, Kyoto, p. 40 (in Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gathercole, R.W.E., Mansfield, K.J. and Street, H.E. (1976) Carbon dioxide as an essential requirement for cultured sycamore cells. Physiol. Plant 37: 213–217.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • George, E.F. and Sherrington, P.D. (1984) Plant Propagation by Tissue Culture. Exegetics Ltd., Eastern Press, pp. 709.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghashghaie, J., Brenckmann, F. and Saugier, B. (1992) Water relations and growth of rose plants cultured in vitro under various relative humidities. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 30: 51–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grout, B.W.W. (1994) Low temperature storage of plant tissue cultures. In: J. Aitken-Christie, T. Kozai and M.A.L. Smith (eds.), Automation and Environmental Control in Plant Tissue Culture (this volume), pp. 517–538. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grout, B.W.W. and Aston, M.J. (1977) Transplanting of cauliflower plants regenerated from meristem culture. I. Water loss and water transfer related to changes in leaf wax and to xylem regeneration. Hort. Res. 17: 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grout, B.W.W. and Aston, M.J. (1978) Transplanting of cauliflower plants regenerated from meristem culture. II. Carbon dioxide fixation and the development of photosynthetic ability. Hort. Res. 17: 65–17.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hakkaart, F.A. and Versluijs, J.A. (1983) Some factors affecting glassiness in carnation meristem tip cultures. Neth. J. PL Path. 89: 47–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammerschlag, F.A. (1978) Influence of light intensity and date of explantation on growth of geranium callus. HortScience 13: 153–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hangarter, R.P. and Stasinopoulos, T.C. (1991a) Effect of Fe-catalyzed photooxidation of EDTA on root growth in plant culture media. Plant Physiol. 96: 843–847.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hangarter, R.P. and Stasinopoulos, T.C. (1991b) Repression of plant tissue culture growth by light is caused by photochemical change in culture medium. Plant Science 79: 253–257.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanson, A.D. and Edelman, J. (1972) Photosynthesis by carrot tissue cultures. Pianta (Beri.) 102: 11–25.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hasegawa, P.M., Murashige, T. and Takatori, F.H. (1973) Propagation of asparagus through shoot apex culture. II. Light and temperature requirements, transplantability of plants, and cytohistological characteristics. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 98: 143–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayashi, M., Fujita, N., Kitaya, Y. and Kozai, T. (1992) Effect of sideward lighting on the growth of potato plantlets in vitro. Acta Hort. 319: 163–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayashi, M., Kozai, T., Tateno, M., Fujiwara, K. and Kitaya, Y. (1993) Effects of the lighting cycle on the growth and morphology of potato plantlets in vitro under photomixotrophic culture conditions. Environ. Control Biol. 31: 169–175 (in Japanese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Heins, R., Erwin, J., Berghage, R., Karlsson, M., Biernbaum, J. and Carlson, W. (1988) Use temperature to control plant height. Greenhouse Grower 6: 32–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hiemstra, H., Dijkhuizen, L. and Harder, W. (1983) Diffusion of oxygen in alginate gels related to the kinetics of methanol oxidation by immobilized Hansenula polymorpha cells. Eur. J. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 18: 189–196.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Honjo, T. and Takakura, T. (1991) Measurement of humidity profiles in micropropagation vessels. Ann. Amer. Soc. Agr. Eng. Meeting, Chicago. Paper No. 911512, 4 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hulst, A.C., Hens, H.J.H., Buitelaar, R.M. and Tramper, J. (1989) Determination of the effective diffusion coefficient of oxygen in gel materials in relation to gel concentration. Biotechnol. Techn. 3: 199–204.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hunter, S.A., Foxe, M.J. and Hennerty, M.J. (1983) The influence of temperature and light intensity on the in vitro propagation of the strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) cv. Cambrige Favourite. Acta Hort. 131: 153–161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hyndman, S.E., Hasegawa, P.M. and Bressan, R.A. (1982) The role of sucrose and nitrogen in adventitious root formation on cultured rose shoots. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 1: 229–238.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ibaraki, Y., Iida, Y. and Kurata, K. (1992) Effects of air currents on gas exchange of culture vessels. Acta Hort. 319: 221–224.

    Google Scholar 

  • Infante, R., Magnanini, E. and Righetti, B. (1989) The role of light and CO2 in optimizing the conditions for shoot proliferation of Actinidia deliciosa in vitro. Physiol. Plant 77: 191–195.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ishida, T. and Nagano, T. (1990) Characteristics of mass transfer in gelled culture media. Abstr. Soc. Agr. Meteorol. Japan, Sapporo, pp. 168–169 (in Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, M.B., Abbott, A.J., Belcher, A.R., Hall, K.C., Butler, R. and Cameron, J. (1991) Ventilation in plant tissue culture and effects of poor aeration on ethylene and carbon dioxide accumulation, oxygen depletion and expiant development. Ann. Bot. 67: 229–237.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeong, B.R., Fujiwara, K. and Kozai, T. (1993) Carbon dioxide enrichment in autotrophic micropropagation: Methods and advantages. HortTechnol. 3: 332–334.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kevers, C, Coumans, M., Coumans-Gilles, M.F. and Gaspar, Th. (1984) Physiological and biochemical events leading to vitrification of plants cultured in vitro. Physiol. Plant 61: 69–74.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, B.W., Kim, E.H. and Chang, H.N. (1991) Application of light emitting diodes as a light source to a photosynthetic culture of Chlorobium thiosulfatophilum. Biotechnol. Techn. 5: 343–348.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimball, S.L., Beversdorf, W.D. and Bingham, E.T. (1975) Influence of osmotic potential on the growth and development of soybean tissue cultures. Crop Sci. 15: 750–752.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kinoshita, T., Kozai, T. and Fujiwara, K. (1988) Time course of osmotic potential of the MS liquid medium at the multiplication stage in strawberry shoots. Abstr. Japan. Soc. Hort. Sci. Spring Meeting, Tokyo, pp. 234–235 (in Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kozai, T. (1991a) Micropropagation under photoautotrophic conditions. In: P.C. Debergh and R.H. Zimmerman (eds.), Micropropagation, pp. 447–469. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kozai, T. (1991b) Autotrophic micropropagation. In: Y.P.S. Bajaj (ed.), Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry. Volume 17, pp. 313–343. Springer-Verlag, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kozai, T. (1991c) Photoautotrophic micropropagation. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. 27P: 47–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kozai, T., Fujiwara, K., Hayashi, M. and Aitken-Christie, J. (1992a) The in vitro environment and its control in micropropagation. In: K. Kurata and T. Kozai (eds.), Transplant Production Systems, pp. 247–282. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kozai, T., Fujiwara, K. and Watanabe, I. (1986a) Effects of stoppers and vessels on gas exchange rates between inside and outside of vessels closed with stoppers. J. Agr. Meteorol. 42: 119–127 (in Japanese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kozai, T., Fujiwara, K. and Watanabe, I. (1986b) Relation between the culture medium composition and water potential of liquid culture media. J. Agr. Meteorol. 42: 1–6 (in Japanese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kozai, T. and Iwanami, Y. (1988) Effects of CO2 enrichment and sucrose concentration under high photon flux on plantlet growth of carnation (Dianthus caryophyilus L.) in tissue culture during the preparation stage. J. Jap. Soc. Hort. Sci. 57: 279–288.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kozai, T., Iwanami, Y. and Fujiwara, K. (1987) Effects of CO2 enrichment on the plantlet growth during the multiplication stage. Plant Tiss. Cult. Lett. 4: 22–26 (in Japanese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kozai, T., Kino, S., Jeong, B.R., Hayashi, M., Kinowaki, M., Ochiai, M. and Mori, K. (1992b) A sideward lighting system using diffusive optical fibers for production of vigorous micropropagated plantlets. Acta Hort. 319: 237–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kozai, T. and Kitaya, Y. (1993) Microwave lamps and their application as artificial light source for plant growth. Nogyo Oyobi Engei 68: 988–996 (in Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kozai, T., Koyama, Y. and Watanabe, I. (1988) Multiplication and rooting of potato plantlets in vitro with sugar free medium under high photosynthetic photon flux. Acta Hort. 230: 121–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kozai, T., Kushihashi, S., Kubota, C. and Fujiwara, K. (1992c) Effect of the difference between photoperiod and dark period temperatures, and photosynthetic photon flux density on the shoot length and growth of potato plantlets in vitro. J. Jap. Soc. Hort. Sci. 61: 93–98 (in Japanese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kozai, T., Oki, H. and Fujiwara, K. (1990) Photosynthetic characteristics of Cymbidium plantlet in vitro. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 22: 205–211.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kozai, T. and Sekimoto, K. (1988) Effects of the number of air exchanges per hour of the closed vessel and the photosynthetic photon flux on the carbon dioxide concentration inside the vessel and the growth of strawberry plantlets in vitro. Environ. Control Biol. 26: 21–29 (in Japanese with English abstract).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kozai, K. and Smith, M.A.L. (1994) Environmental control in plant tissue culture — General introduction and overview. In: J. Aitken-Christie, T. Kozai and M.A.L. Smith (eds.), Automation and Environmental Control in Plant Tissue Culture (this volume), pp. 301–318. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kozai, T., Tanaka, K., Jeong, B.R. and Fujiwara, K. (1993) Effect of relative humidity in the culture vessel on the shoot elongation of potato plantlets in vitro. J. Jap. Soc. Hort. Sci. 62: 413–417.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kubota, C. and Kozai, T. (1992) Growth and net photosynthetic rate of Solanum tuberosum L. in vitro under forced and natural ventilation. HortScience 27: 1312–1314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kubota, C. and Kozai, T. (1993a) Effects of temperature on the growth and chlorophyll contents of Brassica oleracea L. seedlings stored in darkness and light. In Vitro 29A(3), Part II, No. P-1005: 61A.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kubota, C. and Kozai, T. (1993b) Dim light contributed to the quality retention of the broccoli plants in vitro during low temperature storage. Abstr. 1st Asia-Pacific Conference on Plant Cell & Tiss. Cult., Taejon, Korea, p. 31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, P.P., Reid, D.M. and Thorpe, T.A. (1987) The role of ethylene and carbon dioxide in differentiation of shoot buds in excised cotyledons of Pinus radiata in vitro. Physiol. Plant 69: 244–252.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kvaalen, H. and Arnold, S. von (1991) Effects of various partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide on different stages of somatic embryogenesis in Picea abies. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 27: 49–57.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laforge, F., Lussier, C, Desjardins, Y. and Gosselin, A. (1991) Effect of light intensity and CO2 enrichment during in vitro rooting on subsequent growth of plantlets of strawberry, raspberry and asparagus in acclimatization. Scientia Hort. 47: 259–269.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langford, P.J. and Wainwright, H. (1987) Effect of sucrose concentration on the photosynthetic ability of rose shoots in vitro. Ann. Bot. 60: 633–640.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lawlor, H.J., McComb, J.A. and Borowitzka, M.A. (1989) Tissue culture of Ecklonia radiata (Phaeophyceae, Laminariales): effects on growth of light, organic carbon source and vitamins. J. Applied Phytol. 1: 105–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, C.W.T. and Shuler, M. (1991) Different shake flask closures alter gas phase composition and ajmalicine production in Catharathus roseus cell suspensions. Biotechnol. Techn. 5: 173–178.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, N., Wetzstein, H.Y. and Sommer, H.E. (1985) Effects of quantum flux density on photosynthesis and chloroplast ultrastructure in tissue-cultured plantlets and seedlings of Liquidambar styraciflua L. towards improved acclimatization and field survival. Plant Physiol. 78:637–641.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lercari, B., Tognoni, F., Anselmo, G. and Chapel, D. (1986) Photocontrol of in vitro bud differentiation in Saintpaulia ionantha leaves and Lycopersicon esculentum cotyledons. Physiol. Plant 67: 340–344.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lim, L.Y., Hew, Y.C., Wong, S.C. and Hew, C.S. (1992) Effects of light intensity, sugar and CO2 concentrations on growth and mineral uptake of dendrobium plantlets. J. Hort. Sci. 67: 601–611.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Litz, R.E. (1986) Effect of osmotic stress on somatic embryogenesis in Carica suspension culture. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 111: 969–972.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maene, L.J. and Debergh, P.C. (1987) Optimalization of the transfer of tissue cultured shoots to in vivo conditions. Acta Hort. 212: 335–348.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matthys, D., Gielis, J. and Debergh, P. (1994) Ethylene. In: J. Aitken-Christie, T. Kozai and M.A.L. Smith (eds.), Automation and Environmental Control in Plant Tissue Culture (this volume), pp. 473–491. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • McClelland, M.T. and Smith, M.A.L. (1990) Vessel type, closure, and expiant orientation influence in vitro performance of five woody species. HortScience 25: 797–800.

    Google Scholar 

  • McHale, N.A., Zelitch, I. and Peterson, R.B. (1987) Effects of CO2 and O2 on photosynthesis and growth of autotrophic tobacco callus. Plant Physiol. 84: 1055–1058.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moe, R., Heins, R. and Erwin, J. (1991) Stem elongation and flowering of the long-day plant Campanula isophylla Moretti in response to day and night temperature alternations and light quality. Scientia Hort. 48: 141–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Monette, P.L. (1983) Influence of size of culture vessel on in vitro proliferation of grape in a liquid medium. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 2: 327–332.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morini, S., Fortuna, R., Sciutti, R. and Muelo, R. (1990) Effect of different light-dark cycles on growth of fruit tree shoots cultured in vitro. Adv. Hort. Sci. 4: 163–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morini, S., Sciutti, R. and Fortuna, P. (1992) in vitro growth response of Prunus cerasifera shoots as in influenced by different light-dark cycles and sucrose concentrations. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 28: 245–248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morini, S., Trinci, M. and Zacchini, M. (1991) Effect of different photoperiods on in vitro growth of Mr.S.2/5 plum rootstock. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 25: 141–145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mousseau, M. (1986) CO2 enrichment in vitro. Effect on autotrophic and heterotrophic cultures of Nicotiana tabacum. Photosynthesis Research 8: 187–191.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murashige, T. and Skoog, F. (1962) A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol. Plant 15: 473–497.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakayama, M., Kozai, T. and Watanabe, K. (1991) Effect of the presence/absence of sugar in the medium and natural/forced ventilation on the net photosynthetic rates of potato expiants in vitro. Plant Tiss. Cult. Lett. 8: 105–109 (in Japanese with English abstract).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Newmann, K.-H. and Raafat, A. (1973) Further studies on the photosynthesis of carrot tissue cultures. Plant Physiol. 51: 685–690.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogbonna, J.C., Pham, C.B., Matsumura, M. and Kataoka, H. (1989) Evaluation of some gelling agents for immobilization of aerobic microbial cells in alginate and carrageenan gel beads. Biotechnol. Techn. 3: 421–424.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Owens, L.D. and Wozniak, C.D. (1991) Measurement and effects of gel matric potential and expressibility on production of morphogenic callus by cultured sugarbeet leaf discs. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 26: 127–133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pâques, M. and Boxus, Ph. (1987) Vitrification. Acta Hort. 212: 155–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pevalek-Kozlina, B. (1990) Influence of the container size on the rate of Prunus avium shoot multiplication. Acta Bot. Croat. 49: 47–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pierik, R.L.M. (1987) In Vitro Culture of Higher Plants. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 344.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pospíšilová, J. (1988) Osmotic adjustment in tobacco plantlets. Biologia Plantarum (Praha) 30: 393–396.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pospíšilová, J., Solárová, J. and Čatský, J. (1992) Photosynthetic responses to stresses during in vitro cultivation. Photosynthetica 26: 3–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Predieri, S., Krizek, D.T., Wang, C.Y., Mirecki, R.M. and Zimmerman, R.H. (1993) Influence of UV-B radiation developmental changes, ethylene, CO2 flux and polyamines in cv. Doyenne d’Hiver pear shoots grown in vitro. Physiol. Plant 87: 109–117.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reuther, G. (1988) Comparative anatomical and physiological studies with ornamental plants under in vitro and greenhouse conditions. Acta Hort. 226: 91–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Righetti, B. and Facini, O. (1992) Headspace gas composition in four Prunus avium cultures with differing photosynthetic capabilities. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. 28P: 179–182.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Righetii, B., Magnanini, E., Infante, R. and Predieri, S. (1990) Ethylene, ethanol, acetaldehyde and carbon dioxide released by Prunus avium shoot cultures. Physiol. Plant 78: 507–510.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, S.M.D., Ogren, W.L. and Widtholm, J.M. (1987) Photosynthetic characteristics of a photoautotrophic cell suspension culture of soybean. Plant Physiol. 84: 1451–1456.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Romberger, J.A. and Tabor, C.A. (1971) The Picea abies shoot apical meristem in culture. I. Agar and autoclaving effects. Amer. J. Bot. 58: 131–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saitou, T., Kamada, H. and Harada, H. (1992) Light requirement for shoot regeneration in horseradish hairy roots. Plant Physiol. 99: 1336–1341.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sallanon, H. and Coudret, A. (1990) Water fluxes between in vitro plants and atmosphere in micropropagation. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 310: 607–613.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sallanon, H. and Maziere, Y. (1992) Influence of growth room and vessel humidity on the in vitro development of rose plants. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 30: 121–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sato, K. and Toda, K. (1983) Oxygen uptake rate of immobilized growing Candida lipolytica. J. Ferment. Technol. 6: 239–245.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider-Moldrickx, R. (1983) The influence of light quality and light intensity on regeneration of Kalanchoe-Blossfeldiana-hybrids in vitro. Acta Hort. 131: 163–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schripsema, J., Meijer, A.H., Iren, F. van, Hoopen, H.J.G. ten and Verpoorte, R. (1990) Dissimilation curves as a simple method for the characterization of growth of plant cell suspension cultures. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 22: 55–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seabrook, J.E.A. (1987) Changing the growth and morphology of potato plantlets in vitro by varying the illumination source. Acta Hort. 212: 401–410.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seibert, M., Wetherbee, P.J. and Job, D.D. (1975) The effects of light intensity and spectral quality on and shoot initiation in tobacco callus. Plant Physiol. 56: 130–139.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shackel, K.A., Novello, V. & Sutter EG (1990) Stomatal function and cuticular conductance in whole tissue-cultured apple shoots. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 115: 486–472.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shimada, N., Tanaka, F. and Kozai, T. (1988) Effects of low O2 concentration on net photosynthesis of C3 plantlets in vitro. Acta Hort. 230: 171–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Short, K.C., Warburton, J. and Roberts, A.V. (1987) In vitro hardening of cultured cauliflower and chrysanthemum plantlets to humidity. Acta Hort. 212: 329–334.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, E.F., Roberts, A.V. and Mottley, J. (1990) The preparation in vitro of chrysanthemum for transplantation to soil. 3. Improved resistance to desiccation conferred by reduced humidity. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 21: 141–145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, M.A.L. and McClelland, M.T. (1991) Gauging the influence of in vitro conditions on in vivo quality and performance of woody plants. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. 27P: 52–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Solárová, J. (1989) Diurnal variation in CO2 concentration in cultivation vessels resulting from photosynthetic activity. Photosynthetica 23: 100–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Start, N.D. and Cumming, B.G. (1976) In vitro propagation of Saintpaulia ionantha Wendl. HortScience 11: 204–206.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stasinopoulos, T.C. and Hangarter, R.P. (1990) Preventing photochemistry in culture media by long-pass light filters alters growth of cultured tissues. Plant Physiol. 93: 1365–1369.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sutter, E.G. (1985) Morphological, physical and chemical characteristics of epicuticular wax on ornamental plants regenerated in vitro. Ann. Bot. 55: 321–329.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sutter, E. and Langhans, R.W. (1979) Epicuticular wax formation on carnation plantlets regenerated from shoot tip culture. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 104: 493–496.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sutter, E. and Langhans, R.W. (1982) Formation of epicuticular wax and its effect on water loss in cabbage plants regenerated from shoot-tip culture. Can. J. Bot. 60: 2896–2902.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka, K., Fujiwara, K. and Kozai, T. (1992) Effects of relative humidity in the culture vessel on the transpiration and net photosynthetic rates of potato plantlets in vitro. Acta Hort. 319: 59–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka, F., Watanabe, Y. and Shimada, N. (1990) Effect of O2 concentrations on photorespiration in Chrysanthemum morifolium plantlets in plant tissue culture. Plant Tiss. Cult. Lett. 7: 85–91 (in Japanese with English abstract).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka, F., Watanabe, Y. and Shimada, N. (1991a) Effect of O2 concentrations on growth of Chrysanthemum morifolium plantlets in vitro cultured photoautotrophically and mixotrophically. Environ. Control Biol. 29: 107–116 (in Japanese with English abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka, F., Watanabe, Y. and Shimada, N. (1991b) Effect of O2 concentrations on photorespiration in Chrysanthemum morifolium plantlets in vitro cultured photoautotrophically and photomixotrophically. Plant Tiss. Cult. Lett. 8: 87–91 (in Japanese with English abstract).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tani, A., Kiyota, M., Taira, T. and Aiga, I. (1991) The effects of light intensity, flow rate of aeration and plantlets on changes in temperatures in the vessel for plantlet culture. Plant Tiss. Cult. Lett. 9: 133–135 (in Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Urban, L. and Jaffrin, A. (1990) Steady state thermal conditions inside plant tissue culture vessels submitted to a constant level of irradiation. Biotronics 19: 71–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Y.-C. and Janick, J. (1986) Sucrose concentration and osmolarity as factors affecting in vitro wax accumulation in jojoba embryos. HortScience 21: 1048–1049.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wardle, K., Dobbs, E.B. and Short, K.C. (1983) In vitro acclimatization of aseptically cultured plantlets to humidity. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 108: 386–389.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wardle, K., Quinlan, A. and Simpkins, I. (1979) Abscisic Acid and the regulation of water loss in plantlets of Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis regenerated through apical meristem culture. Ann. Bot. 43: 745–752.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe, K., Kozai, T. and Jeong, B.R. (1993) Growth responses of Solanum tuberosum and Mentha rotundifolia in vitro to PPFD, photoperiod and differences in day and night temperatures. Abstr. 1st Asia-Pacific Conference on Plant Cell & Tiss. Cult., Taejon, Korea, p. 34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weston, G.D. and Street, H.E. (1968) Sugar absorption and sucrose inversion by excised tomato roots. Ann. Bot. 32: 521–529.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woltering, E.J. (1990) Beneficial effects of carbon dioxide on development of gerbera and rose plantlets grown in vitro. Scientia Hort. 44: 341–345.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yae, B.W., Zimmerman, R.H. and Fordham, I. (1987) Influence of photoperiod, apical meristem, and expiant orientation on axillary shoot proliferation of apple cultivars in vitro. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 112: 588–592.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamada, Y., Imaizumi, K., Sato, F. and Yasuda, T. (1981) Photoautotrophic and photomixo- trophic culture of green tobacco cells in a jar-fermenter. Plant Cell Physiol. 22: 917–922.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamada, Y. and Sato, F. (1978) The photoautotrophic culture of chlorophyllous cells. Plant Cell Physiol. 19: 691–699.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yomoda, A. and Hinata, K. (1991) Effects of CO2 gas supply on shoot regeneration in rice callus. Japan. J. Breed. 41: 41–47.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshida, F., Kobayashi, T. and Yoshida, T. (1973) The mineral nutrition of cultured chlorophyllous cells of tobacco. I. Effects of psalts, psucrose, Ca, Cl and B in the medium on the yield, friability, chlorophyll contents and mineral absorption of cells. Plant Cell Physiol. 14: 329–339.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ziv, M. (1991) Quality of micropropagated plants — Vitrification. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. 27P: 64–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ziv, M. (1990) Vitrification: morphological and physiological disorders of in vitro plants. In: P.C. Debergh and R.H. Zimmerman (eds.), Micropropagation, pp. 45–69. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ziv, M., Meir, G. and Halevy, A.H. (1983) Factors influencing the production of hardened glaucous carnation plantlets in vitro. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 2: 55–65.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1995 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Fujiwara, K., Kozai, T. (1995). Physical microenvironment and its effects. In: Aitken-Christie, J., Kozai, T., Smith, M.A.L. (eds) Automation and environmental control in plant tissue culture. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8461-6_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8461-6_15

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-90-481-4405-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-015-8461-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics