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Feldspathoids: Their Average and Real Structures

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Feldspars and Feldspathoids

Part of the book series: NATO ASI Series ((ASIC,volume 137))

Abstract

Feldspathoids are framework aluminosilicates which comprise at least three distinct groups: the leucite, nepheline-kalsilite and sodalite-cancrinite groups.

Leucite group. All phases have the same framework with topological symmetry 1a3d; ordering of the tetrahedral cations and the positions of extra-framework cations or water molecules in the different sites give rise to real symmetries which are subgroups of the topological symmetry.

Nepheline-kalsilite group. Frameworks with different topology may occur as phases in the system NaAlSiO4-KAlSiO4 and these are described and compared. Accurate studies of kalsilite and nepheline, stuffed derivatives of tridymite, showed fine structural details such as domain structures and ordering of extra-framework cations.

Sodalite-cancrinite group. The group comprises all phases characterized by three-dimensional connection of six-membered rings of silicon and aluminium tetrahedra, stacked in different sequences. The possible sequences are enumerated and the different topologies already known described. A large number of natural and synthetic phases have a sodalite-type (ABC sequence) or a cancrinite-type (AB sequence) framework. Stacking faults and the development of domain structures have been observed by transmission electron microscopy; electron diffraction indicated incommensurate superstructures, probably due to ordering patterns of atoms within a modulated structure.

(Rinaldi, 1984), consistently indicate a Si:Al ratio close to unity. This constant ratio, together with the Al-Si ordering shown by cancrinite, sodalite and microsommite, strongly suggest that substantial Al-Si ordering occurs in these phases and that the disordered distribution results from averaging over oppositely ordered domains.

Useful indications could be obtained by high resolution 29Si NMR studies. Lippmaa et al. (1980, 1981) have shown the potentialities of the method in determining the ordering of the tetrahedral cations in aluminosilicate frameworks. They indicated that chemical shifts correlate with the number of aluminium cations in the neighbourhood of a given silicon tetrahedron (Lippmaa et al., 1981). Some caution should be exercised in correlating chemical shifts with silicon environments (Cheetham et al., 1982), as also geometrical features, such as T-O-T angles (where T=Si or Al), strongly correlate with chemical shifts (Smith and Blackwell, 1983). However, when carefully applied, this powerful method can provide invaluable informations about the short range ordering of the tetrahedral cations in framework aluminosilicates.

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  1. Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Via S. Maria 53, 56100, Pisa, Italy

    Stefano Merlino

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  1. Laboratory of Petrology, University of Nancy I, Nancy, France

    William L. Brown

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Merlino, S. (1984). Feldspathoids: Their Average and Real Structures. In: Brown, W.L. (eds) Feldspars and Feldspathoids. NATO ASI Series, vol 137. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-6929-3_12

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