Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Regrowth of Grass Swards

  • Chapter
The Grass Crop

Part of the book series: The Grass Crop ((WOCS))

Abstract

The reaction of the grass sward to defoliation is principally determined by the position of its component organs in relation to the height of defoliation. Indeed, the success of the grasses on a global basis is attributable largely to their growing points and meristematic regions normally being below defoliation height, except during reproductive development. Thus, the grass plant maintains two options: to reproduce vegetatively (by the production of new tillers) or to reproduce from seed. Perennial grasses from cool temperate regions (e.g. perennial ryegrass) are characterized by a short flowering period followed by active tiller production. Grasses from regions of summer drought (e.g. Westerwold ryegrass Lolium multiflorum) behave as annuals (Cooper and Saeed, 1949) and depend almost entirely on seed set for their survival.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Alberda, Th. (1965) The problems of relating greenhouse and controlled environmental work to sward conditions. J. Br. Grassland Soc., 20, 41–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alberda, Th. (1966) The influence of reserve substances on dry-matter production after defoliation. Proc. 10th Int. Grassland Congr., Helsinki, pp. 140–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alberda, Th. (1970) The influence of carbohydrate reserves on respiration, photosynthesis and dry matter production of intact plants. Proc. 11th Int. Grassland Congr., Queensland, pp. 517–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alberda, T. and Sibma, L. (1968) Dry matter production and light interception of crop surfaces. 3. Actual herbage production in different years as compared with potential values. J. Br. Grassland Soc., 23, 206–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alberda, Th. and Sibma, L. (1982) The influence of length of growing period, nitrogen fertilization and shading on tillering of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Neth. J. Agric. Sci., 30, 127–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Appadurai, R. R. and Holmes, W. (1964) The influence of stage of growth, closeness of defoliation and moisture on the growth and productivity of a ryegrass white clover sward. J. Agric. Sci., Camb., 62, 327–332.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnold G. W. and Holmes, W. (1958) Studies in grazing management. 7. The influence of strip grazing v. controlled free grazing on milk yields, milk composition and pasture utilisation. J. Agric. Sci., Camb., 51, 248–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arosteguy, J. C. (1982) The dynamics of herbage production and utilisation in swards grazed by cattle and sheep. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Edinburgh.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arosteguy, J. C., Hodgson, J., Souter, W. G. and Barthram, G. T. (1983) Herbage growth and utilisation on swards grazed by cattle and sheep, in Efficient Grassland Farming (ed. A. J. Corrall), Occasional Symposium, No. 14, British Grassland Society, Hurley, pp. 155–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Awopetu, J. A. (1979) Patterns of tiller formation, regrowth and changes in percentage water-soluble carbohydrate during the reproductive phase of different grass types. M.Sc. Thesis, University College of Wales, Aberystwyth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barthram, G. T. (1981) Sward structure and the depth of the grazed horizon. Grass, Forage Sci., 36, 130–1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bastiman, B. and van Dijk, J. P. F. (1975) Muck breakdown and pasture rejection in an intensive paddock system for dairy cows. Exp. Husb., 28, 7–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Begg, J. E. and Wright, M. J. (1962) Growth and development of leaves from intercalary meristems in Phalaris arundinacea L. Nature, Lond., 194, 1097–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Begg, J. E. and Wright, M. J. (1964) Relative effectiveness of top and basal leaves for the growth of vegetative shoots of reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.). Crop Sci., 4, 607–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Behaeghe, T. J. (1974) Experiments on the seasonal variations of grass growth. Proc. XHth Int. Grassland Cong., Moscow, Vol. 1, pp. 268–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Binnie, R. C., Chestnutt, D. M. B. and Murdoch, J. C. (1980) The effect of time of defoliation and height of defoliation on the productivity of perennial ryegrass swards. Grass, Forage Sci., 35, 267–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bircham, J. S. (1981) The effects of a change in herbage mass on herbage growth, senescence and net production rates in a continuously stocked mixed species sward, in Plant Physiology and Herbage Production (ed. C. E. Wright), Occasional Symposium, No. 13, British Grassland Society, Hurley, pp. 85–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bircham, J. S. and Hodgson, J. (1983) The influence of sward condition on rates of herbage growth and senescence in mixed swards under continuous stocking management. Grass, Forage Sci., 38, 323–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bircham, J. S. and Hodgson, J. (1984) The effects of change in herbage mass on rates of herbage growth and senescence in mixed swards. Grass, Forage Sci., 39, 111–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Booysen, P. de V. and Nelson C. J. (1975) Leaf area and carbohydrate reserves in regrowth of tall fescue. Crop Sci., 15, 262–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Booysen, P. de V., Tainton, N. M. and Scott, J. D. (1963) Shoot-apex development in grasses and its importance in grassland management. Herbage Abstr., 33, 209–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boswell, C. C. and Crawford, A. J. M. (1979) Changes in the perennial ryegrass component of grazed pastures. Proc. N.Z. Grassland Assoc., 1978, 40, 125–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Branson, F. A. (1953) Two new factors affecting resistance of grasses to grazing. J. Range Mgmt, 6, 165–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brougham, R. W. (1956) Effects of intensity of defoliation on re growth of pasture. Austral. J. Agric. Res., 7, 377–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brougham, R. W. (1959) The effects of frequency and intensity of grazing on the productivity of a pasture of short-rotation ryegrass and red and white clover. N.Z. J. Agric. Res., 2, 1232–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brougham, R. W. (1960) The effects of frequent hard grazings at different times of the year on the productivity and species yields of a grass-clover pasture. N.Z. J. Agric. Res., 3, 125–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, K. R. and Evans, P. S. (1973) Animal treading. A review of the work of the late D. B. Edmond. N.Z. J. Exp. Agric., 1, 217–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, R. H., Cooper, R. B. and Blaser, R. E. (1966) Effects of leaf age on efficiency. Crop Sci., 6, 206–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryant, H. T. and Blaser, R. E. (1961) Yields and stands of orchardgrass compared under clipping and grazing intensities. Agron. J., 53, 9–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, A. G. (1966) Effects of treading by dairy cows on pasture production and botanical structure, on a Te Kowhai soil. N.Z. J. Agric. Res., 9, 1009–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, A. G. (1969) Grazing interval, stocking rate and pasture production. N.Z. J. Agric. Res., 12, 61–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chacon, E. and Stobbs, T. H. (1976) Influence of progressive defoliation of a grass sward on the eating behaviour of cattle. Austral. J. Agric. Res., 27, 709–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clifford, P. E. and Langer, R. H. M. (1975) Pattern and control of distribution of 14C assimilates in reproductive plants of Lolium multiflorum Lam. var. Westerwoldicum. Ann. Bot., 39, 403–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collett, B., Lewis, J. and Parsons, A. J. (1981) The regrowth of a grazed sward, in Plant Physiology and Herbage Production, (ed. C. E. Wright), Occasional Symposium, No. 13, British Grassland Society, Hurley, pp. 207–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, J. P. (1960) The use of controlled life-cycles in the forage grasses and legumes. Herbage Abstr., 30, 71–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, J. P. and Saeed, S. W. (1949) Studies on growth and development in Lolium. 1. Relation of the annual habit to head production under various systems of cutting. J. Ecol., 37, 233–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crider, F. J. (1955) Root-growth stoppage resulting from defoliation of grass. USDA Tech. Bull. No. 1102, 3–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Curll, M. L. and Wilkins, R. J. (1983) The comparative effects of defoliation, treading and excreta on a Lolium perenne-Trifolium repens pasture grazed by sheep. J. Agric. Sci., Camb., 100, 451–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darwinkel, A. (1978) Patterns of tillering and grain production of winter wheat at a wide range of plant densities. Neth. J. Agric. Sci., 26, 383–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, J. L. (1969) Growth of grazed plants. Proc. II Austral. Grassland Congr., pp.125–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, J. L. and Milthorpe, F. L. (1966a) Leaf growth in Dactylis glomerata following defoliation. Ann. Bot., 30, 173–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, J. L. and Milthorpe, F. L. (1966b) The effect of defoliation on the carbon balance in Dactylis glomerata. Ann. Bot., 30, 185–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, A. G. (1960) Conditions influencing primary growth and regrowth of perennial ryegrass. Rep. Welsh Pl. Breeding Stn for 1959, pp. 110–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, A. (1965) Carbohydrate levels and regrowth in perennial ryegrass. J. Agric. Sci. Camb., 65, 213–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, A. (1966) The regrowth of swards of S.24 perennial ryegrass subjected to different pretreatments. J. Agric. Sci., Camb., 67, 139–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, A. (1971) Changes in growth rate and morphology of perennial ryegrass swards at high and low nitrogen levels. J. Agric. Sci., Camb., 77, 123–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, A. (1974) Leaf tissue remaining after cutting and regrowth in perennial ryegrass. J. Agric. Sci., Camb., 82, 165–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, A. (1977) Structure of the grass sward, in Proc. Int. Mtg Animal Production from Temperate Grassland (ed. B. Gilsenan), An Foras Taluntais, Dublin, pp. 36–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, A. (1981) Tissue turnover in the sward, in Sward Measurement Handbook (eds J. Hodgson, R. D. Baker, A. Davies, A. S. Laidlaw and J. D. Leaver), British Grassland Society, Hurley, pp. 179–208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, A. and Calder, D. M. (1969) Patterns of spring growth in swards of different grass varieties. J. Br. Grassland Soc., 24, 215–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, A. and Evans, M. E. (1982) Tillering and regrowth of perennial ryegrass in the post flowering phase. Rep. Welsh Pl. Breeding Stn. for 1981, pp. 126–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, A. and Simons, R. G. (1979) Effect of autumn cutting regime on developmental morphology and spring growth of perennial ryegrass. J. Agric. Sci., Camb., 92, 457–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, A. and Thomas, H. (1983) Rates of leaf and tiller production in young spaced perennial ryegrass plants in relation to soil temperature and solar radiation. Ann. Bot., 57, 591–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, A. G. and Troughton, A. (1971) Root volume and regrowth. Rep. Welsh Pl. Breeding Stn for 1970, p. 20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, A., Evans, M. E. and Sant, F. I. (1981) Changes in origin, type and rate of production of ryegrass tillers in the post-flowering period in relation to seasonal growth, in Plant Physiology and Hebage Production (ed. C. E. Wright), Occasional Symposium, No. 13, British Grassland Society, Hurley, pp. 73–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, A., Evans, M. E. and Exley, J. K. (1983) Regrowth of perennial ryegrass as affected by simulated leaf sheaths. J. Agric. Sci., Camb., 101, 131–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, I. (1956) Preliminary observations on the differential effect of time of cutting in spring on the relative herbage yields of two strains of timothy. J. Agric. Soc., Univ. Coll. Wales, Aberystwyth, 37, 1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, I. (1969) The influence of management on tiller development and herbage growth. Welsh Pl. Breeding Stn Tech. Bull. No. 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, I. (1973a) Regrowth characteristics of an S.23 perennial ryegrass sward defoliated at early stages of reproductive development. J. Agric. Sci. Camb., 80, 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, I. (1973b) Factors affecting leafiness in herbage grasses, in Evaluation of Breeding Material in Herbage Crops (eds M. A. do Valle Ribeiro and P. O’Donnell), Rep. Eucarpia Fodder Crops Mtg, Dublin, September 1972, pp. 55–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, I. (1975) Italian ryegrass varieties for successive conservation cuts. Rep. Welsh Pl. Breeding Stn for 1974, pp. 43–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, I. (1976) Vegetative tiller development in cocksfoot. Rep. Welsh Pl. Breeding Stn for 1975, p. 24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, I., Davies, A., Troughton, A. and Cooper, J. P. (1972) Regrowth in grasses. Rep. Welsh Pl. Breeding Stnfor 1971, pp. 79–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawson, K. P., Jewiss, O. R. and Morrison, J. (1983) The effects of strategic application of nitrogen on the improvement of seasonal yield from perennial ryegrass swards and its interaction with available water, in Efficient Grassland Farming (ed. A. J. Corrall), Occasional Symposium, No. 14, British Grassland Society, Hurley, pp. 171–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deregibus, V. A., Sanchez, R. A. and Casal, J. J. (1983) Effects of light quality on tiller production in Lolium spp. Pl. Physiol., 72, 900–2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doak, B. W. (1952) Some chemical changes in the nitrogenous constituents of urine when voided on pasture. J. Agric. Sci., Camb., 42, 162–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dovrat, A., Dayan, E. and Keulen, H. van (1980) Regrowth potential of shoots and roots of Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana Kunth.) after defoliation. Neth. J. Agric. Sci., 28, 185–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edmond, D. B. (1964) Some effects of sheep treading on the growth of 10 pasture species. N.Z. J. Agric. Res., 7, 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edmond, D. B. (1970) Effects of treading on pasture, using different animals and soils. Proc. Xlth Int. Grassland Congr., Queensland, pp. 604–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, T. A. (1954) The effect of nitrogen applications at different dates on the seed yield of pedigree grasses. J. Br. Grassland Soc., 9, 53–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forbes, T. D. A. and Hodgson, J. (1985) Comparative studies of the influence of sward conditions on the ingestive behaviour of cows and sheep. Grass, Forage Sci., 40, 69–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frame, J. (1976) A comparison of herbage production under cutting and grazing (including comments on deleterious factors such as treading), in Pasture Utilization by the Grazing Animal, (eds J. Hodgson and D. K. Jackson), Occasional Symposium, No. 8, British Grassland Society, Hurley, pp. 39–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frame, J. and Hunt, I. V. (1971) The effects of cutting and grazing systems on herbage production from grass swards. J. Br. Grassland Soc., 26, 163–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garwood, E. A. (1969) Seasonal tiller populations of grass and grass/clover swards with and without irrigation. J. Br. Grassland Soc., 24, 333–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gifford, R. M. and Marshall, C. (1973) Photosynthesis and assimilate distribution in Lolium multiflorum Lam. following differential tiller defoliation. Austral. J. Biol. Sci., 26, 517–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graber, L. F., Nelson, N. T., Luekel, W. A. and Albert, W. B. (1928) Organic food reserves in relation to the growth of alfalfa and other perennial herbaceous plants. Exp. Stn Rec., 58, 326–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grant, S. A., Barthram, G. T. and Torvell, L. (1981a) Components of regrowth in grazed and cut Lolium perenne swards. Grass, Forage Sci., 36, 155–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grant, S. A., King, J., Barthram, G. T. and Torvell, L. (1981b) Responses of tiller populations to variation in grazing management in continuously stocked swards as affected by time of year, in Plant Physiology and Herbage Production (ed. C. E. Wright), Occasional Symposium, No. 13, British Grassland Society, Hurley, pp. 81–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grant, S. A., Barthram, G.T., Torvell, L., King, J. and Smith, H.K. (1983a) Sward management, lamina turnover and tiller population density in continuously stocked Lolium perenne-dominated swards. Grass, Forage Sci., 38, 333–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grant, S. A., King, J., Hodgson, J. and Bircham, J. S. (1983b) The efficiency of herbage utilisation in grazed swards, in Efficient Grassland Farming (ed. A. J. Corrall), Occasional Symposium, No. 14, British Grassland Society, Hurley, p. 308.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenhalgh, J. F. D. and Reid, G. W. (1969) The effects of grazing intensity on herbage consumption and animal production. 3. Dairy cows grazed at two intensities on clean or contaminated pasture. J. Agric. Sci., Camb., 72, 223–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenhalgh, J. F. D., Reid, G. W., Aitken, J. N. and Florence, E. (1966) The effects of grazing intensity on herbage consumption and animal production. 1. Short-term effects in strip-grazed dairy cows. J. Agric. Sci. Camb., 67, 13–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenwood, E. A. N. and Arnold, G. W. (1968) The quantity and frequency of removal of herbage from an emerging annual grass by sheep in a set-stocked system of grazing. J. Br. Grassland Soc., 23, 144–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, B. A., Hutchinson, K. J., Annis, P. C. and Donnelly, J. B. (1973) Relationships between the diet selected by grazing sheep and the herbage on offer. Austral. J. Agric. Res., 24, 271–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, W. (1973) Ryegrass genotype-environment interactions in response to density, cutting height, and competition with white clover. N.Z. J. Agric. Res., 16, 207–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hebblethwaite, P. D., Wright, D. and Noble, A. (1980) Some physiological aspects of seed yield in Lolium perenne L, in Seed production (ed. P. D. Hebblethwaite), Butterworths, London, pp. 71–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herriott, J. B. D. and Wells, D. A. (1963) The grazing animal and sward productivity. J. Agric. Sci. Camb., 61, 89–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodgson, J. (1966) The frequency of defoliation of individual tillers in a set-stocked sward. J. Br. Grassland Soc., 21, 258–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodgson, J. (1982) Influence of sward characteristics on diet selection and herbage intake by the grazing animal, in Nutritional Limits to Animal Production from Pastures (ed. J. B. Hacker) Proc. Int. Symp., Queensland, 1981, Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodgson, J. and Ollerenshaw, J. H. (1969) The frequency and severity of defoliation of individual tillers in set-stocked swards. J. Br. Grassland Soc., 24, 226–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodgson, J., Bircham, J. S., Grant, S. A. and King, J. (1981) The influence of cutting and grazing management on herbage growth and utilisation, in Plant Physiology and Herbage Production (ed. C. E. Wright) Occasional Symposium, No. 13, British Grassland Society, Hurley, pp. 51–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, L. A. (1965) Some implications of death and decay in pasture production. J. Br. Grassland Soc., 20, 27–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huokuna, E. (1960) The effect of differential cutting on the growth of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata). Proc. VIII Int. Grassland Congr., Reading, pp. 429–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hyder, D.N. (1972) Defoliation in relation to vegetative growth, in The Biology and Utilisation of Grasses (eds V. B. Youngner and C. M. McKell), Academic Press, New York, pp. 304–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hyder, D. N. and Sneva, F. A. (1963) Morphological and physiological factors affecting the grazing management of crested wheatgrass. Crop Sci., 3, 267–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ivins, J. D. (1954) Grazing without waste. Agriculture, Lond., 60, 561–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, D. K. (1974) Some aspects of production and persistency in relation to height of defoliation of Lolium perenne (var. S.23). Proc. XIIth Int. Grassland Congr., Moscow, Vol. III, pp. 202–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, D. K. (1976) The influence of patterns of defoliation on sward morphology, in Pasture Utilization by the Grazing Animal (eds J. Hodgson and D. K. Jackson), Occasional Symposium, No. 8, British Grassland Society, Hurley, pp. 51–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacques, W. A. and Edmond, D. B. (1952) Root development in some common New Zealand pasture plants. V. The effect of defoliation and root pruning on cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). N.Z. J. Sci. Technol., Section A, 3, 231–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • JeÅ ko, T. and Troughton, A. (1978) Root tips removal in relation to net photosynthesis and growth in Lolium perenne L. Biologia, Bratislava, 33, 65–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jewiss, O. R. and Powell, C. E. (1966) The growth of S.48 timothy swards after cutting in relation to carbohydrate reserves and leaf area. A. Rep. Grassland Res. Inst, for 1965, pp. 67–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jewiss, O. R., Robson, M. J., Woledge, J, Powell, C. E., Deriaz, R. E. and Williams, R. D. (1969) Effect of defoliation on single plants. A. Rep. Grassland Res. Inst, for 1968, pp. 53–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, E. L. (1983) The production and persistency of different grass species cut at different heights. Grass, Forage Sci., 38, 79–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, M. B. (1981) A comparison of sward development under cutting and continuous grazing management, in Plant Physiology and Herbage Production (ed. C. E. Wright), Occasional Symposium, No. 13, British Grassland Society, Hurley, pp. 63–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, M. B., Collett, B. and Brown, S. (1982) Sward growth under cutting and continuous stocking managements: sward canopy structure, tiller density and leaf turnover. Grass, Forage Sci., 37, 67–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kays, S. and Harper, J. L. (1974) The regulation of plant and tiller density in a grass sward. J. Ecol., 62, 97–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, J., Lamb, W. I. C. and McGregor, M. T. (1979) Regrowth of ryegrass swards subject to different cutting regimes and stocking densities. Grass, Forage Sci., 34, 107–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kley, F. K. van der and Ploeg, H. van der (1955) Grazing behaviour in relation to feed intake by rotationally grazed monozygotic dairy cattle twins in the Netherlands. Landbouwk. Tijdschr., Wageningen, 67, 609–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laidlaw, A. S. and Berrie, A. M. M. (1974) The influence of expanding leaves and the reproductive stem apex on apical dominance in Lolium multiflorum. Ann. Appl. Biol., 78, 75–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lambert, D. A. (1963) The influence of density and nitrogen in seed production stands of S37 cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.). J. Agric. Sci., Camb., 61, 361–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lambert, D. A. (1964) The influence of density and nitrogen in seed production stands of S48 timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and S215 meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis L.). J. Agric. Sci., Camb., 63, 35–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langer, R. H. M. (1958) A study of growth in swards of timothy and meadow fescue I.Uninterrupted growth. J. Agric. Sci., Camb., 51, 347–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langer, R. H. M. (1959) A study of growth in swards of timothy and meadow fescue. II.The effects of cutting treatments. J. Agric. Sci., Camb., 52, 273–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laude, H. M., Riveros, G., Murphy, A. H. and Fox, R. E. (1968) Tillering at the reproductive stage in Hardinggrass. J. Range Mgmt, 21, 148–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence, T. and Ashford, R. (1969) Effect of stage and height of cutting on the dry matter yield and persistence of intermediate wheatgrass, bromegrass and reed canary grass. Can. J. Pl. Sci., 49, 321–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, J. (1968) Fertile tiller production and seed yield in meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis L.). 2. Drill spacing and date of nitrogen manuring. J. Br. Grassland Soc., 23, 240–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, J. (1969) Fertile tiller production and seed yield in meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis L.). 3. Date of spring defoliation and nitrogen application. J. Br. Grassland Soc., 24, 50–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lucia Silva, G. R. de (1974) A study of variation in the defoliation and regrowth of individual tillers in swards of Lolium perenne L. grazed by sheep. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Reading.

    Google Scholar 

  • MAFF (1969) Rep. No. 5, Rosemaund Exp. Husbandry Farm 1969, pp. 28–30, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food National Agricultural Advisory Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsh, R. and Campling, R. C. (1970) Fouling of pastures by dung. Herbage Abstr., 40, 123–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, C. and Sagar, G. R. (1965) The influence of defoliation on the distribution of assimilates in Lolium multiflorum Lam. Ann. Bot., 29, 365–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, C. and Sagar, G. R. (1968) The distribution of assimilates in Lolium multiflorum Lam. following differential defoliation. Ann. Bot., 32, 715–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marten, G. C. and Donker, J. D. (1966) Animal excrement as a factor influencing acceptability of grazed forage. Proc. Xth Int. Grassland Congr., Helsinki, pp. 359–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • May, L. H. (1960) The utilisation of carbohydrate reserves in pasture plants after defoliation. Herbage Abstr., 30, 239–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCarty, E. and Price, R. (1942) Growth and carbohydrate content of important mountain forage plants in central Utah as affected by clipping and grazing. USD A Tech. Bull. No. 818.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDiarmid, B. N. and Watkin, B. R. (1971) The cattle dung patch. 1. Effect of dung patches on yield and botanical composition of surrounding and underlying pasture. J. Br. Grassland Soc., 26, 239–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mcllvanie, S. K. (1942) Carbohydrate and nitrogen trends in bluebunch wheatgrass, Agropyron spicatum, with special reference to grazing influences. Pl. Physiol., 17, 540–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mclvor, P. J. and Watkin, B. R. (1973) The pattern of defoliation of cocksfoot by grazing sheep. Proc. N.Z. Grassland Assoc., 34, 225–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacLusky, D. S. (1960) Some estimates of the areas of pasture fouled by the excreta of dairy cows. J. Br. Grassland Soc., 15, 181–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, K. J. and Coles, S. T. J. (1955) Effects of defoliation and shading on short-rotation ryegrass. N.Z. J. Sci. Technol., Section A, 36, 586–604.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mittra, M. K. and Wright, M. J. (1966) Effects of blade removal and nitrogen level on growth and nitrate content of shoots of reed canary grass. Agron. J., 58, 193–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morris, R. M. (1969) The pattern of grazing in ‘continuously’ grazed swards. J. Br. Grassland Soc., 24, 65–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neiland, B. M. and Curtis, J. T. (1956) Differential responses to clipping of six prairie grasses in Wisconsin. Ecology, 37, 355–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nolan, T. (1983) Meat production, in Efficient Grassland Farming (ed. A. J. Corrall), Occasional Symposium, No. 14, British Grassland Society, Hurley, pp. 77–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nordestgaard, A. (1980) The effects of quantity of nitrogen, date of application and the influence of autumn treatment on the seed yield of grasses, in Seed Production (ed. P. D. Hebblethwaite), Butterworths, London, pp. 137–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norman, M. J. T. and Green, J. O. (1958) The local influence of cattle dung and urine upon the yield and botanical composition of permanent pasture. J. Br. Grassland Soc., 13, 39–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nyirenda, H. E. (1982) Factors influencing regrowth and persistency in Italian ryegrass populations. M.Sc. Thesis, University College of Wales, Aberystwyth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ollerenshaw, J. H. and Hodgson, D. R. (1977) The effects of constant and varying heights of cut on the yield of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). J. Agric. Sci., Camb., 89, 425–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ong, C. K. (1978) The physiology of tiller death in grasses. 1. The influence of tiller age, size and position. J. Br. Grassland Soc., 33, 197–203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ong, C. K., Marshall, C. and Sagar, G. R. (1978) The phsiology of tiller death in grasses. 2. Causes of tiller death in a grass sward. J. Br. Grassland Soc., 33, 205–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oswalt, D. L., Bertrand, A. R. and Teel, M. R. (1959) Influence of nitrogen fertilization and clipping on grass roots. Soil Sci. Soc. Am., Proc., 23, 228–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parsons, A. J., Leafe, E. L., Collett, B. and Stiles, W. (1983a) The physiology of grass production under grazing. I. Characteristics of leaf and canopy photosynthesis of continuously-grazed swards. J. Appl. Ecol., 20, 117–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parsons, A. J., Leafe, E. L., Collett, B., Penning, P. D. and Lewis, J. (1983b) The physiology of grass production under grazing. II. Photosynthesis, crop growth and animal intake of continuously-grazed swards. J. Appl. Ecol., 20, 127–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plancquaert, P. (1967) Etude sur l’exploitation des graminées fourragères. Herbage Abstr., 37, 90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reid, D. (1959) Studies on the cutting management of grass-clover swards. I. The effect of varying the closeness of cutting on the yields from an established grass-clover sward. J. Agric. Sci., Camb., 53, 299–312.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reid, D. (1962) Studies on the cutting management of grass-clover swards. III. The effects of prolonged close and lax cutting on herbage yields and quality. J. Agric. Sci., Camb., 59, 359–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reid, D. and MacLusky, D. S. (1960) Studies on the cutting management of grass- clover swards. II. The effects of close cutting with either a gang mower or a reciprocating-knife mower on the yields from an established grass-clover sward. J. Agric. Sci., Camb., 54, 158–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, H. M. (1965) The effect of defoliation on the seed producing capacity of bred strains of grasses. III. Varieties of perennial ryegrass, cocksfoot, meadow fescue and timothy. J. Br. Grassland Soc., 20, 283–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryle, G. J. A. (1961) Effects of light intensity on reproduction in S.48 timothy (Phleum pratense L.). Nature, Lond., 191, 196–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryle, G. J. A. (1965) Physiological aspects of seed yield in grasses, in The Growth of Cereals and Grasses (eds F. L. Milthorpe and J. D. Ivins), Proc. 12th Easter School Agric. Sci., Univ. Nottingham, pp. 106–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryle, G. J. A. (1970) Partition of assimilates in an annual and a perennial grass. J. Appl. Ecol., 7, 217–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryle, G. J. A. and Powell, C. E. (1975) Defoliation and regrowth in the graminaceous plant: the role of current assimilate. Ann. Bot., 39, 297–310.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryle, G. J. A. and Powell, C. E. (1976) Effect of rate of photosynthesis on the pattern of assimilate distribution in the graminaceous plant. J. Exp. Bot., 27, 189–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sears, P. D. and Thurston, W. G. (1953) Effect of sheep droppings on yield, botanical composition, and chemical composition of pasture. III. Results of field trial at Lincoln, Canterbury for the years 1944–1947. N.Z. J. Sci. Technol, Section A, 34, 445–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sears, P. D., Goodall, V. C. and Newbold, R. P. (1948) The effect of sheep droppings on yield, botanical composition, and chemical composition of pasture. II. Results for the years 1942–1944 and final summary of the trial. N.Z. J. Sci. Technol, Section A, 30, 231–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simons, R. G., Davies, A. and Troughton, A. (1972) The effect of the height of defoliation on two clones of perennial ryegrass. J. Agric. Sci., Camb., 79, 509–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simons, R. G., Davies, A. and Troughton, A. (1974) The effect of cutting height and mulching on aerial tillering in two contrasting genotypes of perennial ryegrass. J. Agric. Sci., Camb., 83, 267–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, A. (1968) Sward growth in relation to pattern of defoliation. J. Br. Grassland Soc., 23, 294–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spiertz, J.H.J, and Ellen, J. (1972) The effect of light intensity on some morphological and physiological aspects of the crop perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. var. ‘Cropper’) and its effect on seed production. Neth. J. Agric. Sci., 20, 232–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sprague, V. G. and Sullivan, J. T. (1950) Reserve carbohydrates in orchard grass clipped periodically. Pl. Physiol., 25, 92–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, J. T. and Sprague, V. G. (1943) Composition of the roots and stubble of perennial ryegrass following partial defoliation. Pl. Physiol., 18, 656–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tainton, N. M. (1974) Effects of different grazing rotations on pasture production. J. Br. Grassland Soc., 29, 191–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tallowin, J. R. B. (1981) An interpretation of tiller number changes under grazing, in Plant Physiology and Herbage Production (ed. C. E. Wright), Occasional Symposium, No. 13, British Grassland Society, Hurley, pp. 77–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tayler, J. C. and Large, R. V. (1955) The comparative output of two seeds mixtures. J. Br. Grassland Soc., 10, 341–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tayler, J. C. and Rudman, J. E. (1966) The distribution of herbage at different heights in ‘grazed’ and ‘dung patch’ areas of a sward under two methods of grazing management. J. Agric. Sci., Camb., 66, 29–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, H. and Davies, A. (1978) Effect of shading on the regrowth of Lolium perenne swards in the field. Ann. Bot., 42, 705–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomson, N. A. (1978) Factors affecting animal production: intake and utilisation by ewes grazing grass/clover and lucerne pastures. Proc. N.Z. Grassland Assoc., 1977, 39, 86–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thorne, G. N. (1959) Photosynthesis of lamina and sheath of barley leaves. Ann. Bot., 23, 365–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vine, D. A. (1977) Development of a pasture model for grazing studies. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Edinburgh.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wade, M. H. (1979) The effect of severity of grazing by dairy cows given three levels of herbage allowance on the dynamics of leaves and tillers in swards of Lolium perenne. M.Phil. Thesis, University of Reading.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wade, M. H. and Baker, T. D. (1979) Defoliation in set-stocked grazing systems. Grass, Forage Sci., 34, 73–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, C. Y. and Blaser, R. E. (1961) Carbohydrate food reserves and leaf area in regrowth of orchardgrass. Crop Sci., 1, 366–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watkin, B. R. (1957) The effect of dung and urine and its interactions with applied nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on the chemical composition of pasture. J. Br. Grassland Soc., 12, 264–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watkin, B. R. and Clements, R. J. (1978) The effects of grazing animals on pastures, in Plant Relations in Pastures (ed. J. R. Wilson), CSIRO, East Melbourne, pp. 273–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weeda, W. C. (1965) The effects of frequency and severity of grazing by cattle on the yield of irrigated pasture. N.Z. J. Agric. Res., 8, 1060–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weeda, W. C. (1967) The effect of cattle dung patches on pasture growth, botanical composition and pasture utilisation. N.Z. J. Agric. Res., 10, 150–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinmann, H. (1948). Underground development and reserves of grasses. J. Br. Grassland Soc., 3, 115–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wheeler, J. L. (1958) The effect of sheep excreta and nitrogenous fertilizer on the botanical composition and production of a ley. J. Br. Grassland Soc., 13, 196–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, J. and Harper, J. L. (1970) Correlated changes in plant size and number in plant populations. J. Ecol., 58, 467–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, D. and Robson, M. J. (1981) Varietal improvement by selection for reduced dark respiration rate in perennial ryegrass, in Plant Physiology and Herbage Production (ed. C. E. Wright), Occasional Symposium, No. 13, British Grassland Society, Hurley, pp. 209–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoda, K., Kira, T., Ogawa, H. and Hozumi, H. (1963) Self-thinning in overcrowded pure stands under cultivated and natural conditions. J. Inst. Polytechnics, Osaka City Univ., Series D, 14, 107–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Younger, V. B. (1972) Physiology of defoliation and regrowth. in The Biology and Utilization of Grasses (eds V. B. Youngner and C. M. McKell), Academic Press, New York, pp. 293–303.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Alison Davies
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Michael B. Jones Alec Lazenby

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1988 Chapman and Hall Ltd

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Davies, A. (1988). The Regrowth of Grass Swards. In: Jones, M.B., Lazenby, A. (eds) The Grass Crop. The Grass Crop. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1187-1_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1187-1_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-7029-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-1187-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation