Abstract
It is going to take a lot more knowledge to develop a sane, stable agriculture than it did to develop our present, conventional system, just as it took a lot longer to develop the science of ecology than it did mathematics or chemistry.(1)
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Notes and References
Dennis King, ‘Is Science Advanced Enough for Biological Agriculture?’ Farmstead Magazine, Summer 1977, Vol. 4, No. 3, p.19.
Rudolf Steiner, Agriculture: A Course of Eight Lectures, BioDynamic Agricultural Association, Rudolf Stener House, London, 1974 p. 118.
Rudolf Steiner, Agriculture: A Course of Eight Lectures, BioDynamic Agricultural Association, Rudolf Stener House, London, 1974. p. 118.
Rudolf Steiner, Agriculture: A Course of Eight Lectures, BioDynamic Agricultural Association, Rudolf Stener House, London, 1974 p. 52.
Rudolf Steiner, Agriculture: A Course of Eight Lectures, BioDynamic Agricultural Association, Rudolf Stener House, London, 1974 p. 39.
Rudolf Steiner, Agriculture: A Course of Eight Lectures, BioDynamic Agricultural Association, Rudolf Stener House, London, 1974 p. 150.
Rudolf Steiner, Agriculture: A Course of Eight Lectures, BioDynamic Agricultural Association, Rudolf Stener House, London, 1974 p. 95.
Evelyn Speiden Gregg, The Early Days of BioDynamics in America’, BioDynamics, Summer 1976, No. 119, p. 26.
Rudolf Steiner, Agriculture: A Course of Eight Lectures, BioDynamic Agricultural Association, Rudolf Stener House, London, 1974 p. 57.
Rudolf Steiner, Agriculture: A Course of Eight Lectures, BioDynamic Agricultural Association, Rudolf Stener House, London, 1974 p. 64.
Rudolf Steiner, Agriculture: A Course of Eight Lectures, BioDynamic Agricultural Association, Rudolf Stener House, London, 1974 p. 64.
Pfeiffer’s book became the chief U.S. Biodynamic text and his writings made up the Biodynamics newsletter. In this latter, he sometimes wrote under pseudonyms, hoping to disguise his dominance in the movement.
Sir Albert Howard, An Agricultural Testament, Oxford University Press, London, 1940, p. 14.
Sir Albert Howard, The Soil and Health: A Study of Organic Agriculture, (originally published in 1947) first paperback edition, Schoken Books, New York, 1974, p. 248.
Sir Albert Howard, The Soil and Health: A Study of Organic Agriculture, (originally published in 1947) first paperback edition, Schoken Books, New York, 1974, pp. 1–2.
Howard, An Agricultural Testament, Oxford University Press, London, 1940, p. 40.
Howard, An Agricultural Testament, Oxford University Press, London, 1940, p. 221.
Howard, An Agricultural Testament, Oxford University Press, London, 1940, p. 222.
Howard, An Agricultural Testament, Oxford University Press, London, 1940, p. 222.
Howard, An Agricultural Testament, Oxford University Press, London, 1940, p. 109.
Howard, An Agricultural Testament, Oxford University Press, London, 1940, p. 196.
The striking exception was the work of Lady Eve Balfour at Haughley Farm. Balfour set up three sub-farms on her land: (1) organic, (2) conventional, (3) mixed. However, she never collected any baseline data on her land, crops, or animals. Although her ‘experiment’ was continued by the Soil Association for over 25 years, it was abandoned in 1970 in view of these problems and recent deviations in applying her conditions.
As Rodale’s widow Anna puts it: “What do you think fed this over all those years?” Personal interview with Anna Rodale June 8, 1977 Emmaus, Pennsylvania.
J.I. Rodale, ‘Why I started Organic Gardening’, Organic Gardening and Farming, May 1967, Vol. 14, No. 5, p31. ‘His idea hit me like a ton of bricks!’
J.I. Rodale, Pay Dirt, Emmaus, Pa., Rodale Press, 1945.
J.I. Rodale, Pay Dirt, Emmaus, Pa., Rodale Press, 1945.
Interview with Robert Rodale, June 7, 1977 Emmaus, Pa.
Transcripts of the Delaney hearings on Chemicals in Food, Washington D.C., 1950, p.864.
J.I. Rodale, unpublished mss., Emmaus, Pa. (undated).
Transcript, Note 28.
Transcript, Note 28.
Prepared statement of Dr Richard Bradfield, for the House of Representatives Select Committee to Investigate the Use of Chemicals in Food Products, November 29, 1950, p. 7.
Prepared statement of Dr Richard Bradfield, for the House of Representatives Select Committee to Investigate the Use of Chemicals in Food Products, November 29, 1950, p. 7.
Report of the House of Representatives Select Committee to Investigate the Use of Chemicals in Food Products, Washington D.C.
Leonard Maynard, ‘Soils and Health’, J.A.M.A. July 1, 1950, p.812.
Leonard Maynard, ‘Soils and Health’, J.A.M.A. July 1, 1950, p.807.
Leonard Maynard, ‘Soils and Health’, J.A.M.A. July 1, 1950, p.807.
R.I. Throckmorton, ‘The Organic Farming Myth’, The Country Gentleman, Sept. 1951.
R.I. Throckmorton, ‘The Organic Farming Myth’, The Country Gentleman, Sept. 1951. p. 21.
R.I. Throckmorton, ‘Organic Farming-Bunk!’, Readers Digest, October 1951.
J.I. Rodale, unpublished mss, Emmaus, Pa.
J.I. Rodale, unpublished mss, Emmaus, Pa.
J.I. Rodale, ‘Grants to Research Institutions’, The Organic Farmer, January 1950, Vol. 1, No. 6, p. 34.
The crop analysis referred to here was done by Edwin Harrington, Agricultural Chemist, Carversville, Pa., April 21, 1953.
J.I. Rodale, ‘Whither Science?’, The Organic Farmer, March 1953, Vol. 4, No. 8, p. 10.
J.I. Rodale, unpublished mss., Emmaus, Pa.
J.I. Rodale, op. cit. Note 45).
Friends of the Land was both a newsletter and the name of Bromfield’s loose association of fellow organic farmers and land reformers.
Louis Bromfield, From My Experience.
Robert Rodale, ‘Have we reached the point of no return?’ Organic Gardening and Farming, June 1960, Vol. 7, No. 6, p. 16.
Robert Rodale, ‘Is it good to be scientific?’, Organic Gardening and Farming, Oct. 1960, Vol. 7, No. 10, p. 18.
J.I. Rodale, editorial notes, Organic Gardening and Farming, June 1970, Vol. 22, No. 6, p. l04.
J.I. Rodale, editorial notes, Organic Gardening and Farming, June 1970, Vol. 22, No. 6, p. 105.
Robert Rodale, ‘Have we reached the point of no return?’ Organic Gardening and Farming, June 1960, Vol. 7, No. 6, p. 18.
Robert Rodale, ‘Rachel Carson’s Masterpiece’, Organic Gardening and Farming, September 1962, Vol. 9, No. 9.
J.I. Rodale, ‘Why I started Organic Gardening’, Organic Gardening and Farming, May 1967, Vol. 14, No. 5, p31. ‘His idea hit me like a ton of bricks!’ p.33.
Frank Graham, Since Silent Spring, Fawcett Crest Books, Greenwich, Conn. 1970: Carleton Jackson, J.I. Rodale - Apostle of Nonconformity, Pyramid, New York, 1974, p. 34.
The Center for Science In the Public Interest is a Washington-based.
Science For the People is a Boston-based organization for scientists and science teachers taking a radical look at their own and others’ work.
Interview with Robert Rodale, June 7, 1977, Emmaus, Pa.
John Todd, ‘The Organic Gardener and Farmer as Researcher’, Organic Gardening and Farming, November 1971, Vol. 18, No. 11.
Interview with Robert Rodale, June 7, 1977, Emmaus, Pa.
Interview with Hardy Vogtmann, July 1977, Montreal, Quebec.
Interview with Roger Blobaum, June 16, 1976, St. Louis, Missouri.
Nick Veeder is one of 27 American organic farmers with whom I travelled to European organic farms and centres in October 1976.
Older revivals, including Country Journal, Countryside, Farmstead, and Acres. U.S.A. have also captured some of the new organic market since the mid-1960s.
Interview with Stuart Hill: Alan B. Stone, ‘Stuart Hill Calls it Ecological Agriculture’, Harrowsmith, 1977, p. 60.
Interview with Maria Linder, February 26, 1976, Cambridge, Mass.
Interview with William Lockeretz, February 23, 1975, Boston, Mass.
Interview with J.D. McLaren, May 27 1976, Berkeley, California.
Interview with William Lockeretz, February 23, 1976, Boston, Mass.
Interview with William Olkowski, May 28, 1976, Berkeley, California.
Interview with Roger Blobaum, June 16, 1976, St. Louis, Missouri.
Interview with Don Price, April 24, 1976, Ithaca, New York.
This story was picked up in several interviews, some on- and some off-the-record. Because of the assurances I gave to some respondents, I have decided to leave all of them unidentified.
Charles Walters Jr., editorial, Acres U.S.A.
S.B. Hill and J.A. Ramsay, ‘Limitations of the Energy Approach in Defining Priori¬ties in Agriculture’. In William Lockeretz (Ed.), Agriculture and Energy, New York, Academic Press, 1978.
Foundation Notes...’, The Soil and Health Foundation News, February 1977, Vol. 6, No. 1.
Interviews with Hardy Vogtmann, October 14,1976, Basel, Switzerland; May 1977, Montreal, Quebec.
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Peters, S. (1979). Organic Farmers Celebrate Organic Research: A Sociology of Popular Science. In: Nowotny, H., Rose, H. (eds) Counter-Movements in the Sciences. Sociology of the Sciences a Yearbook, vol 3. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-9421-8_12
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