Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Prothrombin fragment F1+2

  • Chapter
Laboratory Techniques in Thrombosis — a Manual

Abstract

The conversion of prothrombin to thrombin is a key event in the coagulation of blood. Prothrombin fragment F1+2 is an activation peptide released from prothrombin during thrombin formation. Activation of prothrombin takes place in the presence of factor Xa, factor Va, calcium ions and a phospholipid suface (platelets). Prothrombin fragment F1+2 may be generated during thrombin formation in two ways. Either prothrombin is cleaved to prethrombin 2 and prothrombin fragment F1+2. Subsequently prethrombin 2 is further cleaved at one position to yield active thrombin. The alternative way of activation is that prothrombin is cleaved to meizothrombin still containing the prothrombin fragment F1+2, and is then processed to thrombin, liberating the prothrombin fragment F1+2. The prothrombin fragment F1+2 may further be cleaved by thrombin to fragments F1 and F2.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Teitel JM, Bauer KA, Lau HK, Rosenberg RD. Studies of the prothrombin activation pathway utilizing radioimmunoassays for the F2/F1+2 fragment and thrombin-antithrombin complex. Blood 1982; 59: 1086–1097.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Pelzer H, Schwarz A, Stiiber W. Determination of human prothrombin activation fragment 1+2 in plasma with an antibody against a synthetic peptide. Thromb Haemostas 1991; 65: 153–159.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Hursting MJ, Butman BT, Steiner JP et al. Monoclonal antibodies specific for prothrombin fragment 1.2 and their use in a quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Clin Chem 1993; 39: 583–591.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Bauer KA, Rosenberg RD. The pathophysiology of the prethrombotic state in humans: insights gained from studies using markers of hemostatic system activation. Blood 1987; 70: 343–350.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Bouman CSC, Ypma ST, Sybesma JPHB. Comparison of the efficacy of D-dimer, fibrin degradation products and prothrombin fragment 1+2 in clinically suspected deep venous thrombosis. Thromb Res 1995; 77: 225–234.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Estivals M, Pelzer H, Pichon SJ, Boccalon H, Boneu B. Prothrombin fragment 1+2, thrombin-antithrombin III complexes and D-dimers in acute deep vein thrombosis. Effects of heparin treatment. Br J Haematol 1991; 78: 421–424.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Kyrle PA, Eichinger S, Pabinger I et al. Prothrombin fragment F1+2 is not predictive for recurrent venous thromboembolism. Thromb Haemostas 1997; 77: 829–833.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Yurdakok M, Yigit S, Gurakan B, Dundar S, Kirazli S. Thrombin-antithrombin III and prothrombin fragment 1.2 levels in early respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Hematol 1996; 51: 247–248.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Kienast J, Thompson SG, Raskino C et al. Prothrombin activation fragment 1+2 and thrombin-antithrombin III complexes in patients with angina pectoris: relation to the presence and severity of coronary atherosclerosis. Thromb Haemostas 1993; 70: 550–553.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Rao AK, Sun L, Chesebro JH et al. Distinct effects of recombinant desulfatohirudin (Revasc) and heparin on plasma levels of fibrinopeptide A and prothrombin fragment F1.2 in unstable angina: a multicenter trial. Circulation 1996; 94: 2389–2395.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Biasucci LM, Liuzzo G, Caligiuri G et al. Temporal relation between ischemic episodes and activation of the coagulation system in unstable angina. Circulation 1996; 93: 2121–2127.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Merlini PA, Bauer KA, Oltrona L et al. Persistent activation of coagulation mechanism in unstable angina and myocardial infarction. Circulation 1994; 90: 61–68.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Catto A, Carter A, Ireland H et al. Factor V Leiden gene mutation and thrombin generation in relation to the development of acute stroke. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1995; 15: 783–785.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Bruhn HD, Conard J, Mannucci M et al. Multicentric evaluation of a new assay for prothrombin fragment F1+2 determination. Thromb Haemostas 1992: 68: 413–417.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Elias A, Bonfils S, Daoud-Elias M et al. Influence of long term oral anticoagulants upon prothrombin fragment 1+2, thrombin-antithrombin III complex and D-dimer levels in patients affected by proximal deep vein thrombosis. Thromb Haemostas 1993; 69: 302–305.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Granger CB, Miller JM, Bovill EG et al. Rebound increase in thrombin generation and activity after cessation of intravenous heparin in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 1995; 91: 1929–1935.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Merlini PA, Ardissino D, Bauer KA et al. Persistent thrombin generation during heparin therapy in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997; 17: 1325–1330.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Millenson MM, Bauer KA, Kistler JP, Barzegar S, Tulin L, Rosenberg RD. Monitoring ‘mini-intensity’ anticoagulation with warfarin: Comparison of the prothrombin time using a sensitive thromboplastin with prothrombin fragment F1+2 levels. Blood 1992; 79: 2034–2038.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Sobel M, Sternbergh C, Marques D, Grimsdale AS. A comparative study of heparin responses in arterial and venous thromboembolism using molecular markers for thrombosis. Circulation 1993; 88: 426–431.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Solymoss S, Bovill EG. Markers of in vivo activation of coagulation: Interrelationships change with intensity of oral anticoagulation. Am J Clin Pathol 1996; 105: 293–297.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Baglin TP, Luddington R, Jennings I, Richards EM. Thrombin generation and myocardial infarction during infusion of tissue-plasminogen activator. Lancet 1993; 341: 504–505.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Merlini PA, Ardissino D, Bauer KA et al. Activation of the hemostatic mechanism during thrombolysis in patients with unstable angina pectoris. Blood 1995; 86: 3327–3332.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Scharfstein JS, Abendschein DR, Eisenberg PR et al. Usefulness of fibrinogenolytic and procoagulant markers during thrombolytic therapy in predicting clinical outcomes in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1996; 78: 503–510.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Simioni P, Scarano L, Gavasso S et al. Prothrombin fragment 1+2 and thrombin-antithrombin complex levels in patients with inherited APC resistance due to factor V Leiden mutation. Br J Haematol 1996; 92: 435–441.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Zöller B, Holm J, Svensson P, Dahlbäck B. Elevated levels of prothrombin activation fragment 1+2 in plasma from patients with heterozygous Arg (506) to Gin mutation in the factor V gene (APC-resistance) and/or inherited protein S deficiency. Thromb Haemostas 1996; 75: 27: 270–274

    Google Scholar 

  26. Ceriellow A, Giacomello R, Stel G et al. Hyperglycemia-induced thrombin formation in diabetes: the possible role of oxidative stress. Diabetes 1995; 44: 924–928.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Salah AA, Dorey LG, Dombrowski MP et al. Thrombosis and hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993; 169: 1554–1557.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Bartsch P, Welsch B, Albert M, Friedmann B, Levi M, Kruithof EKO. Balanced activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis after a 2-h triathlon. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1995; 27: 1465–1470.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Bauer KA, Barzegar S, Rosenberg RD. Influence of anticoagulants used for blood collection on plasma prothrombin fragment F1+2 measurements. Thromb Res 1991; 63: 617–628.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Greenberg CS, Hursting MJ, Macik BG, Ortel TL, Kane WH, Moore BM. Evaluation of preanalytical variables associated with measurement of prothrombin fragment 1.2. Clin Chem 1994; 40: 1962–1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Iversen LH, Thorlacius-Ussing O. Short-time stability of markers of coagulation and fibrinolysis in frozen plasma. Thromb Res 1996; 81: 253–261.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Leroy-Matheron C, Gouault-Heilmann M. Influence of conditions of blood sampling on coagulation activation markers (prothrombin fragment 1+2, thrombin-antithrombin complexes and D-dimers) measurements. Thromb Res 1994; 74: 399–407.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Miller GJ, Bauer KA, Barzegar S et al. The effect of quality and timing of venepuncture on markers of blood coagulation in healthy middle-aged men. Thromb Haemostas 1995; 73: 82–86.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Rahr HB, Sorensen JV, Danielsen D. Markers of coagulation and fibrinolysis in blood drawn into citrate with and without D-Phe-Pro-Arg-chloromethylketone (PPACK). Thromb Res 1994; 73: 279–284.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Tripodi A, Chantarangkul V, Bottasso B, Mannucci PM. Poor comparability of prothrombin fragment 1+2 values measured by two commercial ELISA methods: influence of different anticoagulants and standards. Thromb Haemostas 1994; 71: 605–608.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Sorensen JV, Jensen HP, Rahr HB, Borris LC, Lassen MR, Knudsen F. F1+2 and FPA in urine from patients with multiple trauma and healthy individuals. A pilot study. Thromb Res 1992; 67: 429–434.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Hursting MJ, Stead AG, Crout FV, Horvath BZ, Moore BM. Effects of age, race, sex and smoking on prothrombin fragment 1.2 in a healthy population. Clin Chem 1993; 39: 683–686.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Lowe GDO, Rumley A, Woodward M et al. Epidemiology of coagulation factors, inhibitors and activation markers: the Third Glasgow MONICA Survey 1. Illustrative reference ranges by age, sex and hormone use. Br J Haematol 1997; 97: 775–784.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. A. Haeberli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Clinical Biochemistry, South Jutland University, Ribe County Hospital, Esbjerg, Denmark

    J. Jespersen

  2. Haemostasis and Thrombosis Research Centre, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands

    R. M. Bertina

  3. ECAT Foundation, Oegstgeest, The Netherlands

    F. Haverkate

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1999 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Haeberli, A. (1999). Prothrombin fragment F1+2. In: Jespersen, J., Bertina, R.M., Haverkate, F. (eds) Laboratory Techniques in Thrombosis — a Manual. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4722-4_23

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4722-4_23

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-7923-6472-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-4722-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation