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The Arctic Ocean’s Freshwater Budget: Sources, Storage and Export

  • Chapter
The Freshwater Budget of the Arctic Ocean

Part of the book series: NATO Science Series ((ASEN2,volume 70))

Abstract

Freshwater components are delivered to the Arctic Ocean by atmospheric transport and by ocean and river inflows. Further net distillation of fresh water may occur within the Arctic during the melt/freeze cycle of sea ice, provided that the ice and rejected brine formed by freezing in winter can be separated and exported before they are reunited by melting and mixing the following summer. Once in the Arctic fresh water is stored within the various layers above and within the halocline, the latter serving as an extremely complex and poorly understood reservoir. The ultimate sink of fresh water is its export southwards into the North Atlantic via Fram Strait and the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, for it must ultimately replace the fresh water evaporating from low latitude oceans to close the global freshwater budget. To close this loop, this return of fresh water to the climate system must re-enter the thermohaline circulation either as deep or intermediate waters, and then return to the surface at low latitudes. In this chapter we address in various degrees of detail a number of questions about the disposition of fresh water in the upper layers of the Arctic Ocean: What are the sources and pathways of moisture that enter arctic drainage basins? How are the various components that comprise the freshwater budget (e.g. precipitation, ocean and river inflow, ice-melt) partitioned?

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Ocean Sciences, 9860 West Saanich Road Sidney, British Columbia, V8L 4B2, Canada

    Eddy C. Carmack

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  1. Eddy C. Carmack
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, B.C., Canada

    Edward Lyn Lewis (Emeritus) (Emeritus)

  2. Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Darthmouth, N.S., Canada

    E. Peter Jones

  3. Institute of Marine Research, Kiel, Germany

    Peter Lemke (Professor of Meteorology) (Professor of Meteorology)

  4. National Water Research Institute, Saskatoon, Sk., Canada

    Terry D. Prowse

  5. Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, UK

    Peter Wadhams (Reader in Polar Studies) (Reader in Polar Studies)

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© 2000 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

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Carmack, E.C. (2000). The Arctic Ocean’s Freshwater Budget: Sources, Storage and Export. In: Lewis, E.L., Jones, E.P., Lemke, P., Prowse, T.D., Wadhams, P. (eds) The Freshwater Budget of the Arctic Ocean. NATO Science Series, vol 70. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4132-1_5

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