Abstract
The Earth is often regarded as a heat engine because many of the important phenomena of the Earth are caused by its internal thermal energy. The phenomena include such a large scale one as global plate tectonics and small scale ones as local seismicity, crustal movements, volcanism and hydrocarbon maturation. To elucidate how this giant heat engine operates, the nature and distribution of its heat sources, internal temperature and mode of heat transfer must be clarified. Through such studies, the mechanisms of Earth’s processes are inferred and the thermal history and tectonic evolution of the Earth can be reconstructed. However, the path of such research is not an easy one, because the problem is essentially an inverse one both in time and space with non-unique solutions.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Akaogi, N. and Akimoto, S.: 1979, ‘High Pressure Equilibria in a Garnet Lherzolite with Special Reference to Mg2+ - Fe2+ Portioning among Constituent Minerals’, Phys. Earth Planet. Interiors 19, 31–51.
Anderson, R. N.: 1980, ‘Update of Heat Flow in the East and Southeast Asian Seas’, in D. Hayes (ed.), Tectonic/Geologic Evolution of Southeast Asia; Geophys. Monogr. 23, Amer. Geophys. Un., Washington D.C., 319–326.
Anderson, R. N. and Skilbeck, J. N.: 1980, Oceanic Heat Flow, in C. Emiliani (ed.), The Sea, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 7, 489–523.
Anderson, O. L.: 1981, ‘Temperature Profiles in the Earth’, in R. J. O’Connell and W. S. Fyfe (eds.), Evolution of the Earth, Geodynamics Series, 5, AGU/GSA, 19–27.
Andrews, D. J. and Sleep, N. H.: 1974, ‘Numerical Modeling of Tectonic Flow Behind Island Arcs’, Geophys. J. Roy. Astr. Soc. 38, 237–251.
Birch, F.: 1954, The Present State of Geothermal Investigation’, Geophys. 19, 645–659.
Birch, F.: 1958, ‘Differentiation of the Mantle’, Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 69, 483–486.
Blackwell, D. D., Bowen, R. G., Hull, D. A. Riccio, J., and Steele, J. L.: 1982, ‘Heat Flow, Arc Volcanism and Subduction in Northern Oregon’, J. Geophys. Res. 87, 8735–8754.
Bodmer, Ph., England, P. C, Kissling, E. and Rybach, L.: 1979, ‘On the Correction of Subsurface Temperature Measurements for the Effects of Topographic Relief, Part II; Application to Temperature Measurements in the Central Alps’, in V. Čermák and L. Rybach (eds.), Terrestrial Heat Flow in Europe, Springer, 78–87.
Bodri, L. and Bodri, B.: 1978, ‘Numerical Investigation of Tectonic Flow in Island-Arc Areas’, Tectonophys. 50, 163–175.
Boyd, F. R.: 1973, ‘A Pyroxene Geotherm’, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 37, 2533–2546.
Bram, K.: 1979, ‘Heat Flow Measurements in the Federal Republic of Germany’, in V. Čermák and L. Rybach (eds.), Terrestrial Heat Flow in Europe, Springer-Verlag, 191–196.
Bullard, E. C, Maxwell, A. E. and Revelle, R.: 1956, ‘Heat Flow Through the Deep Sea Floor’, Adv. Geophys. 3, 153–181.
Burke, K.: 1975, ‘Hot Spots and Aulacogens of the European Margin’, Leicester/Shropshire, Oslo/ Fen, Geol. Soc. Amer. Abstr. 7, 34–35.
Burns, R. E.: 1964, ‘Sea Bottom Heat-Flow Measurements in the Andaman Sea’, J. Geophys. Res. 69, 4918–4919.
Calvalho, H. da. S., Siswoyo, P., Thamrin, M. and Vacquier, V.: 1980, Terrestrial Heat Flow in the Tertiary Basin of Central Sumatra’, Tectonophys. 69, 163–188.
Čermák, V. and Rybach, L. (eds.): 1979, Terrestrial Heat Flow in Europe, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 328 p.
Chapman, D. S. and Pollack, H. N.: 1975, ‘Global Heat Flow: A New Look’, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 28, 23–32.
Chapman, D. S. and Pollack, H. N.: 1977, Heat Flow and Heat Production in Zambia: Evidence for Lithosphere Thinning in Central Africa’, Tectonophys. 41, 79–100.
Chapman, D. S. and Pollack, H. N.: 1980, ‘Global Heat Flow: Spherical Harmonic Representation’, EOS, Trans. Am. Geophys. Un. 61, 383.
Clark, S. P.: 1957, Radiative Transfer in the Earth’s Mantle’, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un. 38, 931–938.
Collette, B. J.: 1971, ‘Vertical Crustal Movements in the North Sea Area Through Geological Time’, in F. M. Delany (ed.), ICSU/SCOR Working Party 31, Symposium, Cambridge, 1970, The Geology of the East Atlantic Margin, H.M.S.O., London.
Coney, P. J., Jones, D. L. and Monger, J. W. H.: 1980, ‘Cordilleran Suspect Terranes’, Nature 288, 329–333.
Corliss, J. B., Dymond, J. R., Gordon, L. I., Edmond, J. M., Von Herzen R. P., Bullard, R., Green, K. E., Williams, D. L., Bainbridge, A., Crane, K. and van Andel, T. H.: 1979, ‘Submarine Thermal Springs on the Galapagos Rift’, Science 203, 1073–1083.
Crough, S. T. and Thompson, G. A.: 1976, Thermal Model of Continental Lithosphere’, J. Geophys. Res. 81, 4857–4862.
Davies, G. F.: 1980a, ‘Review of Oceanic and Global Heat Flow Estimates’, Rev. Geophys. Space, Phys. 18, 718–722.
Davies, G. F.: 1980b, Thermal Histories of Convective Earth Models and Constraints on Radiogenic Heat Production in the Earth’, J. Geophys. Res. 85, 2517–2530.
Decker, E. R. and Burcher, G. J.: 1977, ‘Geothermal Studies in Antarctica’, U.S. Antarct. J. 12, 102–104.
Degens, E. T.,Von Herzen R. P. and Wong How-Kim: 1971, ‘Lake Tanganika: Water Chemistry, Sediments, Geological Structure’, Naturwiss. 58, 229–241.
Degens, E. T., Von Herzen, R. P., Wong How-Kim, Deuser, W. G. and Jannasch, H. W.: 1973, ‘Lake Kivu: Structure, Chemistry and Biology of an East African Rift Lake’, Geol. Rundschau 62, 245–277.
Dickinson, W. R. and Snyder, W. S.: 1979, ‘Geometry of Subducted Slabs Related to San Andreas Transform’, J. Geol. 87, 609–627.
England, P. C. and Richardson, S. W.: 1980, ‘Erosion and the Age-Dependence of Continental Heat Flow’, Geophys. J. Roy. Astr. Soc. 62, 421–438.
Fukao, Y.: 1969, ‘On the Radiative Heat Transfer and the Thermal Conductivity in the Upper Mantle’, Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst. 47, 549–569.
Furlong, K. P., Chapman, D. S. and Alfeld, P. W.: 1982, Thermal Modelling of the Geometry of Subduction with Implications for the Tectonics of the Overriding Plate’, J. Geophys. Res. 87, 1786–1802.
Gilvarry, J. J.: 1956, The Lindemann and Grüneisen Laws’, Phys. Rev. 102, 308–316.
Haenel, R.: 1983, ‘Geothermal Investigations in the Rhenish Massif’, in K. Fuchs, K. von Gehlen, H. Mälzer, H. Murawski and A. Semmel (eds.), Plateau Uplift, Springer-Verlag, 228–246.
Hamza, V. M. and Verma, R. K.: 1969, The Relationship of Heat Flow with Age of Basement Rock’, Bull. Volcanologique 33, 123–152.
Hasebe, K., Fujii, N. and Uyeda, S.: 1970, Thermal Processes under Island Arcs’, Tectonophys 10, 335–355.
Heestand, R. L. and Crough, S. T.: 1981, The Effect of Hot Spots on the Oceanic Age-Depth Relation’, J. Geophys. Res. 86, 6107–6114.
Hilde, T. W. C. and S. Uyeda: 1983, ‘Trench Depth: Variation and Significance’, in T. W. C. Hilde and S. Uyeda (eds.), Geodynamics of the Western Pacific-Indonesian Region, Geodynamics Series, 11, Amer. Geophys. Un./Geol. Soc. Amer., 75–89.
Hobart, M., Anderson, R. N. and Uyeda, S.: 1979, ‘Heat Transfer in the Mariana Trough’, EOS 60, 383.
Hoffers, B.: 1981, ‘A Model for Hydrothermal Convection in the Rheingraben and its Tectonic Implications’, Tectonophys. 73, 141–149.
Honda, S.: 1982, ‘Numerical Analysis of Layered Convection-Marginal Stability and Finite Amplitude Analysis’, Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst. 57, 273–302.
Honda, S.: 1983, ‘Mantle Convection — A Review on Recent Topics’, Nagare 2, 341–354, (in Japanese).
Honda, S.: 1985, Thermal Structure Beneath the Northeast Japan’, Tectonophys. 112, 69–102.
Honda, S. and Uyeda, S.: 1983, Thermal process in Subduction Zones’, in D. Shimozuru and I. Yokoyama (eds.), Arc Volcanism: Physics and Tectonics, Terra Sci. Pub. Co., Tokyo, 117–140.
Hsui, A. and Toksöz, M. N.: 1979, ‘The Evolution of Thermal Structures Beneath a Subduction Zone’, Tectonophys. 60, 43–60.
Jeffreys, H.: 1929, The Earth, 2nd ed., Cambridge.
Jessop, A. M., Hobart, M. A. and Sclater, J. G.: 1976, The World Heat Flow Data Collection — 1975. Geothermal Series 5, Earth Phys. Branch, Ottawa, 125 p.
Jordan, T. H.: 1981, ‘Continents as a Chemical Boundary Layer’, Phil. Roy. Soc. Lond. A. 301, 359–373.
Kappelmeyer, O. and Haenel, R.: 1974, ‘Geothermics with Special Reference to Application’, Geoexplor. Monogr. Ser. 1, 4, Gebr. Bornträger, Stuttgart, 238 p.
Kelvin, Lord: 1862, ‘On the Secular Cooling of the Earth’, Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, Trans. 23, 157–169.
Kono, Y. and Amano, M.: 1978, Thickening Model of the Continental Lithosphere’, Geophys. J. Roy. Astr. Soc. 54, 405–416.
Lachenbruch, A. H.: 1970: ‘Crustal Temperature and Heat Production: Implication of the Linear Heat Flow Relation’, J. Geophys. Res. 75, 3219–3300.
Lachenbruch, A. H. and Marshall, B. V.: 1966, ‘Heat Flow Through the Arctic Ocean Floor — the Canada Basin-Alpha Rise Boundary’, J. Geophys. Res. 71, 1224–1248.
Lachenbruch, A. H. and Sass, J. S.: 1977, ‘Heat Flow in the United States and Thermal Regime of the Crust’, in J. G. Heacock (ed.), The Earth’s Crust, Geophys. Monogr. 20, Am. Geophys. Un. Washington D.C., 626–675.
Lachenbruch, A. H. and Sass, J. S.: 1980, ‘Heat Flow and Energetics of the San Andreas Fault Zone’, J. Geophys. Res. 85, 6185–6222.
Langseth, M. G. and Anderson, R. N.: 1979, ‘Correction’, J. Geophys. Res. 84, 1139–1140.
Langseth, M. G. and Von Herzen, R. P.: 1970, ‘Heat Flow Through the Floor of the World Oceans’, in A. E. Maxwell (ed.), The Sea, Instersci., New York, 299–352.
Lawver, L. A., Williams, D. L. and Von Herzen, R. P.: 1975, ‘A Major Geothermal Anomaly in the Gulf of California’, Nature, 257, No. 5221, 23–28.
Lee, W. H. K.: 1970, ‘On the Global Variations of Terrestrial Heat Flow’, Phys. Earth. Planet. Inter. 2, 332–341.
Lee, W. H. K. and MacDonald, G. J. F.: 1963, ‘The Global Variation of Terrestrial Heat Flow’, J. Geophys. Res. 68, 6481–6492.
Lee, W. H. K. and Uyeda, S.: 1965, ‘Review of Heat Flow Data’, in W. H. K. Lee (ed.), Terrestrial Heat Flow, Geophys. Monograph. 8, Amer. Geophys. Un. Washington, D.C., 87–190.
Le Pichon, X. and Sibuet, J. C: 1981, ‘Passive Margins: A Model of Formation’, J. Geophys. Res. 86, 3708–3720.
Lister, C. R. B.: 1972, ‘On the Thermal Balance of a Midocean Ridge’, Geophys. J. Roy. Astr. Soc. 26, 515–535.
Lister, C. R. B.: 1980, ‘Heat Flow and Hydrothermal Circulation’, Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 8, 95–117.
Lubimova, E. A.: 1958, ‘Thermal History of the Earth with Consideration of the Variable Thermal Conductivity of the Mantle’, Geophys. J. Roy. Astr. Soc. 1, 115–134.
Lysak, S. V.: 1978, ‘The Baikal Heat Flow’, Tectonophys. 45, 87–93.
MacDonald, G. J. F.: 1959, ‘Calculations on the Thermal History of the Earth’, J. Geophys. Res. 64, 1967–2000.
MacDonald, K. C., Becker, K., Spiess, F. N. and Ballard, R.: 1980, ‘Hydrothermal Heat Flux of the “Black Smoker” Vents on the East Pacific Rise’, Earth. Planet Sci. Lett. 48, 1–7.
McKenzie, D. P.: 1967, ‘Some Remarks on Heat Flow and Gravity Anomalies’, J. Geophys. Res. 72, 6261–6271.
McKenzie, D. P.: 1978, ‘Some Remarks on the Development of Sedimentary Basins’, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 40, 25–32.
McKenzie, D. P.: 1981, ‘The Variation of Temperature with Time and Hydrocarbon Maturation in Sedimentary Basins Formed by Extension’, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 55, 87–98.
McKenzie, D. P. and Richter, F. M.: 1981, ‘Parameterized Thermal Convection in a Layered Region and the Thermal History of the Earth’, J. Geophys. Res. 86, 11.667–11.680.
McKenzie, D., and Weiss, N.: 1975, ‘Speculations on the Thermal and Tectonic History of the Earth’, Geophys. J. Roy. Astr. Soc. 42, 131–174.
Merrier, J. C. and Carter, N. L.: 1975, ‘Pyroxene Geotherms’, J. Geophys. Res. 80, 3349–3362.
Minear, J. W. and Toksöz, M. N.: 1970, Thermal Regime of a Downgoing Slab and new Global Tectonics’, J. Geophys. Res. 75, 1397–1419.
Oldenburg, D. W.: 1975, ‘A Physical Model for the Creation of the Lithosphere’, Geophys. J. Roy. Astr. Soc. 43, 425–451.
O’Nions, R. K., Evenson, N. M. and Hamilton, P. J.: 1979, ‘Geochemical Modelling of Mantle Differentiation and Crustal Growth’, J. Geophys. Res. 84, 6091–6101.
Oxburgh, E. R. and Parmentier, E. M.: 1978, Thermal Processes in the Formation of Continental Lithosphere’, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A. 288, 415–429.
Oxburgh, E. R. and Turcotte, D. L.: 1970, Thermal Structure of Island Arcs’, Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 81, 1665–1688.
Parsons, B. and McKenzie, D. P.: 1978, ‘Mantle Convection and the Thermal Structure of the Plates’, J. Geophys. Res. 83, 4485–4496.
Parsons, B. and Sclater, J. G.: 1977, ‘An Analysis of the Variation of Ocean Floor Bathymetry and Heat Flow with Age’, J. Geophys. Res. 82, 803–827.
Peltier, W. R. and Javis, G. T.: 1982, ‘Whole Mantle Convection and the Thermal Evolution of the Earth’, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 29, 281–304.
Pollack, H. N.: 1982, The Heat Flow from the Continents’, Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 10, 459–481.
Pollack, H. N. and Chapman, D. S.: 1977, ‘On the Regional Variation of Heat Flow, Geotherms, and the Thickness of Lithosphere’, Tectonophys. 38, 279–296.
Polyak, B. G. and Smirnov, Ya. B.: 1968, ‘Relationships Between Terrestrial Heat Flow and Tectonics of Continents’, Geotectonics, (Engl. Transi.), 4, 205–213.
Rao, R. U. M., Rao, G. V. and Reddy, G. K.: 1982, ‘Age Dependence of Continental Heat Flow -Fantasy and Facts’, Earth Planet. Sci., Lett. 59, 288–302.
Rossby, H. T.: 1969, ‘A Study of Bénard Convection with and without Rotation’, J. Fluid, Mech. 36, 309–335.
Roy, R. F., Blackwell, D. D. and Birch, F.: 1968, ‘Heat Generation of Plutonic Rocks and Continental Heat Flow Provinces’, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 5, 1–12.
Rybach, L.: 1976, ‘Die Gesteinsradioaktivität und ihr Einfluss auf das Temperaturfeld in der Kontinentalen Kruste’, J. Geophys. 42, 93–101.
Savostin, L. A. and Vlasenko, V. I.: 1974, ‘Results of Geothermal Investigations in the Sea of Okhotsk’, Geotermiya 1–2, 91–95 (in Russian).
Sharpe, H. N. and Peltier, W. R.: 1978, ‘Parameterized Convection and Earth’s Thermal History’, Geophys. Res. Lett. 5, 737–740.
Sharpe, H. N. and Peltier, W. R.: 1979, ‘A Thermal History Model for the Earth with Parameterized Convection’, Geophys. J. Roy. Astr. Soc. 59, 171–203.
Schatz, J. F. and Simmons, G.: 1972, Thermal Conductivity of Earth’s Materials at High Temperatures’, J. Geophys. Res. 77, 6966–6983.
Schubert, G., Stevenson, D. and Cassen, P.: 1980, ‘Whole Planet Cooling and Radiogenic Heat Source Contents of the Earth and Moon’, J. Geophys. Res. 85, 2531–2538.
Sclater, J. G. and Christie, P. A. F.: 1980, ‘Continental Stretching: An Explanation of the Post-Mid-Cretaceous Subsidence of the Central North Sea Basin’, J. Geophy. Res. 85, 3711–3739.
Sclater, J. G. and Francheteau, J.: 1970, The Implications of Terrestrial Heat Flow Observations on Current Tectonic and Geochemical Models of the Crust and Upper Mantle of the Earth’, Geophys. J. Roy. Astr. Soc. 20, 509–542.
Sclater, J. G., Jaupart, C. and Galson, D. A.: 1980a, The Heat Flow Through Oceanic and Continental Crust and the Heat Loss of the Earth’, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 18, 269–311.
Sclater, J. G., Royden, L., Horvàth, F., Burchfiel, B. C., Semken, S. and Stegena, L.: 1980b, The Formation of Intra-Carpathian Basins as Determined from Subsidence Data’, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 51, 139–162.
Simmons, G. and Horai, K.: 1968, ‘Heat Flow Data 2’, J. Geophys. Res. 73, 6608–6629.
Slichter, L. B.: 1941, ‘Cooling of the Earth’, Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. 52, 561–600.
Smirnov, Ya. B.: 1980, Thermal Field of the Territory of the USSR, Main Adminst. Geodesy and Cartography, Council of Ministers, USSR, Moscow, 150 p.
Spiess, F. N., MacDonald, K. C, Atwater, T., Ballard, R., Carranza, A., Cordoba, D., Cox, C., Diaz Garcia, V. M., Francheteau, J., Guerrero, J., Hawkins, J., Haymaon, R., Hessler, R., Juteau, T., Kastner, M., Larson, R., Luyendyk, B., Macdougall, J. D., Miller, S. R, Normark, W., Orcutt, J. and Rangin, C.: 1980, ‘East Pacific Rise: Hot Springs and Geophysical Experiments’, Science 207, 1421–1433.
Spohn, T. and Schubert, G.: 1982, ‘Modes of Mantle Convection and Removal of Heat from the Earth’s Interior’, J. Geophys. Res. 87, 4682–4696.
Stacey, F. D.: 1977, A Thermal Model of the Earth’, Phys. Earth Planet. Interiors 15, 341–348.
Stacey, F. D. and Irvine, R. D.: 1977, Theory of Melting: Thermodynamic Basis of Lindemann’s Law’, Austr. J. Phys. 30, 631–640.
Stegena, L., Horvath, F., Sclater, J. G. and Royden, L.: 1981, ‘Determination of Paleotemperature by Vitrinite Reflectance Data’, Earth Evolution Sciences 3/4, 292–297.
Stevenson, D.: 1980, ‘Applications of Liquid State Physics to the Earth’s Core’, Phys. Earth Planet. Interiors 22, 42–52.
Taira, A., Saito, Y. and Hashimoto, M.: 1983, ‘The Role of Oblique Subduction and Strike-Slip Tectonics in the Evolution of Japan’, in T. W. C. Hilde and S. Uyeda (eds.), Geodynamics of the Western Pacific-Indonesian Region, Geodynamics Series 11, Amer. Geophys. Un./Geol. Soc. Amer., 303–316.
Tatsumi, Y., Sakuyama, M., Fukuyama, H. and Kushiro, I.: 1983, ‘Generation of Arc Basalt Magmas and Thermal Structure of the Mantle Wedge in Subduction Zone’, J. Geophys. Res. 88, 5815–5825.
Tozer, D. C: 1970, ‘Factors Determining the Temperature Evolution of Thermally Convecting Earth Models’, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 2, No. 5, 393–398.
Tozer, D. C: 1972, ‘The Present Thermal State of the Terrestrial Planets’, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 6, 182–197.
Turcotte, D. L.: 1980, ‘On the Thermal Evolution of the Earth’, Earth Planet. Sci., Lett. 48, 53–58.
Uyeda, S. and Horai, K.: 1964, ‘Terrestrial Heat Flow in Japan’, J. Geophys. Res. 69, 2121–2141.
Uyeda, S.: 1980, ‘Review of Heat Flow Studies in the Eastern Asia and Western Pacific Region’, UN ESCAP, CCOPISOPAC, Tech. Bull. 3, 153–169.
Uyeda, S. and Watanabe, T.: 1982, ‘Terrestrial Heat Flow in Western South America’, Tectonophys. 83, 63–70.
Verma, R. K.: 1969, ‘Review of Heat Flow Studies in India’, Proc. 2nd Symp. Upp. Mantle Proj., Hyderabad, 147–174.
Verma, R. K., Hamza, V. M. and Panda, P. K.: 1970, ‘Further Study of the Correlation of Heat Flow with Age of Basement Rocks’, Tectonophys. 10, 301–319.
Vitorello, I. Hamza, V. M. and Pollack, H. N.: 1980, ‘Terrestiral Heat Flow in Brazilian Highlands’, J. Geophys. Res. 85, 3778–3788.
Vitorello, I. and Pollack, H. N.: 1980, ‘On the Variation of Continental Heat Flow With Age and the Thermal Evolution of Continents’, J. Geophys. Res. 85, 983–995.
Von Herzen, R. P.: 1963, ‘Geothermal Heat Flow in the Gulfs of California and Aden’, Science 140, 1207–1208.
Von Herzen, R. P., Detrick, R. S., Crough, S. T., Epp, D. and Fehn, V.: 1982, ‘Thermal Origin of the Hawaiian Swell; Heat Flow Evidence and Thermal Models’, J. Geophys. Res. 87, 6711–6773.
Von Herzen, R. P. and Vacquier, V.: 1967, ‘Terrestrial Heat Flow in Lake Malawi, Africa’, J. Geophys. Res. 72, 4221–4226.
Wasserburg, G. J. and De Paulo, D. J.: 1979, ‘Models of Earth Structure Inferred from Neodymium and Strontium Isotope Abundances’, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, U.S. 76, 3594–3598.
Watanabe, T., Langseth, M. G. and Anderson, R. N.: 1977, ‘Heat Flow in Back-Arc Basins of the Western Pacific’, in M. Talwani and W. C. Pitman III (eds.), Island Arcs, Deep Sea Trenches and Back-Arc Basins, Amer. Geophys. Un., Washington, D.C., 137–161.
Williams, D. L., Von Herzen, R. P., Sclater, J. G. and Anderson, R. N.: 1974, ‘The Galapagos Spreading Center: Lithosphere Cooling and Hydrothermal Circulation’, Geophys. J. Roy. Astr. Soc. 38, 587–608.
Yamano, M., Honda, S. and Uyeda, S.: 1984, ‘Nankai Trough, A Hot Trench?’, J. Marine Geophys. Res., 6, 187–203.
Yamano, M., Uyeda, S., Aoki, Y. and Shipley, T. H.: 1982, ‘Estimates of Heat Flow Derived from Gas Hydrates’, Geology 10, 339–343.
Yasui, M., Kishii, T. and Sudo, K.: 1967, ‘Terrestrial Heat Flow in the Sea of Okhotsk (1)’, Oceangr. Mag. 19, 87–94.
Yasui, M., Kishii, T., Watanabe, T. and Uyeda, S.: 1968, ‘Heat Flow in the Sea of Japan’, in L. Knopoff, C. L. Drake and P. J. Hart (eds.), The Crust and Upper Mantle of the Pacific Area, Geophys. Monogr. 12, Am. Geophys. Un., Washington, D.C., 3–16.
Yoshii, T.: 1973, ‘Upper Mantle Structure Beneath the North Pacific and Marginal Seas’, J. Phys. Earth 21, 313–328.
Yoshii, T.: 1979, ‘A Detailed Cross-Section of the Deep Scismic Zone Beneath Northeastern Honshu. Japan’, Tectonophys. 55, 349–360.
References
Andl, U.: 1982, Geologische, geophysikalische und geochemische Untersuchungen einer aktiven Verwerfung bei Edenkoben (Pfalz), Oberrhein, geol. Abh., 31, Karlsruhe, 19–30.
Armstead, H. C. H.: 1983, Geothermal Energy. Its Past, Present and Future Contribution to the Energy Needs of Man, E. & F. N. Spon, 2, edition, New York, London, 404 p.
Bodvarsson, G.: 1969, ‘On the Temperature of Water Flowing Through Fractures’. J. Geophys. Res. 74, 1987–1992.
Burgassi, D., Ceron, P., Ferrara, G. C, Gestini, G., and Toro, B.: 1970, Geothermal Gradient and Heat Flow in the Radicofani Region (East of Monte Amiata, Italy), Proceed. U.N. Symp. on the Development and Utilization of Geothermal Resources, Geothermics, Spec. Issue 2, Vol 2, Part 7, Pisa, 443–449.
Carslaw, H. A. and Jaeger, J. C: 1959, Conduction of Heat in Solids, Clarendon Press, 2. Ed., Oxford, 510 p.
Cornelius, C. D.: 1975, ‘Geothermal Aspects of Hydrocarbon Exploration in the North Sea Area’, Norges Geologiske Undersokelse, 316, Bull. 29, 29–68.
Edwards, L. M., Chilingar, G. V., Rieke III H. H., and Fertl, W. H. (ed.): 1982, Handbook of Geothermal Energy, Gulf Publ. Comp. Book Div., Houston (USA), 613 p.
Fournier, R. O. and Potter, R. W.: 1982, ‘A Revised and Expanded Silica (Quartz) Geothermo-meter’, Geotherm. Res. Cone. Bull. V, 8–9.
Fournier, R. O.: 1981, ‘Application of Water Geochemistry to Geothermal Exploration and Reservoir Engineering’, in L. Rybach and L. J. P. Muffler (eds.), Geothermal Systems, J. Wiley & Sons, New York, 109–144.
Friedman, J. D., Williams, R. S., Palmason, G., and Müller, C. D.: 1969, Infrared Survey in Iceland, US Geological Survey Professional Paper 650-C, 89–105.
Galeone, L. and Mongelli, F.: 1981, ‘Preliminary Geothermal Model of the Travale Field, Italy’, Geothermics 10, 39–44.
Galeone, L. and Mongelli, F.: 1982, ‘Outlines for Interpreting Local Heat Flow Anomalies in the Tuscan-Latial pre-Apenninic Belt’, in V. Čermák and R. Haenel (eds.), Geothermics and Geothermal Energy, E. Schweizerbartsche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Nägele n. Obermiller, Stuttgart, 181–190.
Giesel, W. and Holz, A.: 1970, ‘Das anomale geothermische Feld in Salzstöcken — Quantitative Deutung an einem Beispiel’, Kali u. Steinsalz 5, 8, 272–274.
Grande, N. K. del: 1976, An Advanced Airborne Infrared Method for Evaluating Geothermal Resources, Proceed. 2. UN Symp. on the Development and Use of Geothermal Resources, San Francisco, May 1975, US Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 29402, U.S.A., 947–953.
Günther, R., Kappelmeyer, O., and Kronberg, P.: 1977, Zur Prospektion auf geothermale Anomalien, Erfahrungen einer Modelluntersuchung in Polichnitos, Lesbos (Griechenland), Geol. Rundschau Bd. 66, 10–33.
Hardee, H. C. and Larson, D. W.: 1980, ‘Thermal Techniques for Characterizing Magma Body Geometries’, Geothermics 3, 237–250.
Jaeger, J. C: 1964, ‘Thermal Effects of Intrusions’, Rev. of Geophysics 2, 3, 443–466.
Kappelmeyer, O.: 1957, ‘The Use of Near Surface Temperature Measurements for Discovering Anomalies Due to Causes at Depth’, Geophys. Props. V, 3, 239–258.
Kappelmeyer, O. and Haenel, R.: 1974, Geothermics with Special Reference to Application, Geo-explor. Monogr. Ser. 1, No. 4, Gebr. Borntraeger, Berlin, Stuttgart, 238 p.
Kestin, J. (ed. in Chief), Di Pippo, R., Khalifa, H. E., and Ryley, D. J. (ed.): 1980, Sourcebook on the Production of Electricity from Geothermal Energy, US Dep. of Energy, Washington, D.C. 20402, Contract, No. EY-76-S-4051. A 002, 997 p.
Klemme, H. G.: 1975, ‘Geothermal Gradients, Heat Flow and Hydrocarbon Recovery’, in G. Fischer and S. Judson (eds.), Petroleum and Global Tectonics, 251–304.
Lachenbruch, A. H., Sass, J. H., Munroe, R. J., and Moses, T. H. Jr: 1976, ‘Geothermal Setting and Simple Heat Conduction Models for the long Valley Caldera’, J. Geophy. Res. 81, 5, 769–784.
Lawton, R. G.: 1974, The AVER Heat Conduction Computer Programm, Report LA-5613-MS, LASL, Los Alamos, USA.
Lawton, R. G., Murphy, H. D., Tester, J. W., and McFarland, R. D.: 1976, ‘Geothermal Reservoir Modelling’, in Blair, A. G., Tester, J. W., and Mortensen, J. J. (eds.), LASL, Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Project, progress report LA-6255-PR, LASL, Los Alamos, USA.
LeSchack, L. A. and Lewis, J. E.: 1983, ‘Geothermal Prospecting with Shallow Temperature Surveys’, Geophysics 48, 975–996.
Lorenz, D.: 1968, Temperature Measurements of Natural Surfaces Using Infrared Radiometers’, Applied Optics 7, 1705–1710.
Meinhold, R.: 1968, Der Zusammenhang zwischen Geothermie, Hydrodynamik, Geochemie und Erdöllagerstätten, Erdöl-Erdgas-Erkundung und -Förderung, VEB-Verlag, Leipzig, 1, 422–433.
Meinhold, R.: 1971, Hydrodynamic Control of Oil and Gas Accumulation as Indicated by Geothermal, Geochemical and Hydrological Distribution Patterns, Eight world petroleum congress, London, 2, 55–66.
Michel, W. and Haenel, R.: 1984, Quantitative Bestimmung von Wasserinjektionen und Extraktionen in Bohrungen mit Hilfe von Temperaturmessungen im Hot-Dry-Rock Projekt Urach, Teilprojekt Geothermik, Report, NLfB Hannover, Archive No. 95 824.
Milora, S. L. and Tester, J. W.: 1976, Geothermal Energy as a Source of Electric Power, Thermodynamic and economic design criteria, The MIT Press, London, 186 p.
Mongelli, F.: 1980a, ‘Conductive Heat Flow Anomalies Interpretations-Lectures at 3rd Course ‘Geophysics of Geothermal Areas’, Ettore Majorana Tntern. Centre for Scientif Culture’, Erice, Italy.
Mongelli, F.: 1980b, ‘Geothermal Prospecting for Geothermal Fields’, in A. Rapolla, G. V. Keller, and D. J. Moore (eds.), Geophysical Aspects of the Energy Problem, Elsevier Sc. P. C, 83–99.
Mongelli, F.: 1981, Elementi di Prospezione per l’Energia Geotermica, Adriatica, Editrice, Bari, 150 p.
Morse, P. M. and Feshbach, H.: 1953, Methods of Theoretical Physics, McGraw Hill, New York, part I, 997 p.
Mundry, E.: 1968, Über die Abkühlung magmatischer Körper, Geol. Jb. 85, Hannover, 755–766.
Mundry, E.: 1970, Mathematical Estimation Concerning the Cooling of a Magmatic Intrusion, Proceed. UN Symp. on the Development and Utilization of Geothermal Resources. Geothermics, Spec. Issue 2, Vol. 2, Part I, Pisa, 661–668.
Murphy, H. D.: 1977, ‘Fluid Injection Profiles — A Modern Analysis of Wellbore Temperature Surveys’, — Soc. Petrol. Eng. AIME, Spe 6783, 1–8.
Murphy, H. D.: 1982, ‘Enhanced Interpretation of Temperature Surveys taken during Injection or Production’, Journal of Petroleum Technology, 1313–1326.
Prol, R. M. and Juarez, G.: 1986, ‘Geothermal Map of Mexico’, J. Vole. Geotherm. Res. 28, 351–362.
Reeves, R. G., Anson, A., and Landen, D.: 1975, ‘Manual of Remote Sensing’, Am. Soc. of Photogrammetry, Falls Church, V Vol. I (867 p.), Vol. II (2144 p).
Reiter, M. and Clarkson, G.: 1983, ‘Geothermal Studies in the San Juan Basin and the Four Corners Area of the Colorado Plateau. II, Steady State Models of the Thermal Source of the San Juan Volcanic Field’, Tectonophysis 91, 253–270.
Renner, J. L., White, D. E., and Williams, D. L.: 1975, ‘Hydrothermal Convection Systems’, in D. F. White, and D. L. Williams (eds.), Assessment of Geothermal Resources of the USA, Geol. Survey Circ. 726, 5–57.
Rodemann, H.: 1979, Modellrechnungen zum Wärmeaustausch in einem Frac, Report, NLfB Hannover, Archive No. 81 990.
Rodemann, H.: 1980, ‘Analytical Model Calculation on Heat Exchange in a Fracture’, in R. Haenel (ed.), The Urach Geothermal Project, Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, 351–353.
Rybach, L. and Muffler, L. J. P. (eds.): 1981, Geothermal Systems — Principles and Case Histories, Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 359 p.
Sabins, F. F. Jr.: 1978, Remote Sensing, Principles and Interpretation, W. H. Freeman and Cop., San Francisco, 1–426 p.
Selig, F. and Wallick, G. C: 1966, ‘Temperature Distribution in Salt Domes and Surrounding Sediments’, Geophys. 31,346–361.
Simmons, F.: 1967, ‘Interpretation of Heat Flow Anomalies, 1, Contrast in Heat Production’, Rev. of Geophys. 5, 42–52.
Smith, R. L. and Shaw, H. R.: 1975, ‘Igneous-Related Geothermal Systems’, in D. F. White and D. L. Williams (eds.), Assessment of Geothermal Resources of USA, Geol. Survey, Circ. 726, 58–83.
Swanberg, C. A. and Morgan, P.: 1979, ‘The Linear Relation Between Temperatures Based on the Silica Content of Groundwater and Regional Heat Flow: A New Heat Flow Map of the United States’, Pure Appl. Geophys. 117, 227–241.
Swanberg, C. A. and Morgan, P.: 1980, ‘The Silica Heat Flow Interpretation Technique: Assumptions and Applications’, J. Geophys. Res. 85, 7206–7214.
Swanberg, C. A. and Morgan, P.: 1981, ‘Heat-Flow Map of the United States Based on Silica Geothermometry’, in Y. S. Touloukian, W. R. Judd, and R. F. Roy (eds.), Physical Properties of Rocks and Minerals, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 54–544.
Urban, T. C, Diment, W. H., Sass, J. H., and Jamieson, I. M.: 1976, Heat flow at The Geysers, California, USA., Proceed. 2. UN Symp. on the Development and Use of Geothermal Resources, San Francisco, Vol. 2, 1241–1245.
Valle, R. G., Friedman, J. D., Gawarchi, S. J., and Banwell, C. J.: 1970, ‘Photogeology and Thermal Infrared Reconnaissance Survey of the Los Megritos — Ixlan de Los Hervores Geothermal Area Michocan, Mexico’, Geothermics, Special Issue No. 2, 381–398.
Von Herzen, R. P. and Uyeda, S.: 1963, ‘Heat Flow Through the Eastern Pacific Floor’, J. Geophys. Res. 68, 14, 4234–4240.
References
Arnorsson, S.: 1975, ‘Application of the Silica Geothermometer in Low-Temperature Hydrothermal Areas in Iceland’, Am. Jour. Sci. 275, 763–785.
Bostick, N. H.: 1973, Time as a Factor in Thermal Metamorphism of Phytoclasts (Coaly Particles)’, 7th Congr. Int. Stratigr. Geol. Carbonif. Krefeld Compt. Rend. 2, 283–293.
Bottinga, Y. and Javoy, M.: 1973, ‘Comments on Isotope Geothermometry’, Earth Plan. Sci. Lett. 20, 250–265.
Buntebarth, G.: 1979, ‘Eine empirische Methode zur Berechnung von paleo-geothermischen Gradienten’, in Inkohlung und Geothermik, Fortschritte in der Geol. Rheinl. Westfalen. 27, 97–108.
Burst, J. F.: 1969, ‘Diagenesis of Gulf Coast, Clayey Sediments and its Possible Relation to Petroleum Migration’, A. A. P. G. Bull. 53, 73–77.
Chapman, R. E.: 1973, Petroleum Geology, Elsevier, 304 p.
Cummings, J. J. and Robinson W. E.: 1972, Thermal Degradation of Green River Kerogen at 150°C to 350°C, U. S. Bureau of Mines Rep. Invest. No. 7620.
Currie, J. B. and Nwachukwu, S. O.: 1974, ‘Evidence of Incipient Fracture Porosity in Reservoir Rocks at Depth’, Bull. Can. Petr. Geol. 22, 42–58.
De Braemacker, J. C; 1983, ‘Temperature, Subsidence, and Hydrocarbon Maturation in Extensional Basins: A Finite Element Model’, A. A. P. G. Bull. 67, 1410–1414.
Du Rouchet, J.: 1980, ‘The Program DIAGEN, Two Methods for Considering the Chemical Evolution of Organic Matter’, Bull. Centr. Rech. Expl.-Product., Elf-Aquit. 4, 813–831.
Eggen, S. S.: 1984; Modelling of Subsidence, Hydrocarbon Generation and Heat Transport in the Norwegian North Sea, IFP/Bernard Doronel.
Elders, W. A., Bird, D. K., Williams, A. E. and Schiffman, P.; 1984, ‘Hydrothermal Flow Regime and Magmatic Heat Source of the Cerro Prieto Geothermal System, Baja California, Mexico’, Geothermics 13, 1/2, 27–47.
Ellis, A. J. and Mahon, W. A. J., 1977 Chemistry and Geothermal Systems, Acad. Press, New York, 392 p.
Falvey, D. A. and Deighton, L.: 1982, ‘Recent Advances in Burial and Thermal Geohistory Analysis’, Journ. Austral. Petr. Expl. Assoc. 22, 65–81.
Fournier, R. O. and Rowe, J. J.: 1966, ‘Estimation of Underground Temperatures from the Silica Content of Water from Hot Springs and Wet Steam Wells’, Am. Jour. Sci. 264, 658–697.
Fournier, R. O. and Truesdell, A. H.: 1973, ‘An Empirical Na-K-Ca Geothermometer for Natural Waters’, Geoch. Cosmochim. Acta 37, 1255–1275.
Giggenbach, W. F. and Lyon, G. L.: 1977, The Chemical and Isotopic Composition of Water and Gas from the Ngawha Geothermal Field, Open File Rep. No. 30/555/7 Chem. Div., Petone.
Hacquebard, P. A.: 1977, ‘Rank of Coal as an Index of Organic Metamorphism for Oil and Gas in Alberta’, Geol. Surv. Bull. Canada 262, 11–23.
Ho, T. T. Y.: 1978, Manual of Organic Geochemical Interpretation, Conoco, Ponca City, Oklahoma.
Hoefs, J.: 1986, Isotope Geothermometers, in G. Buntebarth and L. Stegena (eds.) Palaeogeother-mics, Springer Verlag, 45–52.
Hoffmann, C. F.: MacKenzie, A. S., Lewis, C. A., Maxwell, J. R., Oudin, J. L., Durand, B. and Vandenbroucke, M.: 1984, ‘A Biological Marker Study of Coals, Shales and Oils from the Mahakam delta, Kalimantan, Indonesia 1984’, Chem. Geol. 42, 1–23.
Hood, A., Gutjahr, C. C. M. and Heacock, R. L.: 1975, ‘Organic Metamorphism and the Generation of Petroleum’, A.A.P.G. Bull. 59, 6, 986–996.
Hulston, J. R.: 1976, ‘Isotope Work Applied to Geothermal Systems at the Institute of Nuclear Sciences’, New Zealand, Geothermics 5, 89–96.
Jones, P. H.: 1970, ‘Geothermal Resources of the Northern Gulf of Mexico Basin’, UN Symp. Pisa Compt. Rend., Geothermics, Spec. Issue 2, 12–4.
Jüntgen, H. and Klein, J.: 1975, ‘Formation of Natural Gas from Coaly Sediments’, Erdöl u. Kohle 28, 65–73.
Karweil, J.: 1956, ‘Die Metamorphose der Kohlen vom Standpunkt der physikalischen Chemie’, Z. Deutscher Geol. Ges. 107, 132–139.
Kettel, D.: 1981, ‘Maturity Calculations for the Upper Carboniferous of North-West Germany — A Test of Several Methods’, Erdöl Erdgas Ztschr. 97, 395–404.
Kharaka, Y. K.: 1980, Geochemistry of Formation Waters from Pleasant Bayou No.2 Well, Proc. 4th Geopressure-geothermal Energy Conf. Austin. Univ. Texas, 168–193.
Lasage, A.: 1981, ‘Rate Laws of Chemical Reactions’, in Kinetics of Geochemical Processes, Reviews in Mineralogy 8, 1–68.
Leroy, J.: 1979, ‘Contribution a l’etalonage de la pression interne des inclusions fluides lors de leur decrepitation’, Bull. Mineral. 102, 584–593.
Lopatin, N. V.: 1971, ‘Temperature and Geologic Time as Factors in Coalification’, Izv. Acad. Sci. USSR, Ser. Geol. 5, 95–100.
Lopatin, N. V.: 1976, Determination of the Influence of Temperature and Geologic Times on the Katagenic Processes of Coalification and Oil- and Gas-Formation, Int. Geol. Congr. XXV. Session, Moscow, 361–366.
Lopatin, N. V. and Bostick, N. H.: 1973, ‘Geologic Factors in Coalification’, in Priroda Organiches-kogo Veshchestva Sovremennykh i Iskopaemykh Osadkov, Nauka, Moscow, 79–90.
MacKenzie, A. S. and McKenzie, D. P.: 1983, Tsomerization and Aromatization of Hydrocarbons in Sedimentary Basins Formed by Extension’, Geol. Mag. 120, 417–528.
Magara, K.: 1978, ‘Compaction and Fluid Migration. Practical Petroleum Geology’, Developments in Petroleum Science 9, 319.
Mahon, W. A. J.: 1966, ‘Silica in Hot Water Discharged from Drillholes at Wairakei, New Zealand’, N.Z. Jour. Sci. 9, 125–144.
Majorowicz, J. A. and Jessop, A. M.: 1981, ‘Present Heat Flow and a Preliminary Palaeogeothermal History of the Central Prairies Basin, Canada’, Geothermics 10, 81–93.
McKenzie, D. P.: 1978, ‘Some Remarks on the Development of Sedimentary Basins’, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 40, 25–32.
McKenzie, D. P.: 1981, ‘The Variation of Temperature with Time and Hydrocarbon Maturation in Sedimentary Basins Formed by Extension’, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 55, 87–98.
Middleton, M. F. and Falvey, D. A.: 1983, ‘Maturation Modeling in Otway Basin, Australia’, A.A.P.G. Bull. 67, 271–279.
Milliken, K. L., Land, L. S. and Loucks, R. G.: 1981, ‘History of Burial Diagenesis Determined from Istopic Geochemistry, Frio Formation, Brazoria County, Texas’, A.A.P.G. Bull. 65, 1397–1413.
Paces, T.: 1975, ‘A Systematic Deviation from Na-K-Ca Geothermometer below 75°C and above 104 atm. PCO2’, Geoch. Cosmochim. Acta 39, 541–544.
Pagel, M.: 1975, ‘Determination des conditions physico-chimiques de la silification diagenetique des gres Athabasca (Canada) au moyen des inclusions fluides’, C.R. Acad. Sc. Paris 280, D, 2301–2304.
Poty, B., Leroux, J. and Jachimowicz, L.: 1976, ‘Un nouvel appareil pour la mesure des temperatures sous le microscope’. Bull. Soc. Francais Mineral. Cristallogr. 99, 182–186.
Poty, B. and Pagel, M.: 1984, Fluid Inclusion Techniques to the Study of Thermal Evolution of Sedimentary Basins, Colloque International Phenomenes Thermiques dans les Bassins Sedimentaires, 6–10 Juin 1983, ADERA, Saint-Médard-en-Jalles/France, Paris.
Price, L. C: 1982, Time as a Factor in Organic Metamorphism and Use of Vitrinite Reflectance as an Absolute Palaeogeothermometer. A.A.P.G. Bull. 66, 619–620.
Pusey, C. W.: 1973, How to Evaluate Potential Gas and Oil Source Rocks, World Oil, April, 71–76.
Roedder, E.: 1962, ‘Studies of Fluid Inclusions I’, Econ. Geol. 57, 1045–1061.
Roedder, E.: 1963, ‘Studies of Fluid Inclusions II’, Econ. Geol. 58, 167–211.
Royden, L. and Keen, C. E.: 1980, ‘Rifting Process and Thermal Evolution of the Continental Margin of Eastern Canada Determined from Subsidence Curves’ Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 51, 343–361.
Royden, L., Sclater, J. G. and Von Herzen, R. P.: 1980, ‘Continental Margin Subsidence and Heat Flow: Important Parameters in Formation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons’, A.A.P.G. Bull. 64, 2, 173–187.
Rybach, L.: 1984, ‘The Palaeogeothermal Conditions of the Swiss Molasse Basin’, Inst. Français Petr. Rev. 39, 2, 143–146.
Sajgo, Cs. and Lefler, J.: 1983, ‘A Reaction Kinetic Approach to the Temperature-Time History of Sedimentary Basins’, in G. Buntebarth and L. Stegena (eds.) Palaeogeothermics, Springer Verlag, 119–152.
Sanford, S. J. and Elders, W. A.: 1981, Dating Thermal Events at Cerro Prieto Using Fission Track Annealing, Proc. Third Symp. Cerro Prieto Geothermal Field, San Francisco. Lawrence Berkeley Lab. Rep. LBL-11967, 123–133.
Savin S. K. and Lee M.: 1984. ‘Estimation of subsurface temperatures from oxigen isotope ratios of minerals’, in print.
Sclater, J. G., Royden, L., Horvàth, F., Burchfiel, B. C, Semken, S. and Stegena, L.: 1980, ‘The Formation of the Intra-Carpathian Basins as Determined from Subsidence Data’, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 51, 139–162.
Siever, A.: 1983, ‘Burial History and Diagenetic Reaction Kinetics’, A.A.P.G. Bull. 67, 4, 684–691.
Staplin, F. L.: 1969, ‘Sedimentary Organic Matter, Organic Metamorphism and Oil and Gas Occurrence’, Can. Petr. Geol. Bull. 17, 47–66.
Stegena, L., Horvàth, F., Sclater, J. G. and Royden, L.: 1981, ‘Determination of Palaeotemperature by Vitrinite Reflectance Data’, Earth Evol. Sci. 3–4, 292–300.
Teichmüller, M.: 1971, ‘Application of Coal-Petrographic Methods in Petroleum and Natural Gas Prospecting’, Erdöl u. Kohle 21, 69–76.
Tillman, J. E. and Barnes, H. L.: 1983, ‘Deciphering Fracturing and Fluid Migration Histories in Northern Appalachian Basin’, A.A.P.G. Bull. 67, 692–705.
Tissot, B.: 1969, ‘First Data on the Mechanism and Kinetics of the Formation of Petroleum in Sediments’, Inst. Francais Petr. Rev. 24, 470–50.
Tissot, B., Deroo G. and Espitalie, J.: 1975, ‘Etude comparée de l’epoque de formation et d’expulsion du petrole dans diverses provinces geologiques’, Ninth World Petr. Congr. Proc. 2, 159–169.
Tissot, B. and Espitalie, J.: 1975, L’evolution thermique de la materie organique des sediments: applications d’une simulation mathematique’, Inst. Francais Petr. Rev. 30, 743–777.
Tugarinov, A. I. and Naumov, V. B.: 1970, ‘Dependence of the Decrepitation Temperature of Minerals on the Composition of their Gas-liquid Inclusions and Hardness’, Dokl Acad. Sci. USSR 195, 112–114.
Urey, H.: 1947, ‘The Thermodynamic Properties of Isotopic Substances’ J. Chem. Soc., pp. 562–682.
Visser, W.: 1982, ‘Maximum Diagenetic Temperature in a Petroleum Source Rock from Venezuela by Fluid Inclusion Thermometry’, Chem. Geol. 37, 95–101.
Wagner, G. A., Miller, D. S. and Jäger, E.: 1979, ‘Fission Track Ages on Apatite of Bergell Rocks from Central Alps and Bergell Boulders in Oligocene Sediments’, Earth Plan. Sci. Lett. 45, 355–360.
Wang, Jian, Wang Jiyang, Wang Jun, Huang, Geshan, Yan Shuzhen and Lu Xinwen: 1983, ‘Geothermal Studies in Oil Field District of North China’, in G. Buntebarth and L. Stegena (ed.), Palaeogeothermics, Springer Verlag, 195–204.
Waples, D. W.: 1980, ‘Time and Temperature in Petroleum Formation: Application of Lopatin’s Method to Petroleum Exploration’, A.A.P.G. Bull. 64, 916–926.
Waples, D. W.: 1983, ‘Physical-Chemical Models for Oil Generation’, Colorado School of Mines Quarterly 78, 1–4.
Weiss, A. and Roloff, G.: 1965, ‘Über die Rolle glimmerartiger Schichtsilikate bei der Entstehung von Erdöl und Erdöllagerstätten’, M.S. Thesis, Heidelberg.
Weite, D. H. and Yukler, M. A.: 1981, ‘Petroleum Origin and Accumulation in Basin Evolution — A Quantitative Model’, A.A.P.G. Bull. 65, 1387–1396.
White, D. E.: 1965, ‘Saline Waters of Sedimentary Rocks’, in: Fluids in Subsurface Environments, Symp., Mem. Am. Petr. Geol. 4, 342–366.
References
Balobaev, V. T., Devyatkin, V. N., and Kutasov, I. M.: 1978, ‘Contemporary Geothermal Conditions of the Existence and Development of Permafrost, in F. J. Sanger and P. J. Hyde (eds.), Proc. of the Second International Conference on Permafrost-USSR contributions, Washington D.C. (National Academy of Sciences), 8–12.
Birch, F. and Clark, H.: 1940, ‘The Thermal Conductivity of Rocks and its Dependence upon Temperature and Composition’, Am. J. Sc., 238, 529–558.
Blackwell, D. D., Steele, J. L., and Brott, C. A.: 1980, The Terrain Effect on Terrestrial Heat Flow’, J. Geophys. Res. 85, B9, 4757–4772.
Bodvarrson, G.: 1969, ‘On the Temperature of Water Flowing Through Fractures’, J. Geophys. Res. 74, 1987–1992.
Bodvarrson, G.: 1972, ‘Thermal Problems in the Siting of Reinjection Wells’, Geothermics 1, 63–66.
Bodvarrson, G. and Tsang, C. F.: 1982, ‘Injection and Thermal Breakthrough in Fractured Geothermal Reservoirs’, J. Geophys. Res. 87, B2, 1031–1048.
Bodvarrson, G., Benson, S. M. and Witherspoon, P. A.: 1982, ‘Theory of the Development of Geothermal Systems Charged by Vertical Faults’, J. Geophys. Res. 87, B11, 9317–9328.
Bredehoeft, J. D. and Papadopulos, I. S.: 1967, ‘Rates of Vertical Groundwater Movement Estimated from the Earth’s Thermal Profile’, Water Resources Research 1, 325–329.
Carslaw, H. S. and Jaeger, J. C: 1959, Conduction of Heat in Solids, 2nd Edit., Clarendon, Oxford, 510 p.
Delisle, G.: 1980, ‘Berechnungen zur raumzeitlichen Entwicklung des Temperaturfeldes um ein Endlager für mittel- und hochradioaktive Abfalle in einer Salzformation’, Z. dt. geol. Ges., Hannover 131, 461–482.
Giesel, W. and Holz, A.: 1970, ‘Das anomale geothermische Feld in Salzstöcken’, Kali und Steinsalz, Essen. 5, 272–274.
Gringarten, A. C. and Sauty, J. P.: 1975, ‘A Theoretical Study of Heat Extraction from Aquifers with Uniform Regional Flow’, J. Geophys. Res. 80, B5, 4956–4962.
Haenel, R., (ed.): 1980, Atlas of Subsurface Temperatures in the European Community, (Th. Schäfer Druckerei GmbH), Hannover, 36 p and 43 maps.
Jensen, P. K.: 1983, ‘Calculation on the Thermal Conditions around a Salt Diapir’, Geophys. Prosp. 31, No. 3.
Kappelmeyer, O., and Haenel, R.: 1974, Geothermics with Special Reference to Application, Geo-explor. Monogr. 1, No. 4, (Borntraeger), Berlin, 238 p.
Lachenbruch, A. H.: 1970, Some Estimates of the Thermal Effects of a Heated Pipeline in Permafrost, Geological Survey Circular 632, Washington D.C, 23 p.
Lachenbruch, A. H.:1982, ‘Permafrost, Heat Flow, and the Geothermal Regime at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska’, J. Geophys. Res. 87, B11, 9301–9316.
Lauwerier, H. A.: 1955, ‘The Transport of Heat in an Oil Layer Caused by the Injection of Hot Fluid’, Appl. Sci. Res. Sec. A, 145–150.
Maksimov, G., Zanyatin, S., and Konovaloz, S.: 1973, ‘Methods of Cooling Plastically Frozen Ground’, in F. J. Sanger and P. J. Hyde (eds.), Proc. of the Second International Conference on Permafrost — USSR Contributions, Washington D.C. (National Academy of Sciences), 553–560.
Moore, E., and Fosberg, M. A.: 1971, ‘Temperatures and Classification of Soils in Latah, Benewah, and Kootenai Counties, Idaho’, Northwest Sci. 45, 137–144.
Mundry, E.: 1963, ‘Vorausberechnungen von Wettertemperaturen in trockenen Gruben. Mathematische Behandlung des Problems’, Kali und Steinsalz, Essen, Bd.3, 363–371.
Mundry, E.: 1964, ‘Ein Verfahren zur Berechnung der Wettertemperatur in feuchten Gruben’, Kali und Steinsalz, Essen, Bd.2, 37–41.
Selig, F., and Wallick, G. C: 1966, ‘Temperature Distribution in Salt and Surrounding Sediments’, Geophys. 31, 346–361.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1988 Kluwer Academic Publishers
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Uyeda, S., Haenel, R., Mongelli, F., Stegena, L., Delisle, G. (1988). Implications. In: Haenel, R., Rybach, L., Stegena, L. (eds) Handbook of Terrestrial Heat-Flow Density Determination. Solid Earth Sciences Library, vol 4. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2847-3_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2847-3_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-7780-4
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-2847-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive