Abstract
Sea-level rise will become a worldwide threat to coastal marshes by affecting the marsh vegetation through an increased number of tidal floodings and an increase in wave energy. The survival of salt marshes depends on the accretionary balances in both the marsh zone itself and the pioneer zone in front of the marsh.
The pioneer zone, which is transitional to the tidal flats, is situated on a level which is most affected by wave action. Moreover, it lacks the protection of a closed vegetation cover. In the Netherlands Wadden Sea more than half of the foreland salt marshes (which are man-made) showed an accretional deficit in this pioneer zone during a period with rising high-tide levels. This will lead to cliff formation and marsh erosion from the seaward edge. Sea-edge erosion has been observed for most of the barrier-island salt marshes in the Wadden Sea.
In the salt-marsh zone itself mostly a positive accretionary balance occurs due to the effect of the vegetation cover on sedimentation and erosion protection. The vertical accretion rate of the man-made foreland marshes is high enough to compensate for a future sea-level rise of 1 to 2 cm per y. The outlook for the barrier-island salt marshes is bad if the sea-level rise will increase to values of 0.5 to 1.0 cm per y, which might be expected for the next century. The response of marsh vegetation and sedimentation to year-to-year changes in mean high-tide levels complicates the effects of a long-term sea-level rise and needs more study.
A general conclusion is that management techniques to prevent negative effects of sea-level rise have to direct most attention to the pioneer zone where marsh growth starts. Further field studies on the processes of sedimentation and plant establishment in both man-made and natural pioneer zones may provide a base for future management.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Armstrong, W., E.J. Wright, S. Lythe & J.T. Gaynard, 1985. Plant zonation and the effects of the spring-neap tidal cycle on soil aeration in a Humber salt marsh.—J. Ecol. 73: 323–339.
Aubrey, D.G., 1984. Recent sea levels from tide gauges: problems and prognosis. In: Glaciers, ice sheets and sea level: effect of a CO2-induced climatic change. United States Department of Energy, Washington: 73–91.
Baumann, R.H., J.W. Day & C.A. Miller, 1984. Mississippi deltaic wetland survival: Sedimentation versus coastal submergence.—Science 224: 1093–1095.
Beeftink, W.G., 1965. De zoutvegetatie van ZW-Nederland beschouwd in Europees verband. Med. Land-bouwhogeschool 65-1. Veenman, Wageningen: 1–167.
—, 1975. The ecological significance of embankment and drainage with respect to the vegetation of the southwest Netherlands.—J. Ecol. 63: 423–458.
—, 1977 The coastal salt marshes of western and northern Europe: an ecological and phytosociological approach. In: V.J. Chapman. Wet coastal ecosystems. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Oxford, New York: 109–155.
—, 1979. The structure of salt-marsh communities in relation to environmental disturbances. In: R.L. Jefferies & A.J. Davy. Ecological processes in coastal environments. Blackwell, Oxford, London, Edinburgh, Melbourne: 77–93.
—, 1987a. Vegetation responses to changes in tidal inundation of salt marshes. In: J. van Andel et al. Disturbance in grasslands. Junk, Dordrecht: 97–117.
—, 1987b. De betekenis van de factor getij voor de schorrevegetatie. In: J. Rozema. Oecologie van Estuariene Vegetatie. Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Delta Instituut voor Hydrobiologisch Onderzoek, Yerseke: 1–45.
Bertness, M.D. & A.M. Ellison, 1987. Determinants of pattern in a New England salt marsh plant community.—Ecological Monographs 57: 129–147.
Boer, M. de & M.A.J. Komen, 1983. Erosie en sedimentatie in de landaanwinningswerken op het Friese wad 1966–1978.—Rijkswaterstaat, Adviesdienst Hoorn, Nota WWKZ-82.H003: 1–22.
Boorman, L.A., J.D. Goss-Custard & S. Mc Grorty, 1989. Climatic change, rising sea level and the British coast.—HMSO, London. Natural Environment Research Council. ITE research publication 1: 1–24.
Bouwsema, P., 1986. Vegetatiekartering in de landaanwinningswerken. In: R.J. de Glopper. Wadden en landaanwinning: voordrachten, gehouden voor de wetenschappelijke bijeenkomst in mei 1985. Flevobericht 252, Rijksdienst voor de IJsselmeer-polders, Lelystad: 23–32.
—, 1988. Vegetatiekarteringen van de Friese en Groninger noordkust (1960, 1965, 1970, 1975, 1980 en 1981/83). Rijkswaterstaat Directie Groningen, Dienstkring Baflo: 1–38 + 6 maps.
Bouwsema, P., J.H. Bossinade, K.S. Dijkema, J.W.Th.M. van Meegen, R. Reenders & W. Vrieling, 1986. De ontwikkeling van de hoogte en van de omvang van de kwelders in de landaanwinningswerken in Friesland en Groningen.—Rijkswaterstaat Directie Groningen, Nota ANA-86.05 Rijksinstituut voor Natuurbeheer, RIN-rapport 86/3: 1–58.
Brouns, J.J.W.M., 1988. The impact of sea level rise on the Dutch coastal ecosystems.—Research Institute for Nature Management, Texel, The Netherlands. RIN-report 88/60. Netherlands Institute for Sea Research. NIOZ-report 1988/8: 1–102.
Chapman, V.J., 1976. Coastal vegetation. Pergamon Press, Oxford etc.: 1–292.
Cooper, A., 1982. The effects of salinity and waterlogging on the growth and cation uptake of salt marsh plants.—New Phytol. 90: 263–275.
Cramer, W. & H. Hytteborn, 1987. The separation of fluctuation and long-term change in vegetation dynamics of a rising seashore.—Vegetatio 69: 157–167.
N. Dankers, K.S. Dijkema, G. Londo, & P.A. Slim, 1987 De ecologische effecten van bodemdaling op Ameland.—Rijksinstituut voor Natuurbeheer, Texel, RIN-rapport 87/14: 1–90.
Dieckmann, B., 1987. Bedeutung und Wirkung des Deichvorlandes für den Küstenschutz. In: N. Kempf, J. Lamp & P. Prokosch. Salzwiesen: Geformt von Kustenschutz, Landwirtschaft oder Natur?—WWF-Deutschland, Tagungsbericht 1, Husum: 163–187.
Dieckmann, R., 1988. Entwicklung der Vorländer an der nordfriesischen Festlandküste.—Wasser und Boden 3: 146–150.
Diggelen, J. van, 1988. A comparative study on the ecophysiology of salt marsh halophytes. Thesis Free University, Amsterdam: 1–208.
Dronkers, J., 1984. Import of fine marine sediment in tidal bassins.—Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Publication Series 10: 83–105.
Dijkema, K.S., 1983a. The salt-marsh vegetation of the mainland coast, estuaries and Halligen. In: K.S. Dijkema & W.J. Wolff. Flora and vegetation of the Wadden Sea islands and coastal areas. Balkema, Rotterdam: 185–220.
—, 1983b. Use and management of mainland salt marshes and Halligen. In: K.S. Dijkema & W.J. Wolff. Flora and vegetation of the Wadden Sea islands and coastal areas. Balkema, Rotterdam: 302–312.
—, 1987a. Geography of salt marshes in Europe.—Z. Geomorph. N.F. 31 (4): 489–499.
—, 1987b. Changes in salt-marsh area in the Netherlands Wadden Sea after 1600. In: A.H.L. Huiskes, C.W.P.M. Blom & J. Rozema. Vegetation between land and sea. Junk, Dordrecht, Boston, Lancaster: 42–49.
Dijkema, K.S., W.G. Beeftink, J.P. Doody, J.M. Gehu, B. Heydemann & S. Rivas Martinez, 1984. Salt marshes in Europe. Council of Europe, Strasbourg: 1–178.
Dijkema, K.S., J. van den Bergs, J.H. Bossinade, P. Bouwsema, R.J. de Glopper & J.W.TH.M. van Meegen, 1988. Effecten van rijzendammen op de opslibbing en de omvang van de vegetatiezones in de Friese en Groninger landaanwinningswerken.— Rijkswaterstaat Directie Groningen, Nota GRAN 1988–2010; Rijksinstituut voor Natuurbeheer, Texel, RIN-rapport 88/66; Rijksdienst voor de IJsselmeer-polders, Lelystad, RIJP-rapport 1988-33 Cbw: 1–119.
Eerdt, M.M. van, 1985a. Schorkliferosie in de Oosterschelde.—Landschap 2: 99–108.
—, 1985b. The influence of vegetation on erosion and accretion in salt marshes of the Oosterschelde, The Netherlands.—Vegetatio 62: 367–373.
Ehlers, J., 1988. Morphologische Veränderungen auf der Wattseite der Barriere-Inseln des Wattenmeeres.—Die Küste 47: 3–30.
Erchinger, H.F., 1985. Dünen, Watt und Salzwiesen. Der Niedersachsische Minister für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Forsten, Hannover: 1–59.
—, 1987. Salzwiesenbildung und -erhaltung — Lahnungsbau und Begruppung für den Küstenschutz. In: N. Kempf, J. Lamp & P. Prokosch. Salzwiesen: Geformt von Kustenschutz, Landwirtschaft oder Natur? WWF-Deutschland, Tagungsbericht 1, Husum: 279–296.
Ericson, L., 1980. The downward migration of plants on a rising Bothnian seashore.—Acta Phytogeographica Suecica 68: 61–72.
Eysink, W.D., 1987. Gaswinning op Ameland-oost, effecten van de bodemdaling.—Delfts Hydraulic Laboratory, Report H114: 1–53.
Feekes, W., 1950. Bouw- en plantengroei. In: G.A. Brouwer et al. Griend, het vogeleiland in de Waddenzee. Martinus Nijhoff,’s Gravenhage: 82–187.
Führböter, A., 1986. Veranderungen des Sakularanstieges an der deutschen Nordseeküste.—Wasser und Boden 9: 456–460.
Glopper, R.J. de, 1981. De snelheid van de opslibbing en van de terugschrijdende erosie op de kwelders langs de noordkust van Friesland en Groningen. In: 50 jaar onderzoek. Flevobericht 163. Rijksdienst voor de IJsselmeerpolders, Lelystad: 43–51.
—, 1986. De Rijkslandaanwinningswerken; werkwijzen en enkele onderzoeksresultaten. In: R.J. de Glopper. Wadden en landaanwinning: voordrachten, gehouden voor de Wetenschappelijke Bijeenkomst in mei 1985. Flevobericht 252. Rijksdienst voor de IJsselmeerpolders, Lelystad: 23–32.
Gornitz, V. & S. Lebedeff, 1987. Global sea-level changes during the past century. In: D. Nummedal, O.H. Pilkey & J.D. Howard. Sea-level fluctuations and coastal evolution. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Spec. Pub. 41, Tulsa, Oklahoma: 3–16.
Groenendijk, A.M., 1986. Establishment of a Spartina anglica population on a tidal mudflat: a field experiment.—J. Environmental Management 22: 1–12.
Groenendijk, A.M., J.G.J. Spieksma & M.A. Vink-Lievaart, 1987. Growth and interactions of salt-marsh species under different flooding regimes. In: A.H.L. Huiskes, C.W.P.M. Blom & J. Rozema. Vegetation between land and sea. Junk, Dordrecht, Boston, Lancaster: 236–258.
Harmsworth, G.C. & S.P. Long, 1986. An assessment of saltmarsh erosion in Essex, England, with reference to the Dengie Peninsula.—Biological Conservation 35: 377–387.
Hatton, R.S., R.D. Delaune & W.H. Patric, 1983. Sedimentation, accretion, and subsidence in marshes of Baratavia Basin, Louisiana.—Linmol. Oceanogr. 28: 494–502.
Hayes, M.O., 1979. Barrier island morphology as a function of tidal and wave regime. In: S.P. Leatherman. Barrier Islands, from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico. Academic Press, New York: 1–27.
Jakobsen, B., 1954. The tidal area in south-western Jutland and the process of the salt marsh formation.—Geogr. Tidsskr. 53: 49–61.
Jensen, J., H.-E. Mügge & G. Visscher, 1988. Untersuchungen zur Wasserstandsentwicklung in der Deutschen Bucht.—Die Küste 47: 135–161.
Kamps, L.F., 1962. Mud distribution and land reclamation in the eastern wadden shallows.—Rijkswaterstaat comm. 4, Den Haag: 1–73.
König, D., 1948. Spartina townsendii an der Westkuste von von Schleswig-Holstein.—Planta 36: 34–70.
—, 1987. Historisches über Wattenmeer-Salzwiesen. — In: N. Kempf, J. Lamp & P. Prokosch. Salzwiesen: Geformt von Küstenschutz, Landwirtschaft oder Natur? WWF-Deutschland. Tagungsbericht 1, Husum: 31–70.
Lafrenz, P., 1957. Über die Pflege und Nutzung des Anwachses und der Deiche an der Dithmarscher Küste.—Die Küste 6: 94–129.
Lamb, H.H. & I. Weiss, 1979. On recent changes of the wind and wave regime of the North Sea and outlook.—Fachliche Mitteilungen, Amt für Wehrgeophysik 194: 1–108.
Leeuw, J.E., H. Olff & J.P. Bakker, in prep. Year-to-year variation in salt-marsh production as related to inundation and rainfall deficit.
Malde, J. van, 1984. Voorlopige uitkomsten van voortgezet onderzoek naar de gemiddelde zeeniveaus in de Nederlandse kustwateren.—Rijkswaterstaat, Directie Waterhuishouding en Waterbeweging, Nota WW-WH 84.08: 1–20.
Mendelssohn, I.A & K.L. Mc Kee, 1988. Spartina alterniflora die-back in Louisiana: time-course investigation of soil waterlogging effects.—J. Ecol. 76: 509–521.
Mendelssohn, I.A., K.L. Mc Kee & W.H. Patric, 1981. Oxygen defiency in Spartina alterniflora roots: metabolic adaptation to anoxia.—Science 214: 439–441.
Niemeyer, H.D., 1977. Seegangsmessungen auf Deichvorländer.—Forschungsstelle Norderney, Jahresbericht 1976, 28: 113–139.
Noomen, P., in prep. Bodembeweging in Nederland. Proceedings, Symposium Klvl, RWS e.a.
Oerlemans, J., 1989. A projection of future sea level.—Climatic Change: in press.
Olff, H., J.P. Bakker & L.F.M. Fresco, 1988. The effect of fluctuations in tidal inundation frequency on a salt-marsh vegetation.—Vegetatio 78: 13–19.
Olsen, H.A., 1959. The influence of the Rømø Dam on the sedimentation in the adjacent part of the Danish Wadden Sea.—Geogr. Tidsskr. 58: 119–140.
Orson, R., W. Panageotou & S.P. Leatherman, 1985. Response of tidal salt marshes of the US Atlantic and Gulf coast to rising sea level.—J. Coastal Res. 1: 29–37.
Pethic, J.S., 1981. Long-term accretion rates on tidal salt marshes.—J. Sedim. Petrology 51: 571–577.
Ranwell, D.E., 1972. Ecology of salt marshes and sand dunes. Chapman and Hall, London: 1–258.
Robin, G. de Q., 1986. Changing the sea level. In: B. Bolin, B.R. Döös, J. Jäger & R.A. Warrick. The greenhouse effect, climatic change and ecosystems. SCOPE 29, Wiley, London.
Roozen, A.J.M., 1985. Een kwart eeuw onderzoek aan vegetatiesuccessie op de Boschplaat van Terschelling.—De Levende Natuur 86: 74–80.
Rozema, J., P. Bijwaard, G. Prast & R. Broekman, 1985. Ecophysiological adaptations coastal halophytes from foredunes and salt marshes.—Vegetatio 62: 499–521.
Scholten, M., P.A. Blaauw, M. Stroetenga & J. Rozema, 1987. The impact of competitive interactions on the growth and distribution of plant species in salt marshes. In: A.H.L. Huiskes, C.W.P.M. Blom & J. Rozema. Vegetation between land and sea. Junk, Dordrecht, Boston, Lancaster: 270–281.
Schoot, P.M. & M.M. van Eerdt, 1985. Toekomstige ontwikkeling van de schorgebieden in de Oosterschelde. Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht, Geografisch Instituut; Rijkswaterstaat Deltadienst, Hoofd afd. Milieu en Inrichting. Nota DDMI 85.23.
Snow, A.A. & S.W. Vince, 1984. Plant zonation in an Alaskan salt marsh II. An experimental study of the role of edaphic conditions.—J. Ecol. 72: 669–684.
Stevenson, J.C., L.G. Ward & M.S. Kearney, 1986. Vertical accretion in marshes with varying rates of sea level rise. In: D.A. Wolfe. Estuarine variability. Academic Press, San Diego, New York etc.: 241–259.
Stratingh, G.A. & C.A. Venema, 1855. De Dollard of Geschied-, Aardrijk- en Natuurkundige beschrijving van dezen boezem der Eems. Oomkens, Zoon & Schierbeek, Groningen: 1–329.
Veenstra, H.J., 1980. Introduction to the geomorphology of the Wadden Sea area. In: K.S. Dijkema, H.-E. Reineck & W.J. Wolff. Geomorphology of the Wadden sea area. Balkema, Rotterdam: 8–19.
Verhoeven, B. & J. Akkerman, 1967. Buitendijkse mariene gronden, hun opbouw, bedijking en ontginning.—Van Zee tot Land 45, Tjeenk Willink, Zwolle: 1–93.
Verhoeven, B., M. Jespersen, D. König. & E. Rasmussen, 1980. Human influences on the landscape of the Wadden Sea area. In: K.S. Dijkema, H.-E. Reineck & W.J. Wolff. Geomorphology of the Wadden sea area. Balkema, Rotterdam: 110–135.
Vince, S.W. & A.A. Snow, 1984. Plant zonation in an Alaskan salt marsh. I. Distribution, abundance and environmental factors.—J. Ecol. 72: 651–667.
Weihe, K. von, 1979. Morphologische und ökologische Grundlagen der Vorlandsicherung durch Puccinellia maritima (Gramineae).—Helgol. Wiss. Meeresunters. 32: 239–254.
Westhoff, V., 1987. Salt marsh communities of three Westfrisian Islands, with some notes on their longterm succession during half a century. In: A.H.L. Huiskes, C.W.P.M. Blom & J. Rozema. Vegetation between land and sea. Junk, Dordrecht, Boston, Lancaster: 16–40.
Wigley, T.M.L. & S.C.B. Raper, 1987. Thermal expansion of sea water associated with global warming.—Nature 330: 127–131.
Wohlenberg, E., 1933. Das Andelpolster und die Entstehung einer charakteristischen Abrasionsform im Wattenmeer.—Wiss. Meeresunters. NF. Abt. Helgoland 19 (4): 1–3.
—, 1953. Sinkstoff, Sediment und Anwachs am Hindenburgdam.—Die Küste 2: 31–94.
Wolff, W.J., 1983. Ecology of the Wadden Sea. Balkema, Rotterdam: 1–2050.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1990 Kluwer Academic Publishers
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Dijkema, K.S., Bossinade, J.H., Bouwsema, P., de Glopper, R.J. (1990). Salt Marshes in the Netherlands Wadden Sea: Rising High-Tide Levels and Accretion Enhancement. In: Beukema, J.J., Wolff, W.J., Brouns, J.J.W.M. (eds) Expected Effects of Climatic Change on Marine Coastal Ecosystems. Developments in Hydrobiology, vol 57. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2003-3_21
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2003-3_21
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-7397-4
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-2003-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive