Abstract
It is the purpose of this chapter to describe the need for sensitive, site-specific immunoassays for identifying renal damage. These tests should complement rather than replace the established assays, both in clinical practice and in assessing the information derived from animal and in vitro studies. In common with all other chemical pathology assays, the interpretation of these data demands a thorough understanding of the pathophysiology of the condition and the methodological factors which can influence results. The advantages and disadvantages of these different methods will be discussed. The chapter deals with the problems of identifying renal-derived material, recent advances in assay development, and outlines the need for future development, in particular noninvasive tests for the detection of acute interstitial nephritis.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Bennett, W.M. and Pulliam, J.P., Cyclosporin nephrotoxicity, Ann. Intern. Med., 99, 851, 1983.
Hurwitz, N., Predisposing factors in adverse reactions to drugs, Br. Med. J., 1, 536, 1969.
Ramsay, L.E. and Tucker, G.T., Drugs and the elderly, in Today’s Treatment: 4, Lock, S., Ed., British Medical Association, London, 1981, 149.
Gosney, M. and Tallis, R., Prescription of contraindicated and interacting drugs in elderly patients admitted to hospital, Lancet, 2, 564, 1984.
Reuben, D.B., Wachtel, T.J., Brown, P.C. and Driscoll, J.L., Transient proteinuria in emergency medical admissions, N. Engl. J. Med., 306, 1031, 1982.
Walenkamp, G.H.I.M., Vree, T.B., Guelen, P.J.M. and Jongman-Nix, B., Interaction between the renal excretion rates of β-2-microglobulin and gentamicin in man, Clin. Chim. Acta, 127, 229, 1983.
Whiting, P.H., Ross, I.S. and Borthwick, L., Serum -and urine N-acetyl-β-D- glucosaminidase in diabetics on diagnosis and subsequent treatment, and stable insulin dependent diabetics, Clin. Chim. Acta., 92, 459, 1979.
Jung, K., Pergande, M., Schroder, K. and Schreiber, G., Influence of pH on the activity of enzymes in urine at 37 °C, Clin. Chem., 28, 1814, 1982.
Vestergaard, P. and Leverett, R., Constancy of urinary creatinine excretion, J. Lab. Clin. Med., 51, 211, 1958.
Grant, G.H., The proteins of normal urine, J. Clin. Pathol., 10, 360, 1957.
Grant, G.H., The proteins of normal urine from the urinary tract, J. Clin. Pathol., 12, 510, 1959.
Anderson, N.G., Anderson, N.L. and Tollaksen, S.L., Proteins of human urine. 1. Concentration and analysis by two-dimensional electrophoresis, Clin. Chem., 25, 1199, 1979.
Clark, P.M.S., Iso dalt analysis of urinary proteins, in Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Kidney Disease, Lubec, G., Ed., Karger, Basel, 1983, 144.
Hermann, G., Immunoelectrophoretic study of normal and pathological urinary protein patterns including proteinuria of kidney transplant patients, Protides Biol. Fluids, 21, 379, 1973.
Dinh, B., Brassard, A., Raghavan, S.R.V., Mardini, A. and Poirier, L., Immunochemical and enzymatic studies on the soluble antigens of normal human kidney, Nephron, 17, 104, 1976.
Antoine, B., Histuria (tissue-like material appearing in urine under pathological conditions), Protides Biol. Fluids, 21, 347, 1973.
Rosenmann, E., Dishon, T., Durst, A. and Boss, J.H., Urinary excretion of kidney antigens in experimental renal diseases of the rat, Br. J. Exp. Pathol., 52, 388, 1971.
Mondorf, A.W., Carpenter, C.B., Scherberich, J.E. and Merrill, J.P., Specific tubular histuria following renal transplantation, Protides Biol. Fluids, 21, 493, 1973.
Scherberich, J.E., Falkenberg, F.W., Mondorf, A.W., Muller, H. and Pfleiderer, G., Biochemical and immunological studies on isolated brush border membranes of human kidney cortex and their membrane surface proteins, Clin. Chim. Acta, 55, 179, 1974.
Mondorf, A.W., Breier, J., Hendus, J., Scherberich, J.E., Mackenrodt, G., Shah, P.M., Stille, W. and Schoeppe, W., Effect of aminoglycosides on proximal tubular membranes of the human kidney, Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 13, 133, 1978.
Mondorf, A.W., Zegelman, M., Klose, J., Hendus, J. and Breier, J., Comparative studies on the action of aminoglycosides and cephalosporins on the proximal tubule of the human kidney, J. Antimicrob. Chemotherapy, 4 (Suppl. A), 53, 1978.
Scherberich, J.E. and Mondorf, W.A., Excretion of kidney brush border antigens as a quantitative indicator of tubular damage, Curr. Probl. Clin. Biochem., 9, 281, 1979.
Sachse, H.J., Falkenberg, F.W., Scherberich, J.E., Stefanescu, T., Fassbinder, W., Mondorf, A.W. and Schoeppe, W., Development of a radioimmunoassay for a high molecular mass tubular antigen in urine - its application for early detection of tubular damage, Clin. Chim. Acta, 110, 91, 1981.
Scherberich, J.E., Mondorf, W., Falkenberg, F.W., Pierard, D. and Schoeppe, W., Monitoring drug nephrotoxicity, Contr. Nephrol., 42, 81, 1984.
Miettinen, A. and Linder, E., Membrane antigens shared by renal proximal tubules and other epithelia associated with absorption and excretion, Clin. Exp. Immunol., 23, 568, 1976.
Zager, R. and Carpenter, C.B., Radioimmunoassay for urinary renal tubular antigen: a potential marker of tubular injury, Kidney Intv, 13, 505, 1978.
Zager, R.A., Rubin, N.T., Ebert, T. and Maslov, N., Rapid radioimmunoassay for diagnosing acute tubular necrosis, Nephron, 26, 7, 1980.
Zager, R.A., Urinary protein markers of tubulointerstitial nephritis, Invest. Urol., 18, 197, 1980.
Zager, R.A. and Johannes, G.A., Susceptibility of the proximal tubular brush border to acute obstructive injury, J. Urol., 127, 383, 1982.
Gazit, E., Rotem, Y. and Boichis, H., Quantitation of renal antigen excretion in the urine of normal children and of children with various renal diseases, Pediatr. Res., 11, 1129, 1977.
Falkenberg, F.W., Riffelmann, H., Muller, E., Gantenberg, W., Behrendt, B. and Waks, T., Monoclonal antibodies against antigens in the human kidney, in Monoclonal Antibodies and T-Cell Hybridomas, Hammerling, G.J., Hammerling, U. and Kearney, J.F., Eds., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1981, 148.
Falkenberg, F.W., Gantenberg, W., Jurgenliemk, I., Mayer, M., Pierard, D., Riffelmann, H., Behrendt, B. and Waks, T., Developmental aspects of im- munologically characterised proteins, Clin. Biochem., 16, 10, 1983.
Pierard, D., Herrmann, G., Mai, U., Hecking, E., Mondorf, A.W., Scherberich, J.E. and Falkenberg, F.W., Sandwich enzyme-immunoassays for the quantification of kidney-derived antigens in urine using monoclonal antibodies, in Immunoenzymatic Techniques, Avrameas, S., Druet, P., Masseyeff, R. and Feldman, G., Eds., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1983, 333.
Mutti, A., Lucertini, S., Valcavi, P., Neri, T.M., Fernery, M., Illinova, R. and Franchini, I., Urinary excretion of brush-border antigen revealed by monoclonal antibody: early indicator of toxic nephropathy, Lancet, 2, 914, 1985.
Herzlinger, D.A., Easton, T.G. and Ojakian, G.K., The MDCK epithelial cell line expresses a cell surface antigen of the kidney distal tubule, J. Cell Biol., 93, 269, 1982.
Muller, G.A. and Muller, C., Characterisation of renal antigens on distinct parts of the human nephron by monoclonal antibodies, Klin. Wochenschr., 61, 893, 1983.
Shimizu, F., Orikasa, M., Sato, K. and Oite, T., Monoclonal antibodies to rat renal antigens, Immumology, 52, 319, 1984.
Tagliabue, E., Canevari, S., Menard, S., Fossati, G., Balsari, A., Torre, G.D. and Colnaghi, M.I., Human renal antigen defined by a murine monoclonal antibody, J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 73, 363, 1984.
Kirsch, R., Fleischner, G., Kamisaka, K. and Arias, I.M., Structural and functional studies of ligandin, a major renal organic anion-binding protein, J. Clin. Invest., 55, 1009, 1975.
Feinfeld, D.A., Sherman, R.A., Safirstein, R., Ohmi, N., Fuh, V.L., Arias, I.M. and Levine, S.D., Urinary ligandin in renal tubular cell injury, Contr. Nephrol., 42, 111, 1984.
Campbell, J.A.H., Bass, N.M. and Kirsch, R.E., Immunohistological localisation of ligandin in human tissues, Cancer, 45, 503, 1980.
Feinfeld, D.A., Fleischner, G.M., Goldstein, E.J., Levine, R.D., Levine, S.D., Avram, M.M. and Arrias, I.M., Ligandinuria: an indication of tubular cell necrosis, Curr. Probl. Clin. Biochem., 9, 273, 1979.
Bomhard, E., Maruhn, D., Paar, D. and Wehling, K., Urinary enzyme measurements as sensitive indicators of chronic cadmium nephrotoxicity, Contr. Nephrol., 42, 142, 1984.
Sikri, K.L., Foster, C.L., Bloomfield, F.J. and Marshall, R.D., Localisation by immunofluorescence and by light- and electronmicroscopic immunoperoxidase techniques of Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein in adult hamster kidney, Biochem. J., 181, 525, 1979.
Sisson, S.P. and Vernier, R.L., Methods for immunoelectron-microscopy: localisation of antigens in rat kidney, J. Histochem. Cytochem., 28, 441, 1980.
Sikri, K.L., Foster, C.L., MacHugh, N. and Marshall, R.D., Localisation of Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein in the human kidney using immunofluorescence and immunoelectronmicroscopical techniques, J. Anat., 132, 597, 1981.
Dawnay, A., McLean, C. and Cattell, W.R., The development of a radioimmunoassay for Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein in serum, Biochem. J., 185, 697, 1980.
Dawnay, A., Thornley, C. and Cattell, W.R., An improved radioimmunoassay for urinary Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein, Biochem. J., 206, 461, 1982.
Wirdnam, P.K. and Milner, R.D.G., Radioimmunoassay for serum and urinary Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein in the rat, Nephron, 40, 362, 1985.
Grant, A.M.S., Baker, L.R.I, and Neuberger, A., Urinary Tarnm-Horsfall glycoprotein in certain kidney diseases and its content in renal and bladder calculi, Clin. Sci., 44, 377, 1973.
Bichler, K.H., Kirchner, C. and Ideler, V., Uroraucoid excretion of normal individuals and stone formers, Br. J. Urol., 47, 733, 1976.
Haugen, H., Akesson, I., Enger, E. and Meberg, A., Uromucoid in normal urine, Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest., 38, 49, 1978.
Samuell, C.T., Uromucoid excretion in normal subjects, calcium stone formers and in patients with chronic renal failure, Urol. Res., 7, 5, 1979.
Lynn, K.L., Shenkin, A. and Marshall, R.D., Factors affecting excretion of human urinary Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein, Clin. Sci., 62, 21, 1982.
Thornley, C., Dawnay, A. and Cattell, W.R., Human Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein: urinary and plasma levels in normal subjects and patients with renal disease determined by a fully validated radioimmunoassay, Clin. Sci., 68, 529, 1985.
Lynn, K.L. and Marshall, R.D., Excretion of Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein in renal disease, Clin. Nephrol., 22, 253, 1984.
Dawnay, A. and Cattell, W.R., Serum Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein levels in health and in renal disease, Clin. Nephrol., 15, 5, 1981.
Dawnay, A., Thornley, C. and Cattell, W.R., unpublished data, 1984.
Dawnay, A., The development and application of a radioimmunoassay for Tamm- Horsfall glycoprotein. Ph.D. thesis, London University, 1980.
Wellwood, J.M., Davies, D., Leighton, M. and Thompson, A.E., Urinary N- acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase assay in renal transplant recipients, Transplantation, 26, 396, 1978.
Cvoriscec, D., Stavljenic, A. and Radonic, M., Tamm-Horsfall protein in Balkan endemic nephropathy, J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem., 23, 177, 1985.
Cvoriscec, D., Stavljenic, A. and Radonic, M., Relationship between tubular and Tamm-Horsfall proteinuria in Balkan endemic nephropathy, Nephron, 42, 152, 1986.
Avis, P.J.G., Williams, J.D., Salaman, J.R., Asscher, A.W. and Newcombe, R., Serum Tamm-Horsfall protein concentration in cyclosporin treated renal transplant recipients, Lancet, 2, 154, 1985.
Avis, P.J.G., Williams, J.D., Salaman, J.R., Asscher, A.W. and Newcombe, R., Serum Tamm-Horsfall protein concentration in cyclosporin treated renal transplant recipients, Lancet, 2, 154, 1985.
Avis, P.J.G., Williams, J.D., Salaman, J.R., Asscher, A.W. and Newcombe, R., Serum Tamm-Horsfall protein concentration in cyclosporin treated renal transplant recipients, Lancet, 2, 154, 1985.
Rand-Weaver, M. and Price, R.G., Macromolecular associations, antigenicity, and variation in disease, Bioscience Reports, 3, 713, 1983.
Hawkins, D. and Cochrane, C.G., Glomerular basement membrane damage in im-munological glomerulonephritis, Immunology, 14, 665, 1968.
McPhaul, J.J. and Dixon, F.J., Immunoreactive basement membrane antigens in normal human urine and serum, J. Exp. Med., 130, 1395, 1969.
Mahieu, P. and Maghuin-Rogister, G., Purification of basement membrane antigens from nomal human urine by affinity chromatography, Protides Biol. Fluids, 21, 467, 1973.
Schneider, L.W., Barnett, D.R., Carson, S.D., Goldblum, R.M., van Braght, P.H., Brejwo, H.J.A., Bell, J.D., Travis, L.C. and Bowman, B.H., Studies of human urinary protein fragments from extracellular matrix proteins, Renal Physiol., 6, 157, 1983.
Risteli, J., Rohde, H. and Timpl, R., Sensitive radioimmunoassay for 7-S collagen and 1aminin. Application to serum and tissue studies of basement membranes, Anal. Biochem., 113, 372, 1981.
Risteli, J., Draeger, K.E., Regitz, G. and Neubauer, H.P., Increase in circulating basement membrane antigens in diabetic rats and effects of insulin treatment, Diabetologia, 23, 266, 1982.
Niemela, 0., Risteli, L., Sotaniemi, E.A. and Risteli, J., Type IV collagen and laminin-related antigens in human serum in alcoholic liver disease, Eur. J. Clin. Invest., 15, 132, 1985.
Baggio, B., Gambaro, G., Briani, G., Favaro, S. and Borsati, A., Urinary excretion of glycosaminoglycans and brush border and lysosomal enzymes as markers of glomerular and tubular involvement in kidney diseases, Contr. Nephrol., 42, 107, 1984.
Moore, P.K., Prostanoids: Pharmacological, Physiological and Clinical Relevance, Cambridge University Press, 1985.
Fröhlich, J.C., Wilson, T.W. and Sweetman, B.J., Urinary prostaglandins: identification and origin, J. Clin. Invest., 55, 763, 1975.
Patrono, C., Wennmalm, A. and Ciabottini, G., Evidence for an extra-renal origin of urinary protaglandin E2 in healthy men, Prostaglandins, 18, 623, 1979.
Prescott, L.F., The nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity of antipyretic analgesics, Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 7, 453, 1979.
Dunn, M.J. and Zambraski, E.J., Renal effects of drugs that inhibit prostaglandin synthesis, Kidney. Int., 18, 609, 1980.
Henrich, W.L., Nephrotoxicity of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, Am. J. Kid. Dis., 11, 478, 1983.
Lifschitz, M.D., Renal effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, J. Lab. Clin. Med., 102, 313, 1983.
Robinson, D.R., Prostaglandins and the mechanism of action of antiinflammatory drugs, Am. J. Med., 75 (No. 4B), 26, 1983.
Clive, D.M. and Stoff, J.S., Renal syndromes associated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, N. Eng. J. Med., 310, 563, 1984.
Garella, S. and Matarese, R.A., Renal effects of prostaglandins and clinical adverse effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Medicine, 63, 165, 1984.
Abraham, P.A. and Keane, W.F., Glomerular and interstitial disease induced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Am. J. Nephrol., 4, 1, 1984.
Bennett, W.M., The adverse renal effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: increasing problems or overrated risk, Am. J. Kid. Dis., 11, 477, 1983.
Blum, M., Bauminger, S., Algueti, A., Kisch, E., Ayalon, D. and Aviram, A., Urinary protaglandin-E2 in chronic renal disease, Clin. Nephrol., 15, 87, 1981.
McGiff, J.C., Terragno, N.A. and Itskovitz, H.D., Role of renal prostaglandins as revealed by inhibitors of prostaglandin synthetase, in Prostaglandin Synthetase Inhibitors, Robinson, H.J. and Vane, J.R., Eds., Raven Press, New York, 1974, 259.
Kimberly, R.P., Bowden, R.E., Keiser, H.R. and Plotz, P.H., Reduction of renal function by newer non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Am. J. Med., 64, 804, 1978.
Tan, S.Y., Shapiro, R., Franco, R., Stockhard, H. and Mulrow, P.J., Indomethacin-induced prostaglandin inhibition with hyperkalemia, Ann. Intern. Med., 90, 783, 1979.
Schmidt, U. and Guder, W.G., Sites of enzyme activity along the nephron, Kidney Int., 9, 233, 1976.
Price, R.G., Urinary enzymes, nephrotoxicity and renal disease, Toxicology, 23, 99, 1982.
Miyakawa, Y., Kitamura, K., Shibata, S. and Naruse, T., Demonstration of human nephritogenic tubular antigen in the serum and organs by radioimmunoassay, J. Immunol., 117, 1203, 1976.
Andrassy, K. and Ritz, E., Isolation and renal localisation of urokinase, Curr. Probi. Clin. Biochem., 9, 330, 1979.
Banerjee, D., Onosaka, S. and Cherian, M.G., Immunohistochemical localisation of metallothionein in cell nucleus and cytoplasm of rat liver and kidney, Toxicology, 24, 95, 1982.
Gaarder, P.I. and Heier, H.E., A human autoantibody to renal collecting duct cells associated with thyroid and gastric autoimmunity and possibly renal tubular acidosis, Clin. Exp. Immunol., 51, 29, 1983.
Ratner, J.J., Thomas, V.L., Sanford, B.A. and Forland, M., Antibody to kidney antigen in the urine of patients with urinary tract infections, J. Infect. Dis., 147, 434, 1983.
Ziai, M.R., Jackson, P. and Thompson, R.J., A novel human kidney-specific protein detected by two-dimensional electrophoresis: isolation, radioimmunoassay, and immunohistochemical localisation, Electrophoresis, 5, 362, 1984.
Takahashi, S., Miura, R. and Miyake, Y., A study on renin binding protein in the human kidney, J. Biochem., 97, 671, 1985.
Tejler, L., Lindgarde, F., Malmquist, J. and Zettervall, O., Human urinary protein with high calcium affinity, Clin. Chim. Acta, 56, 75, 1976.
Weissman, J., Schneider, L.E. and Schedi, H.P., Renal calcium binding protein in the diabetic and vitamin D-depleted rat, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 497, 358, 1977.
Taylor, A.N., McIntosh, J.E. and Bourdeau, J.E., Immunocytochemical localisation of vitamin D-dependent calcium binding protein in renal tubules of rabbit, rat, and chick, Kidney. Int., 21, 765, 1982.
Orci, L., Brown, D., Roth, J. and Norman, A.W., Vitamin-D-dependent calcium binding protein content is reduced in kidneys of juvenile-onset diabetics, Lancet, 2, 102, 1982.
Wood, P.J., The diagnostic potential of cyclic nucleotide measurements, in Recent Advances in Clinical Biochemistry, Vol. 2., Alberti, K.G.M.M. and Price, C.P., Eds., Churchill Livingstone, New York, 1981, chap. 12.
Weinberg, J.M., Calcium as a mediator of renal tubule cell injury, Semin. Nephrol., 4, 174, 1984.
Bennet, W.M., Pulliam, J.P., Porter, G.A. and Houghton, D.C., Modification of experimental gentamicin nephrotoxicity by selective parathyroidectomy, Am. J. Physiol., 249, F832, 1985.
Northover, B.J., Indomethacin - a calcium antagonist, Gen. Pharmac., 8, 293,1977
Kantor, H.S. and Hampton, M., Indomethacin in submicromolar concentrations inhibits cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, Nature, 276, 841, 1978.
Linton, A.L., Clark, W.F., Driedger, A.A., Turnbull, D.I. and Lindsay, R.M., Acute interstitial nephritis due to drugs, Ann. Intern. Med., 93, 735, 1980.
Kleinknecht, D., Kanfer, A., Morel-Maroger, L. and Mery, J.P., Immunologically mediated drug-induced acute renal failure, Contr. Nephrol., 10, 42,1978.
Wedeen, R.P., Occupational renal disease, Am. J. Kid. Dis., 111, 241, 1984.
Minetti, L., Barbiano di Belgioioso, G. and Busnach, G., Immunohistological diagnosis of drug-induced hypersensitivity nephritis, Contr. Nephrol., 10, 15, 1978.
Husby, G., Tung, K.S.K, and Williams, R.C., Characterisation of renal tissue lymphocytes in patients with interstitial nephritis, Am. J. Med., 70, 31, 1981.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1987 Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Dawnay, A.B.S.J., Cattell, W.R. (1987). The Measurement of Kidney-Derived Immunologically Reactive Material in Urine and Plasma for Studying Renal Integrity. In: Bach, P.H., Lock, E.A. (eds) Nephrotoxicity in the experimental and clinical situation. Developments in Nephrology, vol 19-20. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3371-2_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3371-2_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-8014-9
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-3371-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive