Skip to main content

Molecular Approaches to Studies of the Activities of Marine Organisms

  • Chapter
Molecular Approaches to the Study of the Ocean

Abstract

The aim of this chapter is to interweave the diverse concepts of oceanography and marine biology together with fundamentals of molecular biology. The ultimate goal is to highlight how molecular biological approaches can provide important information on the activities of organisms, in addition to providing important taxonomic and phylogenetic information.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ausubel, F.M., Brent, R., Kingston, R.E. et al. (eds) (1995) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene Publishing and Wiley-Interscience, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blair, D.F. (1995) How bacteria sense and swim. Annual Review of Microbiology, 49,489–522.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buma, A.G.J., Van Hannen, E.J., Roza, L. et al. (1995) Monitoring ultraviolet-B-induced DNA damage in individual diatom cells by immunofluorescent thymine dimer detection. Journal of Phycology, 31,314–21.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Calvo, J.M. and Matthews, R.G. (1994) The leucineresponsive regulatory protein, a global regulator of metabolism in Escherichia coli. Microbiological Reviews, 58,466–90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gary, S.C. and Giovannoni, S.J. (1993) Transovarial inheritance of endosymbiotic bacteria in clams inhabiting deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 90,5695–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chao, H., Sonnichsen, F.D., DeLuca, C.I. et al. (1994) Structure-function relationship in the globular in antifreeze protein — identification of a cluster of surface residues required for binding to ice. Protein Science, 3,1760–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Craig, E.A., Gambill, B.D. and Nelson, R.J. (1993) Heat shock proteins: molecular chaperones of protein biogenesis. Microbiological Reviews, 57, 402–14.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cullen, J., Yang, X. and MacIntyre, H.L. (1991) Nutrient limitation and marine photosynthesis, in Primary Productivity and Biogeochemical Cycles in the Sea (eds P.G. Falkowski and A.D. Woodhead), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 69–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Currin, C.A., Paerl, H.W., Suba, G.K. and Alberte, R.S. (1990) Immunofluorescence detection and characterization of N2-fixing microorganisms from aquatic environments. Limnology and Oceanography, 35,59–71.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davies, P.L., Hew, C.L. and Fletcher, G.L. (1988) Fish antifreeze proteins: physiology and evolutionary biology. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 66, 2611–17.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Boer, A.D. and Weisbeek, P.J. (1991) Chloroplast protein topogenesis: import, sorting and assembly. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1071,221–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Devereux, R., Hines, M.E. and Stahl, D.A. (1996) S cycling: characterization of natural communities of sulfate-reducing bacteria by 16S rRNA sequence comparisons. Microbial Ecology, 32, 283–92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DeVries, A.L. (1971) Glycoproteins as biological antifreeze agents in antarctic fishes. Science, 172, 1152–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Distel, D.L. and Wood, A.P. (1992) Characterization of the gill symbiont of Thyasira flexuosa (Thyasirdae: Bivalvia) by use of polymerase chain reaction and 16S rRNA sequence analysis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 174, 6317–20.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Distel, D.L., DeLong, E.F. and Waterbury, J.B. (1991) Phylogenetic characterization and in situ localization of the bacterial symbiont of shipworms (Teredinidae: Bivalvia) by using 16S rRNA sequence analysis and oligodeoxynu-cleotide probe hybridization. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 57,2376–82.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Döhler, G., Hoffmann, M. and Stappel U. (1995) Pattern of proteins after heat shock and UV-B radiation of some temperate marine diatoms and the Antarctic Odontella weisfloggi. Botanica Acta, 108, 93–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Escoubas, J.-M., Lomas, M., LaRoche, J. and Falkowski, P.G. (1995) light intensity regulation of cab gene transcription is signaled by the redox state of the plastoquinone pool. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 92,10237–41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Falkowski, P.G. (1995) Towards understanding the molecular ecology of phytoplankton photosynthesis, in Molecular Ecology of Aquatic Microbes (ed. I.R. Joint), Springer-Verlag, Berlin & Heidelberg, pp. 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Falkowski, P.G. and Kiefer, D.A. (1985) Chlorophyll α fluorescence in phytoplankton: relationship to photosynthesis and biomass. Journal of Plankton Research, 7,715–31.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Falkowski, P.G. and Kolber, Z. (1995) Variations in chlorophyll fluorescence yields in phytoplankton in the world oceans. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 22,341–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Falkowski, P.G. and LaRoche, J. (1991a) Molecular biology in studies of ocean processes. International Review of Cytology, 128,261–303.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Falkowski, P.G. and LaRoche, J. (1991b) Acclimation to spectral irradiance in algae. Journal of Phycology, 27,8–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Falkowski, P.G., Sukenik, A. and Herzig, R. (1989) Nitrogen limitation in Isochrysis galbana (Haptophyceae). II. Relative abundance of chloroplast proteins. Journal of Phycology, 25, 471–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Förlin, L. and Celander, M. (1993) Induction of cytochrome P450 1A in teleosts: environmental monitoring in Swedish fresh, brackish and marine waters. Aquatic Toxicology, 26,41–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fredriksson, C. and Bergman, B. (1995) Nitrogenase quantity varies diurnally in a subset of cells within colonies of the non-hetero-cystous cyanobacteria Trichodesmium spp. Microbiology-UK, 141,2471–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fuhrman, J.A., Ducklow, H.W., Kirchman, D.L. and McMarur, G.B. (1986) Adenine and total microbial production: a reply. Limnology and Oceanography, 31,1395–400.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fuqua, W.C., Winans, S.C. and Greenberg, E.P. (1994) Quorum sensing in bacteria: the LuxR-Luxl family of cell density-responsive transcriptional regulators. Journal of Bacteriology, 176, 269–75.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garde, S. and Bender, C.L. (1991) DNA probes for detection of copper resistance genes in Xanthomonas campestris pv. Vesicatoria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 57,2435–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geider, R.J. and Osborne, B.A. (1992) Algal Photosynthesis, Chapman & Hall, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geider, R.J., LaRoche, J., Greene, R.M. and Olaizola, M. (1993) Response of the photosynthetic apparatus of Phaeodadylum tricornutum (Bacillariophyceae) to nitrate, phosphate, or iron starvation. Journal of Phycology, 29,755–66.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Givskov, M., Eberl, L. and Molin, S. (1994) Responses to nutrient starvation in Pseudomonas putida KT2442: two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis of starvation-and stress-induced proteins. Journal of Bacteriology, 176,4816–24

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goddard, S.V., Wroblewski, J.S., Taggart, C.T. et al. (1994) Overwintering of adult northern Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in cold inshore waters as evidenced by plasma antifreeze glycoprotein levels. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 51,2834–42.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gong, Z., King, M.J., Fletcher, G.L. and Hew, C.L. (1995) The antifreeze protein genes of the winter flounder, Pleuronectus americanus, are differentially regulated in liver and nonliver tissues. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 206,387–92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gottschalk, G. (1986) Bacterial Metabolism, 2nd edn, Springer-Verlag, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greene, R.M., Gelder, R.J. and Falkowski, P.G. (1991) Effect of iron limitation on photosynthesis in a marine diatom. Limnology and Oceanography, 36,1722–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, R.P.F. (1989) Biochemistry of Photosynthesis, 3rd edn, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grossman, A.R., Schaefer, M.R., Chiang, G.G. and Collier, J.L. (1993) The phycobilisome, a light-harvesting complex responsive to environmental conditions. Microbiological Reviews, 57, 725–49.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gutteridge, S. and Gatenby, A. (1995) RUBISCO synthesis, assembly, mechanism and regulation. The Plant Cell, 809–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haldenwang, W.G. (1995) The sigma factors of Bacillus subtilis. Microbiological Reviews, 59, 1–30.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hartman, F.C. and Harpel, M.R. (1995) Structure, function, regulation and assembly of D-ribulose-l,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase. Annual Review of Biochemistry, 63,197–234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harwood, V.J. and Gordon, A.S. (1994) Regulation of extracellular copper-binding proteins in copper-resistant and copper-sensitive mutants of Vibrio alginolyticus. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 60,1749–53.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haygood, M.G., Distel, D.L. and Herring, P.G. (1992) Polymerase chain reaction and 16S rRNA gene sequences from the luminous bacterial symbionts of two deep-sea anglerfishes. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 72,149–60.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heitzer, A., Webb, O.F., Thonnard, J.E. and Sayler, G.S. (1992) Specific and quantitative assessment of naphthalene and salicylate bioavailability by using a bioluminescent cataboHc reporter bacterium. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 58,1839–46.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hershko, A. and Ciechanover, A. (1992) The ubiquitin system for protein degradation. Annual Review of Biochemistry, 61,761–807.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hightower, L.E. (1993) A brief perspective on the heat-shock response and stress proteins. Marine Environmental Research, 35,79–83.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann, G.E. and Somero, G.N. (1995) Evidence for protein damage at environmental temperatures — seasonal changes in levels of ubiquitin conjugates and Hsp70 in the intertidal mussel Mytilus trossulus. Journal of Experimental Biology, 198,1509–18.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, A.J., Owens, N.J.P. and Murrell, J.C. (1995) Detection of novel marine methanotrophs using phylogenetic and functional gene probes after methane enrichment. Microbiology-UK, 141,1947–55.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Houmard, J. (1995) How do cyanobacteria perceive and adjust to their environment?, in Molecular Ecology of Aquatic Microbes (ed. I.R. Joint), Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 153–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janson, S., Carpenter, E.J. and Bergman, B. (1994) Fine structure and immunolocalization of proteins in Aphanizomenon sp. from the Baltic Sea. European Journal of Phycology, 29,203–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeffrey, W.H., Nazaret, S. and Barkay, T. (1996) Detection of the mer genes and their expression in the environment. Microbial Ecology, 32, 293–304.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karl, D.M. and Winn, C.D. (1986) Does adenine incorporation into nucleic acids measure total microbial production?: a response to comments by Fuhrman et al. Limnology and Oceanography, 31,1384–94.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kemp, P.F., Lee, S. and LaRoche, J. (1993) Estimating the growth rate of slowly growing marine bacteria from RNA content. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 59,2594–601.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kertesz, M.A., Leisinger, T. and Cook, A.M. (1993) Proteins induced by sulfate limitation in Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas putida, or Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Bacteriology, 175, 1187–90.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kille, P., Kay, J. and Sweeney, G.E. (1993) Analysis of regulatory elements flanking metallothionein genes in Cd-tolerant fish (pike and stone loach). Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1216,55–64.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kille, P., Hemmings, A. and Lunney, EA. (1994) Memories of metallothionein. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1205,151–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • King, J.M.H., DiGrazia, P.M., Applegate, B. et al. (1990) Rapid, sensitive bioluminescence reporter technology for naphthalene exposure and biodegradation. Science, 249,778–81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirk, U.T.O. (1983) Light and Photosynthesis in Aquatic Ecosystems, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolber, Z. and Falkowski, P.G. (1993) Use of active fluorescence to estimate phytoplankton photosynthesis in situ. Limnology and Oceanography, 38,1646–65.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kolber, Z., Zehr, J.P. and Falkowski, P.G. (1988) Effects of growth irradiance and nitrogen limitation on photosynthetie energy conversion in photosystem II. Plant Physiology, 88,923–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kolber, Z., Wyman, K.D. and Falkowski, P.G. (1990) Natural variability in photosynthetic energy conversion efficiency: a field study in the Gulf of Maine. Limnology and Oceanography, 35,72–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kolber, Z.S., Barber, R.T., Coale, H. et al. (1994) Iron limitation of phytoplankton photosynthesis in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean. Nature, 371, 145–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kramer, J.G. and Singleton, F.L. (1993) Measurement of rRNA variations in natural communities of microorganisms on the Southeastern U.S. continental shelf. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 59,2430–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LaRoche, J., Mortain-Bertrand, A. and Falkowski, P.G. (1990) Light-intensity changes in ab mRNA and LHC II apoprotein from the unicellular marine chlorophyte Dunaliella tertiolecta. Plant Physiology, 97,147–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • LaRoche, J., Geider, R.J., Graziano, L.M. et al. (1993) Induction of specific proteins in eukaryotic algae grown under iron-, phosphorus-, or nitrogen-deficient conditions. Journal of Phycobgy, 29,767–77.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LaRoche, J., Murray, H., Orellana, M. and Newton, J. (1995) Flavodoxin expression as an indicator of iron limitation in marine diatoms. Journal of Phycobgy, 31,520–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, S.-H. and Kemp, P.F. (1994) Single-cell RNA content of natural marine planktonic bacteria measured by hybridization with multiple 16S rRNA-targeted fluorescent probes. Limnology and Oceanography, 39,869–79.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lichtlé, C., Arsalane, W., Duval J.C. and Passaquet, C. (1995) Characterization of the light-harvesting complex of Giraudyopsis stellifer (Chrysophyceae) and effects of light stress. journal of Phycobgy, 31,380–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin, S. and Carpenter, E.J. (1995) Growth characteristics of marine phytoplankton determined by ceE cycle proteins: the cell cycle of Ethmodiscus rex (Bacillariophyceae) in the Southwestern North Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea. Journal of Phycobgy, 31,778–85.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lovell, C.R. and Hui, Y. (1991) Design and testing of a functional group-specific DNA probe for the study of natural populations of acetogenic bacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 57,2602–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, I.R., Kenna, E.M. and Murrell, J.C. (1995) Detection of methanotrophic bacteria in environmental samples with the PCR. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 61,116–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mann, N.H. (1995) How do cells express nutrient limitation at the molecular level?, in Molecular Ecobgy of Aquatic Microbes (ed. I.R, Joint), Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 171–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merrick, M.J. and Edwards, R.A. (1995) Nitrogen control in bacteria. Microbiological Reviews, 59, 604–22.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moksnes, P.O., Lindahl, U. and Haux, C. (1995) Metallothionein as a bioindicator of heavy metal exposure in the tropical shrimp, Peneaus vannamei — a study of dose-dependent induction. Marine Environmental Research, 39,143–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Montgomery, M.T. and Kirchman, D.L. (1993) Role of chitin-binding proteins in the specific attachment of the marine bacterium. Vibrio harveyi to chitin. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 59,373–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Montgomery, M.T. and Kirchman, D.L. (1994) Induction of chitin-binding proteins during the specific attachment of the marine bacterium Vibrio harveyi to chitin. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 60,4284–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nazaret, S., Jeffrey, W.H., Saouter, E. et al. (1994) merA gene expression in aquatic environments measured by mRNA production and Hg(II) volatilization. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 60,4059–65.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nothacker, H.-P. and Grimmelikhuizen, C.J.P. (1993) Molecular cloning of a novel, putative G protein-coupled receptor from sea anemones structurally related to members of the FSH, TSH, LH/CG receptor family from mammals. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 197,1062–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohman, M.D., Theilacker, G.H. and Kaupp, S.E. (1991) Immunochemical detection of predation on ciliate protists by larvae of the northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax). Biological Bulletin, 181,500–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson, R.J. and Zettler, E.R. (1995) Potential of flow cytometry for ‘pump and probe’ fluorescence measurements of phytoplankton photosynthetic characteristics. Limnology and Oceanography, 40, 816–20.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Orellana, M.V. and Perry, M.J. (1995) Optimization of an immunofluorescent assay of the internal enzyme ribulose-l,5-bisphosphate earboxylase (RUBISCO) in single phytoplankton cells. Journal of Phycology, 31,785–94.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palenik, B. and Koke, J.A. (1995) Characterization of a nitrogen-regulated protein identified by cell surface biotinylation of a marine phytoplankton. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 61, 3311–15.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paul, J.H. (1996) Carbon cycling: molecular regulation of photosynthetic carbon fixation. Microbial Ecology, 32,231–46.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perry, M.J., Talbot, M.C. and Alberte, R.S. (1981) Photoadaptation in marine phytoplankton; response of the photosynthetic unit. Marine Biology (Berlin), 62,91–101.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pichard, S.L. and Paul, J.H. (1991) Detection of gene expression in genetically engineered microorganisms and natural phytoplankton populations in the marine environment by mRNA analysis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 57,1721–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pichard, S.L. and Paul, J.H. (1993) Gene expression per gene dose, a specific measure of gene expression in aquatic microorganisms. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 59,451–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pichard, S.L., Frischer, M.E. and Paul, J.H. (1993) Ribulose bisphosphate earboxylase gene expression in subtropical marine phytoplankton populations. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 101, 55–65.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pugsley, A.P. (1993) The complete general secretary pathway in gram-negative bacteria. Microbiological Reviews, 57,50–108.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramus, J. (1983) A physiological test of the theory of complementary chromatic adaptation. II. Brown, green and red seaweeds. Journal of Phycology, 19,173–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reid, R.T. and Butler, A. (1991) Investigation of the mechanism of iron acquisition by the marine bacterium Alteromonas luteoviolaceous: characterization of siderophore production. Limnology and Oceanography, 36,1783–92.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, K., Beardall, J. and Raven, J.A. (1983) Adaptation of unicellular algae to irradiance: an analysis of strategies. New Phytology, 93, 157–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rouch, D.A., Parkhill, J. and Brown, N.L. (1995) Induction of bacterial mercury-and copper-responsive promoters — functional differences between inducible systems and implications for their use in gene-fusions forin vivo metal biosensors. Journal of Industrial Microbiology, 14, 349–53.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E.F. and Maniatis, T. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd edn, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scanlan, D.J., Mann, N.H. and Carr, N.G, (1993) The response of the picoplanktonic marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus species WH7803 to phosphate starvation involves a protein homologous to the periplasmic phosphate-binding protein of Escherichia coli. Molecular Microbiology, 10,181–91.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schlenk, D., Zhang, Y.S. and Nix, J. (1995) Expression of hepatic metallothionein messenger RNA in feral and caged fish species correlates with muscle mercury levels. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 31,282–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Senger, H. and Bauer, B. (1987) The influence of light quality on adaptation and function of the photosynthetic apparatus. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 45,939–46.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharp, V.A., Miller, D., Bythell, J.C. and Brown, B.E. (1994) Expression of low molecular weight HSP 70 related polypeptides from the symbiotic sea anemone Ammonia viridis Forskal in response to heat shock. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 170,179–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siddiqui, P.J.A., Carpenter, E.J. and Bergman, B. (1992) Ultrastructure and immunolocalization of phycobiliproteins and ribulose 1,5-bisphos-phate carboxylase/oxygenase in the marine cyanobacterium Trichodesmium thiebautii. Journal of Phycology, 28,320–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simon, M.I. (1995) Signal transduction in microorganisms, in Molecular Ecology of Aquatic Microbes (ed. I.R. Joint), Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 205–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simonen, M. and Palva, I. (1993) Protein secretion in Bacillus species. Microbiological Reviews, 57, 109–37.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, G.J., Zimmerman, R.C. and Alberte, R.S. (1992) Molecular and physiological responses of diatoms to variable levels of irradiance and nitrogen availability: growth of Skeletonema costatum in simulated upwelling conditions. Limnology and Oceanography, 37,989–1007.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stahl, D.A., Lane, D.J., Olsen, G.J. and Pace, N.R. (1984) Analysis of hydrothermal vent-associated symbionts by ribosomal RNA sequences. Science, 224,409–11.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steeman-Nielsen, E. (1952) The use of radio-active carbon (14C) for measuring organic production in the sea, Journale du Conseil, Conseil International pour l’Exploration de la Mer, 18, 117–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stegeman, J.J., Kloepper-Sams, P.J. and Farrington, J.W. (1986) Monooxygenase induction and chlorobiphenyls in the deep-sea fish Coryphaneoides armatus. Science, 231,1287–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stein, J.L., Marsh, T.L., Wu, K.Y. et al. (1996) Characterization of uncultivated prokaryotes: Isolation and analysis of a 40-kilobase-pair genome fragment from a planktonc marine Archaean. Journal of Bacteriology, 178,591–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, G.S.A.B. and Williams, P. (1992) lux genes and the applications of bacterial bioluminescence. Journal of General Microbiology, 138, 1289–300.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Unden, G., Becker, S., Bongaerts, J. et al. (1995) O2-sensing and O2-dependent gene regulation in facultatively anaerobic bacteria. Archives of Microbiology, 164,81–90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Dolah, F.M., Leighfield, T.A., Sandel, H.D. and Hsu, C.K. (1995) Cell division in the dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus is phased to the diurnal cycle and activation of the cell cycle regulatory protein, CDC2 kinase. Journal of Phycology, 31,395–400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Venrick, EX., Beers, J.R. and Heinbokel, J.F. (1977) Possible consequences of containing micro-plankton for physiological rate measurements. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 26,55–76.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Voytek, MA. and Ward, B.B. (1995) Detection of ammonium-oxidizing bacteria of the beta subclass of class Protedbacteria in aquatic samples with the PCR. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 61,1444–50.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, M., Assmus, B., Hartmann, A. et al. (1994) In situ analysis of microbial consortia in activated sludge using fluorescently-labelled, rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes and confocal scanning laser microscopy. Journal of Microscopy — Oxford, 176,181–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ward, B.B. (1996) Nitrification and denitrification: probing the nitrogen cycle in aquatic environments. Microbial Ecology, 32,247–62.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ward, B.B. and Carlucci, A.F. (1985) Marine ammonia-and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria: serological diversity determined by immunofluorescence in culture and in the environment. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 50,194–201.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ward, B.B. and Cockroft, A.R. (1993) Immuno-fluorescence detection of the denitrifying strain Pseudomonas stutzeri (ATCC 14405) in seawater and intertidal sediment environments. Microbial Ecology, 25,233–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, B.B., Cockroft, A.R. and Kilpatrick, K.A. (1993) Antibody and DNA probes for detection of nitrite reductase in seawater. Journal of General Microbiology, 139,2285–93.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wheals, A.E. (1992) Comparison of the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell cycles, in Prokaryotic Structure and Function: A New Perspective (eds S. Mohan, C. Dow and J.A. Cole), 47th Symposium of the Society for General Microbiology held at the University of Edinburgh, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 153–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zehr, J.P. and Capone, D.G. (1996) Problems and promises of assaying the genetic potential for nitrogen fixation in the marine environment. Microbial Ecology, 32,263–81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zehr, J.P., and McReynolds, L.A. (1989) Use of degenerate oligonucleotides for amplification of the nifH gene from the marine cyanobacterium Trichodesmium thiebautii. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 55,2522–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zehr, J.P., Wyman, M., Miller, V. et al. (1993) Modification of the Fe protein of nitrogenase in natural populations of Trichodesmium thiebautii. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 59, 669–76.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zehr, J.P., Mellon, M.T., Braun, S.T. et al. (1995) Diversity of heterotrophic nitrogen fixation genes in a marine cyanobacterial mat. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 61,2527–32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zitomer, R.S. and Lowry, C.V. (1992) Regulation of gene expression by oxygen in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbiological Reviews, 56,1–11.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Zehr, J.P., Hiorns, W.D. (1998). Molecular Approaches to Studies of the Activities of Marine Organisms. In: Cooksey, K.E. (eds) Molecular Approaches to the Study of the Ocean. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4928-0_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4928-0_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-6067-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-4928-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics