Abstract
For over 10 years Nafion* research has studied the effects of impurities on the performance of membrane chlor-alkali cells. The aim of this chapter is to summarize what we have learned about impurities: what impurities affect membranes, how impurities degrade performance, and approaches to dealing with impurities.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Gierke, T. D., Munn, G. E. & Wilson, F. C., in Perfluorinated Ionomer Membranes, Chap. 10, ed. A. Eisenberg & H. L. Yeager. ACS Symposium Series # 180, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1982.
Gierke, T. D. & Hsu, W. Y., in Perfluorinated Ionomer Membranes, Chap. 13, ed. A. Eisenberg & H. L. Yeager. ACS Symposium Series # 180, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1982.
O’Brien, T. F., in Modern Chlor-alkali Technology, Vol. 3, Chap. 23, ed. K. Wall. Ellis Horwood, Chichester, 1986.
Lefond, S. J., Handbook of World Salt Resources. Plenum Press, New York, 1969.
Hine, F., Tilak, B. V. & Viswanathan, K., in Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry, No. 18, Chap. 5, ed. R. E. White, J. O’M. Bockris & B. E. Conway. Plenum Press, New York, 1986.
Hine, F., Ogata, Y., Kojima, T., Uchiyama, S. & Yasuda, M., in Proceedings of the Symposium on Electrochemical Engineering in the Chlor-Alkali and Chlorate Industries, Vol. 88–2, ed. F. Hine, W.B. Darlington, R. E. White & R. D. Varjian. The Electrochemical Society, Philadelphia, 1988, p. 298.
Bergner, D., Chem.-Ztg, 109 (1985) 177. (Also see this volume, pp. 159–70.)
Hayes, M., Kuhn, A. T. & Patefield, W., J. Power Sources, 2 (1977/8) 121.
MacMullin, R. B., in Chlorine, Chap. 6, ed. J. S. Sconce. ACS Monograph Series # 154, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1962, p. 164.
Yamaguchi, K., Ichisaka, T. & Kumagai, I., presented at the Chlorine Institute’s 29th Plant Operations Seminar, Tampa, FL, February 5, 1986.
Nidola, A. & Schira, R., Extended Abstracts, Vol. 85–1, 167th Society Meeting of the Electrochemical Society, Toronto. The Electrochemical Society, Philadelphia, 1985, p. 612.
Grove, D. E., in Modern Chlor-Alkali Technology, Vol. 3, Chap. 19, ed. K. Wall. Ellis Horwood, Chichester, 1986.
Burke, L. D. & Whelan, D. R., J. Electroanal. Chem., 103 (1979) 179.
Burke, L. D., in Electrodes ofConductive Metallic Oxides, Part A, ed. S. Trasatti. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1980, pp. 141, 158.
Falk, S. V. & Salkind, A. J., Alkaline Storage Batteries. John Wiley, New York, 1969, p. 55.
Cotton, F. A. & Wilkinson, G., Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, 4th edn. John Wiley, New York, 1980, p. 795.
Milner, C. P. & Thomas, U. B., The nickel—cadmium cell. In Advances in Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, ed. C. B. Tobias. John Wiley, New York, 1967, p. 1.
Briggs, G. W. D., The nickel hydroxide and related electrodes. In Electrochemistry, Vol. 4, Chap. 3. The Chemical Society, London, 1974.
Molnar, C. J. & Dorio, M. M., 152nd Society Meeting of the Electrochemical Society, Atlanta, October 1977.
Ogata, Y., Kojima, T., Uchiyama, S., Yasuda, M. & Hine, F., Extended Abstracts, Vol. 87–2, 172nd Society Meeting of the Electrochemical Society, Honolulu, HI. The Electrochemical Society, Philadelphia, 1987, p. 1651.
Bissot, T. C., Extended Abstracts, Vol. 86–1,169th Society Meeting of the Electrochemical Society, Boston. The Electrochemical Society, Philadelphia, 1986, p. 643.
Bissot, T. C., Proceedings of the Symposium on Diaphragms, Separators, and Ion-Exchange Membranes, Vol. 86–13, ed. J. W. Van Zee, R. E. White, K. Kinoshita & H. S. Burney. The Electrochemical Society, Philadelphia, 1986, p. 42.
Keating, J. T., in Proceedings of the Symposium on Electrochemical Engineering in the Chlor-Alkali and Chlorate Industries, Vol. 88–2, ed. F. Hine, W. B. Darlington, R. E. White & R. D. Varjian. The Electrochemical Society, Philadelphia, 1988, p. 311.
Keating, J. T, Extended Abstracts, Vol. 87–2, 172nd Society Meeting of the Electrochemical Society, Honolulu, HI. The Electrochemical Society, Philadelphia, 1987, p. 1653.
Herrera, A. & Yeager, H. L., J. Electrochem. Soc., 134 (1987) 2445.
Bissot, T. C., Extended Abstracts, Vol. 85–1,167th Society Meeting of the Electrochemical Society, Toronto. The Electrochemical Society, Philadelphia, 1985, p. 594.
Ibl, N. & Vogt, H., in Comprehensive Treatise of Electrochemistry, Vol. 2, ed. J. O’M. Bockris, B. E. Conway, E. Yeager & R. E. White. Plenum Press, New York, 1981, p. 220.
Hill, A. E., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 50 (1928) 2678.
Handbook of Brine Analysis, 2nd edn. Hach, Loveland, Colorado, 1988, p. 29.
Helfferich, F., Ion Exchange. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1962, p. 328.
Bissot, T. C., US Patent 4 722 772, Process for Electrolysis of Sulfate-Containing Brine, February 1988.
Bissot, T. C., US Patent 4 648 949, Process for Electrolysis of Silica-Containing Brine, March 1987.
Liczwek, D. L., Proceedings of the Symposium on Electrochemical Engineering in the Chlor-Alkali and Chlorate Industries, Vol. 88–2, ed. F. Hine, W B. Darlington, R. E. White & R. D. Varjian. The Electrochemical Society, Philadelphia, 1988, p. 284.
Liczwek, D. L., Extended Abstracts, Vol. 87–2, 172nd Society Meeting of the Electrochemical Society, Honolulu, HI. The Electrochemical Society, Philadelphia, 1987, p. 1648.
Maloney, D. E., in Modern Chlor-Alkali Technology, Vol. 1, Chap. 14, ed. M. O. Coulter. Ellis Horwood, Chichester, 1980.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1990 SCI
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Keating, J.T., Behling, KJ. (1990). Brine, Impurities, and Membrane Chlor-Alkali Cell Performance. In: Prout, N.M., Moorhouse, J.S. (eds) Modern Chlor-Alkali Technology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1137-6_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1137-6_12
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-7004-1
Online ISBN: 978-94-009-1137-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive