Abstract
Cancer is the nation’s second leading cause of death. In 1977 there were 690,000 new cases of cancer in the United States and 385,000 deaths, over 1,000 deaths a day (Silverberg 1977). In one autopsy series from a general hospital, almost one-half of the deaths were due to cancer (Rosenblatt et al. 1971). Of those patients who die of cancer and its complications, the majority have suffered metastatic spread (Willis 1973; Hakulinen and Teppo 1977; Viadana et al. 1973,1978). Willis (1975) found metastatic disease in over 75% of 500 consecutive complete autopsies on patients with malignant disease. Over 10% of patients with cancer die as a direct result of that metastatic spread (Inagaki et al. 1974; Ambrus et al. 1975). In one series, disseminated metastases were the direct cause of death in 20% of patients with cancer, second only to infection (Klastersky et al. 1972).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ambrus, J. L. et al. Causes of death in cancer patients. J. Med. (Basel) 6: 61–64, 1975.
Aronson, S. M.; Garcia J. H.; and Aronson, B. E. Metastatic neoplasms of the brain: their frequency in relation to age. Cancer 17: 558–563, 1964.
Arseni, C., and Constantinescu, A. I. Considerations on the metastatic tumours of the brain with reference to a statistics of 1217 cases. Schweizer Arch. Neurol. 17: 179–195, 1965.
Batson, O. V. Function of vertebral veins and their role in spread of metastasis. Ann. Surg. 112: 138–149, 1940.
Batson, O. V. Function of vertebral veins and their role in spread of metastasis. Ann. Surg. 112: 138–149, 1940.
Brewis, M. et al. Neurological disease in an English city. Acta Neurol. Scand. 42 (Suppl 24):l–89,1966.
Catane, R. et al. Brain metastasis from prostatic carcinoma. Cancer 38: 2583–2587, 1976.
Chason, J. L.; Walker, R. B.; and Landers, J. W. Metastatic carcinoma in the central nervous system and dorsal root ganglia. Cancer 16: 781–787, 1963.
Christensen, E. Intracranial carcinomatous metastases in a neurosurgical clinic. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 24: 353–361, 1949.
Cushing, H. Intracranial tumors. Notes upon a series of two thousand verified cases with surgical mortality. Percentages pertaining thereto. Springfield, 111.: Charles C Thomas, 1932.
Doring, L. Metastasis of carcinoma of prostate to meningioma. Virchows Arch. [Pathol. Anat.] 87: 366–369, 1975.
Earle, K. M. Metastatic and primary intracranial tumors of the adult male. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 13: 448–454, 1954.
Earle, K. M. Metastatic brain tumors. Dis. New. Syst. 16: 86–92, 1955.
Elkington, J. S. C. Metastatic tumors of the brain. Proc. R. Soc. Med. 28: 1080–1096, 1935.
Espana, P.; Chang P.; and Wiernik, P. H. Increasing incidence of brain metastases in sarcoma patients. Proc. ASCO 19: 370, 1978.
Gercovich, R. G.; Luna, M. A.; and Gottlieb, J. A. Increased incidence of cerebral metastases in sarcoma patients with prolonged survival from chemotherapy. Report of cases of leiomyosarcoma and chondrosarcoma. Cancer 36: 1843–1851, 1975.
Gilbert, R. W.; Kim, J. H.; and Posner, J. B. Epidural spinal cord compression from metastatic tumor: diagnosis and treatment. Ann. Neurol. 3: 40–51, 1978.
Guomundsson, K. R. A survey of tumours of the central nervous system in Iceland during the 10-year period 1954-1963. Acta Neurol. Scand. 46: 538–552, 1970.
Hakulinen, T. and Teppo, L. Causes of death among female patients with cancer of the breast and intestines. Ann. Clin. Res. 9: 15–24, 1977.
Hildebrand, J. Lesions of the nervous system in cancer patients. New York: Raven Press, 1978.
Hirano, A., and Zimmerman, H. M.: Fenestrated blood vessels in a metastatic renal carcinoma in the brain. Lab. Invest. 26: 465–468, 1972.
Hirano, A., and Matsui, T. Vascular structures in brain tumors. Hum. Pathol. 6: 611–621, 1975.
Inagaki, J.; Rodriguez, V.; and Bodey, G. Causes of death in cancer patients. Cancer 33: 568–573, 1974.
Klastersky, J.; Daneau, D.; and Verhest, A. Causes of death in patients with cancer. Eur. J. Cancer 8: 149–154, 1972.
Lassen, N. A. Cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption in man. Physiol Rev. 39: 183–238, 1959.
Le Blanc, R. A. Metastasis of bronchogenic carcinoma to acoustic neurinoma. J. Neurosurg. 41: 614–617, 1974.
Lesse, S., and Netsky, M. G. Metastasis of neoplasms to the central system and meninges. Arch. Neurol. Psychiatr. 72: 133–153, 1954.
Livingston, K. E.; Horrax, G.; and Sachs, E. Metastatic brain tumors. Surg. Clin. North Am. 28: 805–810, 1948.
Long, D. M. Capillary ultrastructure and the blood-brain barrier in human malignant brain tumors. J. Neurosurg. 32: 127–144, 1970.
Mayer, R. J.; Berkowitz, R. S.; and Griffiths, C. T. Central nervous system involvement by ovarian carcinoma. Cancer 41: 776–783, 1978.
Meagher, R., and Eisenhardt, L. Intracranial carcinomatous metastases. Ann. Surg. 93: 132–140, 1931.
Meyer, P. C., and Reah, T. G. Secondary neoplasms of the central nervous system and meninges. Br. J. Cancer 7: 438–447, 1953.
Onuigbo, W. I. B. Batson’s theory of vertebral venous metastasis. Oncology 32: 145–150, 1975.
Ortega, P.; Malamud, N.; and Shimkin, M. B. Metastasis to pineal body. Arch. Pathol. 52: 518–528, 1951.
Paillas, J. E., and Pellet, W. Brain metastases. In Handbook of Clinical Neurol¬ogy, ed. P. J. Vinken and G. W. Bryn. New York: American Elsevier Publishing Co., 1976.
Papo, I., and Tritapepe, R. Considerazioni su 162 casi di metastasi endocraniche verificate. Minerva Chir. 12: 269–285, 1957.
Percy, A. K. et al. Neoplasms of the central nervous system. Neurology 22: 40–48, 1972.
Petit-Dutaillis, D.; Messimy, R.; and Berdet, H. Considerations sur les metastases intracraniennes, d’apres 107 cas histologiquement verifies. Rev. Neurol (Paris) 95: 89–115, 1956.
Posner, J. B., and Chernik, N. L. Intracranial metastases from systemic cancer. Adv. Neurol. 19: 575–587, 1978.
Posnikoff, J., and Stratford, J. Carcinoma metastasis to malignant glioma. Arch. Neurol. 3: 559–563, 1960.
Richards, P., and McKissock, W. Intracranial metastases. Br. Med. J. 1: 15–18, 1963.
Roger, H.; Cornil, L.; and Paillas, J. Étude anatomique et pathogenique des tumeurs cerebrales metastatiques. Rev. Neurol. (Paris) 72: 137–148, 1939.
Rosenblatt, M. B. et al. Causes of death in 1,000 consecutive autopsies. N. Y. State J. Med. 71: 2189–2193, 1971.
Rubin, P., and Green, J. Solitary metastases. Springfield: Charles C Thomas, 1968.
Russell, D. S., and Rubinstein, L. J. Pathology of tumours of the nervous system. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins Co., 1977.
Silverberg, E. Cancer statistics 1977. Cancer 27: 26–41, 1977.
Simionescu, M. E. Metastatic tumors of the brain. A follow-up study of 195 patients with neurosurgical considerations. J. Neurosurg. 17: 31–373, 1960.
Stedman’s medical dictionary. 23rd ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins Co., 1976.
Stortebecker, T. P. Metastatic tumours of the brain from a neurosurgical point of view (a follow-up study of 158 cases). J. Neurosurg. 11: 84–111, 1954.
Van Eck, J. H. M.; Go, K. G.; and Ebels, E. J. Metastatic tumours of the brain. Psychiatr. Neurol. Neurochir. 68: 443–462, 1965.
Viadana, E. et al. An autopsy study of metastatic sites of breast cancer. Cancer Res. 33: 179–181, 1973.
Viadana, E.; Bross, I. D. J.; and Pickren, J. W. The metastatic spread of cancers of the digestive system in man. Oncology 35: 114–126, 1978.
Vick, N. A., and Bigner, D. D. Microvascular abnormalities in virally- induced canine brain tumors. J. Neurol. Sci. 17: 29–39, 1972.
Vider, M.; Maruyama, Y.; and Narvaez, R. Significance of the vertebral venous (Batson’s) plexus in metastatic spread in colorectal carcinoma. Cancer 40: 67–71, 1977.
Willis, R. A. The spread of tumours in the human body. 3d ed. London: Butterworths and Co., 1973.
Wolk, R. W. et al. and Co. The incidence of central nervous system leukemia in adults with acute leukemia. Cancer 33: 863–869, 1974.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1980 G.K. Hall & Co.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Posner, J.B. (1980). Brain Metastases. In: Weiss, L., Gilbert, H.A., Posner, J.B. (eds) Brain Metastasis. Metastasis: A Monograph Series, vol 2. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-8799-9_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-8799-9_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-009-8801-9
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-8799-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive