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Formation and Evolution of Interstellar Icy Grain Mantles

  • Chapter
The Cosmic Dust Connection

Part of the book series: NATO ASI Series ((ASIC,volume 487))

Abstract

We review the evolution of the icy mantles that condense on interstellar grains in dense clouds. Infrared absorption features in the spectra of obscured objects show that H2O is the most abundant constituent of interstellar ices, with important contributions by CO, CH3OH and possibly CO2 and H2CO. Models furthermore predict that O2, N2, NH3 and CH4 could make significant contributions. Fitting the observed infrared band shapes with laboratory produced ices of various composition, it was derived that the various components are not homogeneously mixed but rather that various phases are present of distinct chemical make-up. One phase is dominated by water ice, while another is dominated by apolar species, i.e., CO and possibly O2, N2 and CO2. Furthermore, a third phase rich in CH3OH as well as H2O ice is probably present. On the basis of models of dense cloud chemistry, it is discussed how each of these phases could correspond to condensation in cloud regions characterized by distinct densities and extinction. Considering this as well as a simple-minded view on the dynamic evolution of clouds, it is argued that the icy mantles could have an onion-shell like structure, resulting from the condensation of layers of different types of ices in the physically distinct regions in which the grain resides over the course of time. It is discussed how processing by UV and cosmic rays could modify the ices, giving rise to a number of relatively complex and often reactive species. We review current evidence for the modification of the gas phase chemistry by molecules which were formed in the grain mantles and subsequently ejected. Finally, it is considered how future observations by space-based observatories could enhance our knowledge of the composition of interstellar ices and how this could lead to a better understanding of dense cloud chemistry in general.

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    W. A. Schutte

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    J. Mayo Greenberg

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Schutte, W.A. (1996). Formation and Evolution of Interstellar Icy Grain Mantles. In: Greenberg, J.M. (eds) The Cosmic Dust Connection. NATO ASI Series, vol 487. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5652-3_1

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