Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Solids and Volatiles in Comets

From Cometary Nuclei to Cometary Atmospheres

  • Chapter
Formation and Evolution of Solids in Space

Part of the book series: NATO ASI Series ((ASIC,volume 523))

Abstract

Comets occupy a key position in the cycles of ices and dust in the Universe. Their nuclei have mostly kept intact the composition and morphology they had at their formation. The return of a comet close to the Earth and Sun is thus an appreciated opportunity to investigate the original state of the material which built up our Solar System. The physical processes occurring in cometary nuclei and cometary atmospheres, as well as the interface between the two media, are reviewed. The status of our present knowledge of the chemical composition and physical state of comets is presented. The recent observations of comets C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake) and C/1995 01 (Hale-Bopp), which provided a bonanza of new cometary molecules, are outlined. There are strong analogies between interstellar and cometary ices. In contrast, the silicates of cometary dust (for comet Hale-Bopp) are akin to circumstellar, rather than interstellar dust. Different families of comets may have different composition and history, however. These clues will have to be taken into consideration to achieve a consistent scenario of cometary formation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

6. References

  1. A’Hearn, M.F., Feldman, P.D. and Schleicher, D.J. (1983) The discovery of S2 in comet IRAS-Araki-Alcock 1983d. Astrophys. J. 274, L99–L103.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  2. A’Hearn, M.F., Hoban, S., Birch, P.V, et al. (1986) Cyanogen jets in comet Halley. Nature 324, 649–651.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  3. A’Hearn, M.F., Millis, R.L., Schleicher, D.G., Osip, D.J. and Birch, P.V. (1995) The ensemble properties of comets: results from narrowband photometry of 85 comet., 1976–1992, Icarus 118, 223–270.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  4. A’Hearn, M.F., Schleicher, D.G., Feldman, P., Millis, R.L. and Thompson, D.T. (1984) Comet Bowell 1980b. Astron. J. 89, 579–591.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. Anders, R. and Grevesse, E. (1989). Abundances of the elements: meteoritic and solar. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 53, 197–214.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. Arpigny, C. (1995) Spectra of comets: ultraviolet and optical regions. In Laboratory and Astronomical High Resolution Spectra, A.J. Sauvai et al. (edts), ASP Conference Series 81, pp. 362–382.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Arpigny, C., Dossin, F., Woszczyk, A. et al. (1995) Atlas of cometary spectra. Kluwer, Dordrecht (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  8. Balsiger, H., Altwegg, K. and Geiss, J. (1995) D/H and 18O/16O ratio in the hydronium ion and in neutral water from in situ ion measurements in comet Halley. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 5827–5834.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. Biver, N., Bockelée-Morvan, D., Colom, P., et al. (1997) Evolution of the outgassing of comet Hale-Bopp (C/1995 01) from radio observations. Science 275, 1915–1918.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. Biver, N., Rauer, H., Despois, D., et al. (1996) Substantial outgassing of carbon monoxide from comet Hale-Bopp at large heliocentric distance. Nature 380, 137–139.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. Biver, N, et al. (1997) in preparation.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Bockelée-Morvan, D. (1997) Cometary volatiles: the status after comet C/1996 B2 Hyakutake. In IAU Symposium 178, Molecules in Astrophysics: Probes & Processes, edt. E. van Dishoeck, Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 219–235.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Bockelée-Morvan, D., Gautier, D., Lis, D.C., et al. (1998) Deuterated water in comet C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake) and its implication for the origins of comets. Icarus (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  14. Bockelée-Morvan, D., Brooke, T.Y. and Crovisier, J. (1995) On the origin of the 3.2–3.6 µm emission features in comets. Icarus 116, 18–39.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  15. Bockelée-Morvan, D. and Crovisier, J. (1990) The ortho-para ratio of water in comets: can reliable values be derived from the observations of the 2.7 µm band by the KAO? In Asteroids, Comets, Meteors III, edts C.I. Lagerkvist et al., Uppsala, 263–265.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Bockelée-Morvan, D. and Crovisier, J. (1992) The formation and composition of the atmosphere of small solar system bodies. In Observations and Physical Properties of Small Solar System Bodies A. Brahic, J.-C. Gérard, J. Surdej edts, Institut d’Astrophysique de Liège, pp. 65–82.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Bockelée-Morvan, D. and Crovisier, J. (1992) Formaldehyde in cornets: II. Excitation of the rotational lines. Astron. Astrophys. 264, 282–291.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  18. Bockelée-Morvan, D., Crovisier, J., Colom, P. and Despois, D. (1994) The rotational lines of methanol in comets Austin 1990 V and Levy 1990 XX. Astron. Astrophys. 287, 647–665.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  19. Bockelée-Morvan, D., Padman, R., Davies, J.K. and Crovisier, J. (1994) Observations of submillimetre lines of CH3OH, HCN, and H2CO in comet P/Swift-Tuttle with the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope. Planet. Space Sci. 42, 655–662.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  20. Bradley, J. (1997) Interstellar dust: evidence from interplanetary dust particles. In Formation and Evolution of Solids in Space, this volume.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Brooke, T.Y., Tokunaga, A.T., Weaver, H.A., et al. (1996) Detection of acetylene in the infrared spectrum of comet Hyakutake. Nature 383, 606–608.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  22. Brown, M.E., Bouchez, A.H., Spinrad, H. and Johns-Krull, C.M. (1996) A high-resolution catalog of cometary emission lines. Astron. J. 112, 1197–1202.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  23. Bus, S.J., A’Hearn, M.F., Schleicher, D.G. and Bowell, E. (1991) Detection of CN emission from (2060) Chiron. Science 251, 774–777.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  24. Capria, M.T., Capaccioni, F., Coradini, A., et al. (1996) A P/Wirtanen evolution model. Planet. Space Sci. 44, 987–1000.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  25. Chen J. and Jewitt D. (1994) On the rate at which comets split. Icarus 108, 265–271.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  26. Cochran, A.L. and Cochran, W.D. (1991) The first detection of CN and the distribution of CO+ gas in the coma of comet P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 1. Icarus 90, 172–175.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. Colom, P., Crovisier, J., Bockelée-Morvan, D., Despois, D. and Paubert, G. (1992) Formaldehyde in comets: I. Microwave observations of P/Brorsen-Metcalf (1989 X), Austin (1990 V) and Levy (1990 XX). Astron. Astrophys. 264, 270–281.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  28. Combes, M., Moroz, V.I., Crovisier, J., et al. (1988) The 2.5 to 12 µm spectrum of comet Halley from the IKS-VEGA experiment. Icarus 76, 404–436.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  29. Crifo, J.F. (1991) Hydrodynamic models of the collisional coma. In Comets in the Post-Halley Era, edts R.L. Newburn et al., Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 937–989.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Crifo, J.F. (1995). A general physicochemical model of the inner coma of active comets. 1: Implications of spatially distributed gas and dust production. Astrophys. J. 445, 470–488.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  31. Crovisier, J. (1994) Molecular abundances in comets. In Asteroids, Comets, Meteors 1993, edts A. Milani et al., Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 313–326.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  32. Crovisier, J. (1994) Photodestruction rates for cometary parent mole cules. J. Geophys. Res. Planets 99,E4, 3777–3781.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  33. Crovisier, J. (1996) Observational constraints on the composition and nature of comet D/Shoemaker-Levy 9. In The Collision of Comet Shoe-maker-Levy 9 and Jupiter, K.S. Noll, H.A. Weaver and P.D. Feldman edts, Cambridge University Press, pp. 31–54.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Crovisier, J., Biver, N., Bockelée-Morvan, D., et al. (1995) Carbon monoxide outgassing from comet P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 1. Icarus 115, 213–216.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  35. Crovisier, J., Bockelée-Morvan, D., Colom, P., Despois, D. and Paubert, G. (1993) A search for parent molecules at millimetre wavelengths in comets Austin 1990 V and Levy 1990 XX: upper limits for undetected species. Astron. Astrophys. 269, 527–540.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  36. Crovisier, J., Brooke, T.Y., Hanner, M.S., et al. (1996) The infrared spectrum of comet C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp) at 4.6 AU from the Sun. Astron. Astrophys. 315, L385–L388.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  37. Crovisier, J., Despois, D., Bockelée-Morvan, D., Colom, P. and Paubert, G. (1991) Microwave observations of hydrogen sulfide and searches for other sulfur compounds in comets Austin (1989c1) and Levy (1990c). Icarus 93, 246–258.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  38. Crovisier, J., Leech, K., Bockelée-Morvan, D., et al. (1997) The spectrum of comet Hale-Bopp (C/1995 O1) observed with the Infrared Space Observatory at 2.9 AU from the Sun. Science 275, 1904–1907.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  39. Davies, J.K., Green, S.F. and Geballe, T.R. (1991) The detection of a strong 3.28 micron emission feature in comet Levy. Month. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 251, 148–151.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  40. Davies, J.K., Mumma, M.J., Reuter, D.C., et al. (1993) The infrared (3.2–3.6 µm) spectrum of comet P/Swift-Tuttle: detection of methanol and other organic. Month. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 265, 1022–1026.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  41. Davies, J.K., Roush, T.L., Cruikshank, D.P., et al. (1997) The detection of water ice in comet Hale-Bopp. Icarus 127, 238–245.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  42. Dermott, S.F. (1997) New problems in the zodiacal light. In Formation and Evolution of Solids in Space, this volume.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Despois, D., Biver, N., Bockelée-Morvan, D., et al. (1996) Radio line observations of comet 109P/Swift-Tuttle at IRAM. Planet. Space Sci. 44, 529–539.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  44. Despois D., Crovisier J., Bockelée-Morvan, D., et al. (1986) Observations of hydrogen cyanide in comet Halley. Astron. Astrophys. 160, L11–L12.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  45. d’Hendecourt, L., Jourdain de Muizon, M., Dartois, E., et al. (1996) ISO-SWS observations of solid state features towards RAFGL 7009S. Astron. Astrophys. 315, L365–L369.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  46. Eberhardt, P. (1997) Volatiles, isotopes and origin of comets. In Asteroids, Comets, Meteors 1996, COSPAR Colloquium 10 (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  47. Eberhardt, P., Krankowsky, D., Schulte, W., et al. (1987) The CO and N2 abundance in comet P/Halley. Astron. Astrophys. 187, 481–484.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  48. Eberhardt, P., Reber, M., Krankowsky, D. and Hodges, R.R. (1995) The D/H and 18O/16O ratios in water from comet P/Halley. Astron. Astrophys. 302, 301–316.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  49. Feldman, P.D. and Brune, W.H. (1976) Carbon production in comet West (1975n). Astrophys. J. 209, L45–L48.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  50. Feldman, P.D., Festou, M.C., A’Hearn, M.F., et al. (1987) IUE observations of comet P/Halley: evolution of the ultraviolet spectrum between September 1985 and July 1986. Astron. Astrophys. 187, 325–328.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  51. Feldman, P.D., Fournier, K.B., Grini, V.P. and Zvereva A.M. (1993) The abundance of ammonia in comet P/Halley derived from ultraviolet spectrophotometry of NH by ASTRON and IUE. Astrophys. J. 404, 348–355.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  52. Festou, M.C., Rickman, H. and West, R.M. (1993) Comets. Astron. Astrophys. Rev. 4, 363–447 and 5, 37–163.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  53. Fink, U. (1992) Comet Yanaka (1988r): A new class of carbon-poor comet. Science 257, 1926–1929.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  54. Fitzsimmons, A. and Cartwright, I.M. (1996) Optical spectroscopy of comet C/1995 O1 Hale-Bopp. Month. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 278, L37–L40.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  55. Gérard, E., Bockelee-Morvan, D., Bourgois, G., Colom, P. and Crovisier, J. (1987) 18-cm wavelength radio monitoring of the OH radical in comet P/Halley 1982i. Astron. Astrophys. 187, 455–461.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  56. Glaccum, W., Moseley, S.H., Campins, H. and Loewenstein, R.F. (1987) Airborne spectrophotometry of P/Halley from 20 to 65 microns. Astron. Astrophys. 187, 635–638.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  57. Greenberg, J.M. (1982) What are comets made of? A model based on interstellar grains. In Comets, L.L. Wilkening edt., Univ. Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 383–395.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Greenberg, J.M. and Hage, J.I. (1990) From interstellar dust to comets: a unification of observational constraints. Astrophys. J. 361, 260–274.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  59. Greenberg, J.M., Mizutani, H. and Yamamoto, T. (1995) A new derivation of the tensile strength of cometary nuclei: application to comet Shoemaker-Levy 9. Astron. Astrophys. 295, L35–L38.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  60. Hanner, M.S., Hackwell J.A., Russell, R.W. and Lynch, D.K. (1994) Silicate emission feature in the spectrum of comet Mueller 1993a. Icarus 112, 490–495.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  61. Hanner, M.S., Lynch, D.K. and Russell, R.W. (1994) The 8–13 micron spectra of comets and the composition of silicate grains. Astrophys. J. 425, 274–285.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  62. Herter, T., Campins, H. and Gull, G.E. (1987) Airborne spectrophotometry of P/Halley from 16 to 30 microns. Astron. Astrophys. 187, 629–631.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  63. Hoban, S., Mumma, M., Reuter, D., et al. (1991) A tentative identification of methanol as the progenitor of the 3.52 µm feature in several comets. Icarus 93, 122–134.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  64. Hoban, S., Reuter, D.C., DiSanti, M.A., Mumma, M.J. and Elston, R. (1993) Infrared observations of methanol in comet P/Swift-Tuttle. Icarus 105, 548–556.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  65. Huebner, W.F., Keady, J.J and Lyon, S.P. (1992) Solar photorates for planetary atmospheres and atmospheric pollutants. Astrophys. Space Science 195, 1–294.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  66. Irvine, W.M., Bockelée-Morvan, D., Lis, D.C., et al. (1996) Spectroscopic evidence for interstellar ices in comet Hyakutake. Nature 383, 418–420.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  67. Jessberger, E.K. and Kissel, J. (1991) Chemical properties of cometary dust and a note on carbon isotopes. In Comets in the Post-Halley Era, edts R.L. Newburn et al., Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 1075–1092.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Jewitt, D.C. and Luu, J.X. (1995) The solar system beyond Neptune. Astron. J. 109, 1867–1876.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  69. Jewitt, D., Senay, M. and Matthews, H. (1996) Observations of carbon monoxide in comet Hale-Bopp. Science 271, 1110–1113.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  70. Kissel, J. (1997) In situ measurements of evolved solids in space, with emphasis on cometary particles. In Formation and Evolution of Solids in Space, this volume.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Kleine, M., Wyckoff, S., Wenhinger, P.A. and Peterson, B.A. (1995) The carbon isotope abundance ratio in comet Halley. Astrophys. J. 439, 1021–1033.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  72. Klinger, J., Levasseur-Regourd, A.-C., Bouziani, N. and Enzian, A. (1996) Towards a model of cometary nuclei for engineering studies for future space missions to comets. Planet. Space Sci. 44, 637–653.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  73. Knacke, R.F., Fajardo-Acosta, S.B., Telesco, CM., et al. (1993) The silicates in the dust of β Pictoris. Astrophys. J. 418, 440–450.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  74. Krankowsky, D., Lämmerzahl, P., Herrwerth, I., et al. (1986) In situ gas and ion composition measurements at Comet Halley, Nature 321, 326–329.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  75. Kresàk, L. (1994) Comets, existing populations. In Asteroids, Comets, Meteors 1993, edts A. Milani et al., Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 77–94.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  76. Larson, L., Weaver, H.A., Mumma, M.J. and Drapatz, S. (1988) Airborne infrared spectroscopy of comet Wilson (19861) and comparisons with comet Halley, Astrophys. J. 338, 1106–1114.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  77. Lis, D.C., Keene, J., Young, K., et al. (1997) CSO observations of comet C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake). Icarus 130, 355–372.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  78. Lis, D.C., Gardner, M., Phillips, T.G., et al. (1997) Comet C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp., IAU Circ. 6566.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Lutz, D., Feuchtgruber, H., Genzel, R., et al. (1996) SWS observations of the Galactic center. Astron. Astrophys. 315, L269–L272.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  80. Jewitt, D.C., Matthews, H.E., Owen, T. and Meier, R. (1997) Measurements of 12C/13C, 14N/15N, and 32S/34S ratios in comet Hale-Bopp (C/1995 O1). Science 278, 90–93

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  81. Meier, R. and A’Hearn, M.F. (1997) Atomic sulfur in cometary coma based on UV spectra of the SI triplet near 1814 A. Icarus 125, 164–194.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  82. Mumma, M.J., Blass, W.E., Weaver, H.A. and Larson, H.P. (1988) Measurements of the ortho-para ratio and nuclear spin temperature of water vapor in comets Halley and Wilson (19861) and implications for their origin and evolution. In Proc. STScI Conference on Origins and Evolution of Planetary Systems, STScI, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Mumma, M.J., DiSanti, M.A., Dello Russo, N., et al. (1996) Detection of abundant ethane and methane, along with carbon monoxide and water, in comet C/1996 B2 Hyakutake): evidence for interstellar origin. Science 272, 1310–1314.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  84. Mumma, M.J., DiSanti, M.A., Tokunaga, A.T. and Roettger, E.E. (1995) Ground-based detection of water in comet Shoemaker-Levy 1992 XIX; probing cometary parent molecules by hot-band fluorescence. Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc. 27, 1144.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  85. Mumma, M.J., Weaver, H.A. and Larson, H.P. (1987) The ortho-para ratio of water in comet P/Halley. Astron. Astrophys. 187, 419–424.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  86. Mumma, M.J., Weaver, H.A., Larson, H.P., Davis, D.S. and Williams, M. (1986) Detection of water vapor in Halley’s come., Science 232, 1523–1528.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  87. Mumma, M.J., Weissman, P.R. and Stern, S.A. (1993) Comets and the origin of the solar system: Reading the Rosetta stone. In Protostars and Planets III, E.H. Levy & J.I. Lunine (edts), University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 1177–1252.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Newburn, R.L., Neugebauer, M. and Rahe, J. (edts) (1991) Comets in the Post-Halley Era. Kluwer, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Noll, K.S., Weaver, H.A. and Feldman, P.D. (edts) (1996) The Collision of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 and Jupiter. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  90. Preston, G.W. (1967) The spectrum of comet Ikeya-Seki (1965f). Astron. J. 147, 718–742.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  91. Rauer, H., Arpigny, C., Boehnhardt, H., et al. (1997) Optical observations of cornet Hale-Bopp (C/1995 O1) at large heliocentric distances before perihelion. Science 275, 1909–1912.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  92. Rauer, H., Biver, N., Crovisier, J., et al. (1997) Millimetric and optical observations of Chiron. Planet. Space Sci. 45, 799–805.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  93. Rickman, H. (1994) Cometary nuclei. In Asteroids, Comets, Meteors 1993, edts A. Milani et al., Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 297–312.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  94. Schleicher, D.G. and A’Hearn, M.F. (1986) Comets P/Giacobini-Zinner and P/Halley at high dispersion. In New Insights in Astrophysics, ESA SP-263, 31–33.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  95. Schleicher, D.G., Bus, S.J. and Osip, D.J. (1993) The anomalous molecular abundances of comet P/Wolf-Harrington. Icarus 104, 157–166.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  96. Schmitt, B. (1992) Thermal and physico-chemical processes in cometary nuclei. In Interrelations between Physics and Dynamics for Minor Bodies in the Solar System, edts D. Benest & C. Froeschlé, Éditions Frontières, pp. 265–307.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Schutte W. (1997) Laboratory simulation of processes in interstellar ices. In Formation and Evolution of Solids in Space, this volume.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Senay, M.C. and Jewitt, D. (1994) Coma formation driven by carbon monoxide release from comet Schwassmann-Wachmann 1. Nature 371, 229–231.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  99. Waelkens, C., Waters, L.B.F.M., de Graauw, M.S., et al. (1996) SWS observations of young main-sequence stars with dusty circumstellar disks. Astron. Astrophys. 315, L245–L248.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  100. Wagner, R.M. and Schleicher, D.G. (1997) The spectrum and spatial distribution of cyanogen in comet Hale-Bopp (C/1995 O1) at large heliocentric distance. Science 275, 1918–1920.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  101. Weaver, H.A., Feldman, P.D., A’Hearn, M.F., et al. (1997) The activity and size of the nucleus of comet Hale-Bopp (C/1995 O1). Science 275, 1900–1904.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  102. Weaver, H.A., Feldman, P.D., McPhate, J.B., et al. (1994) Detection of CO Cameron band emission in comet P/Hartley 2 (1991 XV) with the Hubble Space Telescope. Astrophys. J. 422, 374–380.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  103. Weaver, H.A., Mumma, M.J., Larson, H.P. and Davis, D.S. (1986) Post-perihelion observations of water in comet Halley. Nature 324, 441–444.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  104. Weissman, P.R. (1995) The Kuiper Belt. Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 33, 327–357.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  105. Whittet, D.C.B., Schutte, W.A., Tielens, A.G.G.M., et al. (1996) An ISO SWS view of interstellar ices — first results. Astron. Astrophys. 315, L357–L360.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  106. Wootten, A., Butler, B., Bockelée-Morvan, D., et al. (1996) Detection of ammonia in comet C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake). In Asteroids, Comets, Meteors 1996, 8–12 July 1996, Versailles, France.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Wyckoff, S.W., Wagner, R.M., Wehinger, P.A., Schleicher, D.G. and Festou, M.C. (1985) Onset of sublimation in comet Halley (1982i). Nature 316, 241–242.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  108. Wyckoff, S.W., Tegler, S.C. and Engel, L. (1991) Nitrogen abundance in comet Halley. Astrophys. J. 367, 641–648.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  109. Wyckoff, S.W., Tegler, S.C. and Engel, L. (1991) Ammonia abundances in four comets. Astrophys. J. 368, 279–286.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  110. Yamamoto, T. (1985) Formation environment of cometary nuclei in the primordial solar nebula. Astron. Astrophys. 142, 31–36.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  111. Grim, R.J.A., Greenberg, J.M. (1987) Photoprocessing of H2S in interstellar grain mantles as an explanation for S2 in comets. Astron. Astrophys. 181, 155–168.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  112. Haruyama, J., Yamamoto, T., Mizutani, H. and Greenberg, J.M. (1993) Thermal history of comets during residence in the Oort cloud: effect of radiogenic heating in combination with the very low thermal conductivity of amorphous ice. JGeophys. Res. 98 E8, 15079–15090.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  113. Meier, R., Owen, T.C., Matthews, H.E., et al. (1998) A determination of the HDO/H2O ratio in comet C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp). Science 279, 842–844.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  114. Sekanina, Z. (1996) Tidal breakup of the nucleus of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9. In The Collision of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 and Jupiter, K.S. Noll, H.A. Weaver and P.D. Feldman (edts) (1996). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 55–80.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  115. Tancredi, G., Rickman, H., Greenberg, J.M. (1994) Thermochemistry of cometary nuclei: I. The Jupiter family case. Astron. Astrophs. 286, 659–682.

    ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Observatoire de Paris-Meudon, F-92195, Meudon, France

    J. Crovisier

Authors
  1. J. Crovisier
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory Astrophysics, University of Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands

    J. Mayo Greenberg  & Aigen Li  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1999 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Crovisier, J. (1999). Solids and Volatiles in Comets. In: Greenberg, J.M., Li, A. (eds) Formation and Evolution of Solids in Space. NATO ASI Series, vol 523. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4806-1_25

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4806-1_25

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-6018-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-4806-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation