Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Electron Microscopy Studies of the Catalytic Growth of Carbon Filaments

  • Chapter
Carbon Fibers Filaments and Composites

Part of the book series: NATO ASI Series ((NSSE,volume 177))

Abstract

The potential for carbon formation exists in many systems in which hydrocarbons or carbon monoxide undergo decomposition. In recent years several reviews have highlighted the complex structure of carbon deposits [1–6], which can be divided into three main types: polymeric, filamentous and graphitic. Carbon formation on metal catalyst particles is of interest in a number of processes for different reasons. Surface carbon of the carbidic type is known to act as an intermediate in a number of catalytic processes such as the methanation reaction of nickel [7] and in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis on ferromagnetic metals [8]. In other forms, the carbon may stay on the surface to encapsulate the metal (and deactivate the catalyst) or may dissolve in the metal and precipitate at the rear of the particle forcing the particle off the support surface to form a filament. As a consequence, some of the activity of the metal is retained during filament growth, but eventually the deposit increases to such a degree to cause reactor blockage.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Hofer, L.J.E., (1956), in “Catalysis”, Vol 4 (P.H. Emmett, ed.) Reinhold publishing Co., New York, p. 37 3.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Palmer, H.B., and Cullis, C.F., (1965), in “Chemistry and Physics of Carbon”, Vol 1 (P.L. Walker, Jr. ed.), Marcel Dekker, New York, p. 265.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Rostrup-Nielsen, J.R., (1975) “Steam Reforming Catalysts”, Tekorisk Forlay A/S (Danish Technical Press, Inc. ), Copenhagen.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Trimm, D.L., (1977) Catal. Rev.-Sci. Eng. 16, 155.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Baker, R.T.K., and Harris, P.S., (1978) in “Chemistry and Physics of Carbon” Vol 14 (P.L. Walker, Jr., and P.A. Thrower, eds.) Marcel Dekker, New York, p. 83.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Bartholomew, C.H., (1982) Catal. Rev.-Sci. Eng. 24, 67.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Goodman, D.W., Kelley, R.D., Madey L.E., and Yates, J.L. Jr., (1980) 63, 226.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Bonzel, H.P., and Krebs, H.J., (1980) Surf. Sci. 91, 499.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Schultzenberger, P.L., (1890) C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 111, 774.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Tibbetts, G.G., (1983) Appl. Phys. Letters 42, 66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Baird, T., Fryer, J.R., and Grant, B., (1971) Nature 233, 329.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Baird, T., Fryer, J.R., and Grant, B., (1974) Carbon 12, 591.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Audier, M., Oberlin, A., and Coulon, M., (1981) J. Crystal Growth 55, 545.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Audier, M., Oberlin, A., Oberlin, M., Coulon, M., and Bonnetain, L., (1981) Carbon 19, 217.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Raghavan, M., (1979) Proc. 37th Annual Electron Microscopy Society of America, ( G.W. Bailey ed. ) p. 484.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Boellard, E., de Bokx, P.K., Kock, A.J.H.M., and Geus, J.W., (1986) J. Catal, 96, 481.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Renshaw, G.D., Roscoe, C., and Walker, P.L. Jr., (1970) J. Catal. 18, 164.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Boehm, H.P., (1973) Carbon 11, 583.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Bernardo, C.A., Alstrup, I., and Rostrup-Nielsen, J.R., (1985) J. Catal. 100, 545.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Tavares, M.T., Bernardo, C., Alstrup, I., and Rostrup-Nielsen, J.R., (1986) J. Catal. 100, 545.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Rostrup-Nielsen, J.R., (1984) J. Catal. 85, 31.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Baker, R.T.K., and Chludzinski, J.J., (1980) J. Catal. 64, 464.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Bradley, J.R., Chen, Y.L., and Sturner, H.W., (1985) Carbon 23, 715.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Baker, R.T.K., and Harris, P.S., (1970) J. Phys.E. 5, 793.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Baker, R.T.K., Barber, M.A., Feates, F.S., Harris, P.S., and Waite, R.J., (1972) J. Catal. 30, 86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Baker, R.T.K., Harris, P.S., Thomas, R.B., and Waite, R.J., (1973) J. Catal. 30, 86.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Baker, R.T.K., Chludzinski, J.J., Dudash, N.S., and Simoens, A.J., (1983) Carbon 21, 463 (1983).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Baker, R.T.K., Chludzinski, J.J., and Lund, C.R.F., (1987) Carbon 25, 297.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Baker, R.T.K., and Chudzinski, J.J., (1986) J. Phys. Chem 90, 4734.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Kim, M.S., Rodriguez, N.M. and Baker, R.T.K., to be published.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Diamond, S., and Wert, C., (1967) Trans. AIME 239, 705.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Morgan, D.W., and Kitchener, J.A., (1964) Trans. Farad. Soc. 50, 51

    Google Scholar 

  33. Smith, R.P., (1966) Trans. AIME 236, 1224.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Kovenskuj, J.J., (1963) Phys. Metals. Metallage (USSR) 16, 107.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Schmidt, F.A., and Warner, J.C., (1972) J. Less Common Metals 26, 325.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Rudman, P.S., (1967) Trans AIME 239, 1949.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Barison, E.V., Gruzin, P.L., and Zemskii, S.V., (1968) Pokrytiya Metal 2, 104.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Kidin, I.N., Scherbedinski, G.V., Andryvscheckin, and Volkov, V.A.,(1971) Metalloved Term. Obrab. Metal. 12, 26;

    Google Scholar 

  39. Wells, C., Baz, W., and Mehl, R.F., (1950) AIME Trans. 188, 553;

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Smith, R.P., (1964) AIME Trans. 210, 476.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Figueiredo, J.L. Bernardo, C., Chludzinski, J.J., and Baker, R.T.K., (1988) J. Catal. 110, 127.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Lobo, L.S. Trimm, D.L., and Figueiredo, J.L. in “Proceedings, 5th Intern. Congr. Catalysis, Miami Beach 1972” (J.W. Hightower, ed.) ( 1973 ) North-Holland, Amsterdam p. 1125.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Rostrup-Nielsen, J.R., and Trimm, D.L., (1977) J. Catal. 48, 155.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Yang, R.T., and Yang, K.L., (1985) J. Catal. 93, 182.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Sacco, A., Jr., Thacker, P., Chang, T.N., and Chiang, A.T.S., (1984) J. Catal. 85, 224.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Kock, A.J.H.M., de Bokx, P.K. Boellard, E., Klop, W., and Geus, J.W., (1985) J. Catal. 96, 468.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Bernardo, C.A., and Lobo, L.S., (1975) J. Catal. 37, 267.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Alstrup, I., (1988) J. Catal. 109, 241.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Bianchini, E.G., and Lund, C.R.F., J. Catal. in press.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Baker, R.T.K., Harris, P.S., Henderson, J., and Thomas, R.B., (1975), Carbon 13, 17.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Yang, R.T., and Chen, J.P., (1989), J. Catal. 115, 52.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Berry, T.J., Ames, R.N., and Snow, R.B., (1956), J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 39, 308.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Schenck, H., and Maschlanka, W., (1931), Arch. Eisenhuttenvsen 31, 271 (1931).

    Google Scholar 

  54. Karcher, W., and Glaude, P., (1971), Carbon 9, 617.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Bennett, M.J., Chaffey, G.H., Myatt, B.L. and Silvester, D.R.V., in “Coke Formation on Metal Surfaces” (L.F. Albright and R.T.K. Baker, eds.) (1981),A.C.S. Symposium Series 202, p. 223.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Rostrup-Nielsen, J.R., and Christiansen, L.J., in Proc. 6th Simposio Ibero-Americano de Catalyse (Rio de Janeiro 1978), (1981), Instituto Brasileiro de Petroleo, p. 1615.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Rostrup-Nielsen, J.R., J. Catal. (1973), 31, 173.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Brown, D.E., Clark, J.T.K., Foster, A.I., McCarroll, J.J. and Sims. M.L. in “Coke Formation on Metal Surfaces” (L.F. Albright and R.T.K. Baker, eds.) (1981),A.C.S. Symposium Series 202, p. 23.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Baker, R.T.K., Chludzinski, J.J., and Dumesic, J.A., (1985), J. Catal. 93, 312.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Nishiyama, Y., and Tamai, Y., (1974), J. Catal. 33, 98.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Audier, M. Guinot, J., Coulon, M., and Bonnetain, L., (1981), Carbon 19, 99.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Audier, M., Coulon, M., and Oberlin, A., (1980), Carbon 18, 73.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Baker, R.T.K., Harris, P.S., and Terry, S., (1975), Nature 253, 37

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Bradley, J.P., and Buseck, P.R., (1983), Nature 306, 770.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Kelley, M.J., and Ponec, V., (1981) Progr. Surf. Sci. 11, 139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Van Langeveld, A.D., Van Delft, F.C.M.J.M. and Ponec, V., (1983), Surf. Sci. 134, 665.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Baker, R.T.K., Alonso, J.R., Dumesic, J.A., and Yates, D.J.C., (1982), J. Catal. 77, 74.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Stewart, I., Tricker, M.J., and Cairns, J.A., (1985), J. Catal. 94, 360.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Baker, R.T.K., Chludzinski, J.J., and Lund, C.R.F., (1987), Carbon 25, 295.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Keep, C.W., Terry, S. and Gadsby, G.R., in “Gas Chemistry in Nuclear Reactors and Large Industrial Plants”, (A. Dyer Ed.) (1980), Hayden, p. 40.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Horsley, G.W., and Cairns, J.A., (1984), Applic. Surf. Sci. 18, 273

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Geus, J.W., in “Chemisorption and Reactions on Metallic Films”, (J.R. Anderson, Ed.), (1971), Academic Press, New York, p.129.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Humenick, M. and Kingrey, W.D., J. Am. Ceram. Soc., (1954), 37, 18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Pilliar, R.M., and Nutting, J., (1967), Phil. Mag. 6, 181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Van Hardeveld, R., and Van Moontford, A., (1966), Surf, Sci. 4, 396.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Romanowski, W., (1969), Surf. Sci., 18, 373.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Coenen, J.W.E., Van Merteen, R.Z.C., and Rinjten, H., (1972), Proc. 5th Intern. Congr. Catalysis, 1, 671.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Dalmai-Imelik, G., Leclerg, C., Massadier, J., Maubert-Franco, A., and Zalhout, A., (1974), Jap. J. Appl. Phys. Suppl. 2, 489.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Alpress, J.G., and Sanders, J.V., (1967), Surf. Sci. 7, 1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, 36849-3501, USA

    R. T. K. Baker

Authors
  1. R. T. K. Baker
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

    J. L. Figueiredo

  2. University of Minho, Minho, Portugal

    C. A. Bernardo

  3. Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA

    R. T. K. Baker

  4. University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany

    K. J. Hüttinger

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1990 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Baker, R.T.K. (1990). Electron Microscopy Studies of the Catalytic Growth of Carbon Filaments. In: Figueiredo, J.L., Bernardo, C.A., Baker, R.T.K., Hüttinger, K.J. (eds) Carbon Fibers Filaments and Composites. NATO ASI Series, vol 177. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-6847-0_18

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-6847-0_18

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-015-6849-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-015-6847-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation