Abstract
This paper is a review of the exotic life histories known to occur in carabid beetles, with comments on how some carabids possibly became ectoparasitoids in the larval stages. Most carabid life histories are rather mundane, with singly deposited eggs; three larval stages, each with active, usually predaceous or herbivorous feeding habits; a pupal stage sequestered in a log or earthen cell; and finally emergence to a free-living adult. However, a few carabid groups have evolved a more elaborate life cycle involving parasitoidism or symbiosis with ants or termites. Parasitoidism is convergent in a number of disparate lineages.
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Erwin, T.L. (1979). A Review of the Natural History and Evolution of Ectoparasitoid Relationships in Carabid Beetles. In: Erwin, T.L., Ball, G.E., Whitehead, D.R., Halpern, A.L. (eds) Carabid Beetles. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-9628-1_26
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-9628-1_26
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