Abstract
The Antarctic is a geographically and ecologically well defined area and is unique in many respects. It is the only land mass that has had no inhabitants up to the turn of this century, and it still has no settled population. Man is a newcomer and a short time visitor. Only a few men have spent more than three years of their life on this continent, which was first sighted in 1820 by Fabian von Bellingshausen, two days before Edward Bransfield discovered Graham Land. Bransfield was the first to chart a portion of the Antarctic mainland4. The Antarctic Peninsula (Graham Land) was also seen by Nathaniel Palmer at this time.
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References
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Medicine and Health
A profusion of general medical accounts from the Antarctic exist, many published in a popular form, others as unpublished, restricted expedition reports. Below are listed a fair number.740
Anonym(1947). Medical report. Annex 19. In U.S. Navy Antarctic Develop. Prof. 1947; Rep. of Operation Highjump. Vol. III. 49 p.
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Cacciavillani, E. A. (1959). Contribución al conocimiento de la psicofisiología en la adaptación del organismo humano a las bajas tempe-raturas. Paper presented at Simposio Antartico, Buenos Aires. Abstr. in Antarctic Symposium, Int. Union Geodesy and Geophys. Monogr. No 5, pp. 83–84, Paris 1960.
Cendron, J. (1952). Médicine, biologie. In Expédition en Terre Adélie 1950–1952. Expéd. Pol. Franç., Missions P.-E. Victor, Publ. No. 20, pp. 49–53. Paris.
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Ekelöf, E. (1905). Die Gesundheits-und Krankenpflege während der Schwedischen Südpolar-Expedition, Oktober 1901 Januar 1904. Wiss. Ergebn. Schwed. Südpolar-Exped. 1901–03, Bd. 1, Lief. 3, pp. 1–30. Stockholm.
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Hillenbrand, F. K. M. (1953). In antarctic waters. Lancet, 265, 246–48.
Isel, J. (1959). Hygiène, santé et biologie. I. Rapport médical. In Rapport d’Activités des Expéditions Antarctiques Françaises 1957–1959. Année Géophys. Int., pp. 47–49. Sous-comité Antarctique Francais. Paris.
Ito, Y. (1959). Report on activities of medical subcommittee and medical team for the Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition, 1956 57. Part 1. Antarctic Rec., Tokyo, No. 6, pp. 54 72.
Jones, S. E. (1915). Medical Report. Western Base (Queen Mary Land). Appendix V. In The Home of the Blizzard. (D. MAWSON, author), Vol. II, pp. 307 08. William Heinemann, London.
Mackay, A. F. (1910). Some notes on health in the Antarctic. Edinb. med. J. n.s. 4, 219–22.
Mclean, A. L. (1915). Medical Report. Main Base (Adélie Land). Appendix V. In The Home of the Blizzard. (D. MAWSON, author), Vol. II, pp. 308–10. William Heinemann, London.
Macklin, A. H. (1923). Medical. Appendix V. In Shackleton’s Last Voyage; the Story of the Quest. (F. WILD, author), pp. 352–65. Cassel, London; Stokes, New York.
Macklin, A. H. (1939). Polar exploration. Some medical aspects, with special reference to the Antarctic. Med. Press, 202, 401–06.
Marshall, E. S. (1909). Report on the health of the expedition. Appendix VI. In The Heart of the Antarctic. (E. H. SHACKLETON, author), Vol. II, pp. 397 99. William Heinemann, London; Lippincott, Phi- ladelphia.
Marshall, E. S. (1943). An antarctic episode. Med. Press, 210, 359–62.
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Mountevans, E. R. G. R. E. (1937). How a sailor looks at the surgeon, and the medical aspect of polar exploration from a sailor-explorer’s viewpoint. J. Roy. Nay. med. Serv., 23, 14 30.
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Roberts, J. M. (1949). The Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey. Brit. med. J., ii, 863–64.
Sapin-Jaloustre, J. (1952). Médicine-biologie. In Expédition en Terre Adélie 1949 51. Expéd. Pol. Franç., Missions P.-E. Victor, Publ. No. 14, pp. 76 86. Paris.
Siple, P. A. (1960). Living on the South Polar Ice Cap. In Cold Injury (S.M. HORVATH, editor). Trans. Sixth Conf., 1958, Fort Knox, pp. 89–115. Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation, New York.
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Staquet, M. (1961). Observations physiologiques et médicales d’une expédition au Pôle Sud. Brux.-méd., 41, 741–51.
Taylor, I. M. (1960). Medical experiences at McMurdo Sound. In Cold Injury (S. M. HORVATH, editor). Trans. Sixth Conf., 1958, Fort Knox, pp. 117 140. Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation, New York.
Tlcxomirov, I. I. (1961). 0 charaktere zabolevaemosti na stancii Vostok v zimovku 1959 g. (Illness statistics at station Vostok during wintering in 1959 ). Inform. Bjull. Sovet. Antarkticeskoj Eksped., No. 27, 36–39. (Information Bull. of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition).
Timofeev, V. V. (1960). Medicinskoe obespeéenie antarktiéeskoj èkspedicii 1819–1821 gg. (Medical protection of the Antarctic Expedition in 1819–1821). Sovet. Zdravoochr., 19, (12), 50–54.
Vega, J., Fllhmann, G., De La Fuente, L., Morales, L. and Oyan- Guren, H. (1962). Medicine and public health in the Chilean Antarctic Bases. Document No. 22. Conf. on Med. and Publ. Health in the Arctic and Antarctic. WHO, Geneva (not published).
Wilson, O. (1952). Sjukvârd i Antarktis. Vart Roda Kors., 7, 80–83.
Wilson, O. and Haraldson, S. (1949). Norsk-Svensk-Brittiska Antarktisexpeditionen 1949–52. Svenska Läkartidn., 46, 1989–97. SEE also references No. 11, 29, 30, 116, 142.
Budd, G. M. (1962). A polio-like illness in Antarctica. Med. J. Aust., 49, i, 482 86.
Hedblom, E. E. (1961). Snowscape eye protection. Arch. environ. Health, 2, 685–704.
Houx, V. N. (1959). Appendicitis treated nonsurgically at the South Pole. U.S. Armed Forces med. J., 10, 1352–54.
Houx, V. N. (1959). Transient pulmonary insufficiency caused by cold. U.S. Armed Forces med. J., 10, 1354–57.
a. Pardoe, R. (to be published). A ruptured intracranial aneurysm in Antarctica. Aust. Nat. Antarctic Res. Exped., Dept. External Affairs, Melbourne. (cf. ref. 67b)
Pugh, L. G. C. E. (1959). Carbon monoxide hazard in Antarctica. Brit. med. J., i, 792–96.
Rivolier, J. (1962). Measures for the prevention of the propagation of new diseases in the Arctic and Antarctic. Document No. 17. Conf. on Med. 6- Publ. Health in the Arctic 6- Antarctic. WHO, Geneva (not published).
Rogozov, L. I. (1962). Operacija na sebe. (Operation on oneself). Inform Bjull. Sovet. Antarkticeskoj Eksped., No. 27, 42 44. (Information Bull. of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition).
Sapin-Jaloustre, J. (1954). Le problème de la vision dans le blizzard. Ann. Opt. ocul., Par., 3, 36–53. (Also in L’Opticien belg., Brux., No. 19 (mars), 99–108, 1955 ).
Sapin-Jaloustre, J. (1956). Enquête sur les gelures. A propos des observations de la lre Expédition Française en Terre Adélie 19481951. Actualités Sci. et Industr., No. 1248. Hermann and Cie, Paris. (Also Ibid. Expéd. Pol. Franç., Missions P.-E. Victor, Publ. No. 64. Paris.)
Sapin-Jaloustre, J. and SAPIN-JALOUSTRE, H. (1956). La pathologie en expédition polaire antarctique. A propos des observations de la lre Expédition en Terre Adélie 1948–51. Presse méd., 64, 579–82, 637–40, 791–94, 821–23.
Human Bacteriology
Adams, R. J. and Stanmeyer, W. R. (1960). Effects of prolonged antarctic isolation on oral and intestinal bacteria. Oral Surg., 13, 117–20.
Mclean, A. L. (1919). Bacteriological and other researches. Australasian Antarctic Exped. 1911–14, Sci. Rep. Ser. C, Vol. VII, Part 4, Sydney.
Sladen, W. J. L. (1952). Staphylococci in nose and throat of healthyindividuals in the Antarctic. Paper read at meeting of Path. Soc. Gt. Brit. and Ireland. J. Path. Bact., 64, 671, (title only).
Sladen, W. J. L. (1953). Bacteriological work in the Antarctic. M.D. Thesis, Vol. I, London Univ.
Sladen, W. J. L. (1961). Medical microbiology. In Science in Antarctica, Part. I, The Life Sciences in Antarctica, pp. 151–55. A Rep. by the Committee on Polar Res. Publ. 839. Nat. Acad. Sci. - Nat. Res. Council, Washington, D.C.
Sladen, W. J. L. (1963) Upper respiratory staphylococci and streptococci in antarctic communities. C.R. I.Symp. Biol. Antarctique, pp. 101–04. Hermann, Paris. Abstr. in S.C.A.R. Bull. No. 12. Polar Rec., 11, 318–319, 1962.
Sladen, W. J. L. and GOLDSMITH, R. (1960). Biological and medical research based on USS. Staten Island, Antarctic, 1958–59. Polar. Rec., 10, 146–48. (cf. Operation “Snuffles”. IGY Bull., No. 26, 14–15. Nat. Acad. Sci., Aug. 1959 ).
Dentistry
Anonym, (1947). Dental report. Annex 20. In U.S. Navy Antarctic Develop. Proj. 1947; Rep. of Operation Highjump. Vol. III, 17 p.
Adams, R. J. and Stanmeyer, W. R. (1959). Antarctic ‘day’ of a naval dentist. J. Amer. dent. Ass., 59, 322–26.
Adams, R. J. and Stanmeyer, W. R. (1960). The effects of a closely supervised oral hygiene program upon oral cleanliness. J. Periodont., 31, 242–45.
Knoedler, D. and Stanmeyer, W. R. (1958). Dental observations made while wintering in Antarctica, 1956–1957. J. dent. Res., 37, 614–22.
Lindsay, J. S. (1961). Report of the dental research program, Deep Freeze 60. Bull. U.S. Antarctic Proj. Office, Vol. II, No. 7. (March).
Nelson, C. (1931). Two years after. Dent. Mag.6Oral Topics, 48, 44.
Perlitsh, M. J., Nielsen, A. G. and Stanmeyer, W. R. (1961). Ascorbic acid plasma levels and gingival health in personnel wintering over in Antarctica. J. dent. Res., 40, 789–99.
Pidgeon, J. W. G. (1960). Dental research report, 1959 60. Falkland Islands Depend. Surv., Base Rep. 165/60. London (unpublished).
Stanmeyer, W. R. (1959). The dentist and the space age. Milit. Med., 124, 417–21.
Stanmeyer, W. R. and Adams, R. J. (1959). Reduced oral temperatures and acid production rates in dental plaques. J. dent. Res., 38, 905–09.
Stanmeyer, W. R. and Adams, R. J. (1961). Antarctic Stress and the teeth. J. Amer. dent. Ass., 63, 665–70.
Stanmeyer, W. R. and Adams, R. J. (1961). Tooth sensitivity during Operation Deepfreeze. Dent. Progr., 2, 52–54.
Physiology Y
Adam, J. M. (1959). Subjective sensations and sub-clothing temperatures in Antarctica. J. Physiol., 145, 26–27 P.
Antonis, A., Bexsoxn, I. and Easty, D. L. (1963). Serum lipid changes in young men in Antarctica. J. Physiol., 167, 26–27 P.
Barsoum, A. H. (1962). Some observations on blood in relation to cold acclimatization in the Antarctic. Milit. Med., 127, 719 22.
Brooker, B. K. (1959). Medical report for Halley Bay 1958. Report to the Royal Society, London (unpublished).
Brown, C. T. (1962). Physiology report. Halley Bay 1962. British Antarctic Sure., Base Rep. M2/1962/Z, London (unpublished).
Bunn, G. M. (1962). Acclimatization to cold in Antarctica as shown by rectal temperature response to a standard cold stress. Nature, Lond., 193, 886.
b. Bunn, G. M. (1964). General acclimatization to cold in men studied before, during and after a year in Antarctica. A.N.A.R.E.Rep. No. 70. Aust. Nat. Antarctic Res. Exped., Melbourne (in press).
a. Budd, G. M. (1964). The 1963 ANARE Heard Island Expedition. Polar Rec. (in press).
b. Budd, G. M. (to be published). Studies of thermal sensation and skin temperature in relation to clothing, activity, and environmental conditions, made at Mawson in 1959–60. Aust. Nat. Antarctic Res. Exped., Dept. External Affairs, Melbourne.
Butson, A. R. C. (1949). Report on cold weather acclimatization. Submitted to Falkland Islands Depend. Surv., London (unpublished).
Butson, A. R. C. (1949). Acclimatization to cold in the Antarctic. Nature, Lond., 163, 132 33.
Cabeza Quiroga, M. A. (1959). Observaciones fisiológicas sobre la conducta humana en dotaciones polares. Paper presented at Simposio Antartico, Buenos Aires. Abstr. in Antarctic Symposium, Int. Union Geodesy 6, Geophys. Monogr. No. 5, p. 83. Paris, 1960.
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Wilson, O. (1965). Human Adaptation to Life in Antarctica. In: van Mieghem, J., van Oye, P. (eds) Biogeography and Ecology in Antarctica. Monographiae Biologicae, vol 15. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7204-0_18
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