Abstract
In recent decades, gradual warming over the long term has been punctuated by droughts that facilitate widespread ecological disturbances. Although no single event can be attributed to climate change, it is reasonable to infer that a permanently warmer climate will escalate disturbances, causing a much faster change in ecosystem structure and function than a gradual increase in warming. Various species of pine beetles have spread across large land areas in Alaska, the western United States, and southern United States, in some cases attacking tree species that have not experienced previous outbreaks. Area burned by wildfire has been especially high during the 2000s. A reduction in the quantity and persistence of snow in mountainous regions is affecting the hydrology of forest ecosystems and downstream water supply. Interactions of multiple disturbances and stressors may result in new combinations of species and ecosystem conditions for which there is no precedent in historical or paleoecological records. Rapid shifts in climate and disturbance may strain both the resilience of forest ecosystems and the capacity of social systems and management institutions. In the future, shifting the management focus from restoring systems to building resilience will be a more viable strategy for retaining key ecological functions and ecosystem services.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Andreadis, K. M., & Lettenmaier, D. P. (2006). Trends in 20th century drought over the continental United States. Geophysical Research Letters, 33, L10403. doi:10.1029/2006GL025711.
Breshears, D. B., Cobb, N. S., Rich, P. M., et al. (2005). Regional vegetation die-off in response to global-change-type drought. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 102, 15144–14148.
Canadell, J. G., Le Quéré, C., Raupach, M. R., et al. (2007). Contributions to accelerating atmospheric CO2 growth from economic activity, carbon intensity, and efficiency of natural sinks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 104, 18866–18870.
Clow, D. W. (2010). Changes in the timing of snowmelt and streamflow in Colorado: A response to recent warming. Journal of Climate, 23, 2293–2306.
Fagre, D. B., Charles, C. W., Allen, C. D., et al. (2009). Thresholds of climate change in ecosystems: A report by the U.S. Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research (70pp). Reston: U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey.
Feng, S., & Hu, Q. (2007). Changes in winter snowfall/precipitation ratio in the contiguous United States. Journal of Geophysical Research, 112, D15109. doi:10.1029/2007JD008397.
Gibson, K., Skov, K., Kegley, S. et al. (2008). Mountain pine beetle impacts in high-elevation five-needle pines: Current trends and challenges (R1-08-020, 32pp). Missoula: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Health Protection.
Gould, S. J., & Eldredge, N. (1977). Punctuated equilibria: The tempo and mode of evolution reconsidered. Paleobiology, 3, 115–151.
Granshaw, F. D., & Fountain, A. G. (2006). Glacier change (1958–1998) in the North Cascades National Park Complex, Washington, USA. Journal of Glaciology, 52, 251–256.
Groisman, P. Y., & Knight, R. W. (2008). Prolonged dry episodes over the conterminous United States: New tendencies emerging during the last 40 years. Journal of Climate, 21, 1850–1862.
Grundstein, A., & Mote, T. L. (2010). Trends in average snow depth across the western United States. Physical Geography, 31, 172–185.
Hayes, J. L., & Lundquist, J. E. (compilers). (2009). The western bark beetle research group: A unique collaboration with forest health protection—Proceedings of a symposium at the 2007 Society of American Foresters conference (Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-784, 134pp). Portland: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
Hodge, S. M., Trabant, D. C., Krimmel, R. M., et al. (1998). Climate variations and changes in mass of three glaciers in western North America. Journal of Climate, 11, 2161–2179.
Isaac, V., & van Wijngaarden, W. A. (2012). Surface water vapor pressure and temperature trends in North America during 1948–2010. American Meteorological Society, 25, 3599–3609.
Josberger, E. G., Bidlake, W. R., March, R. S., & Kennedy, B. W. (2007). Glacier mass-balance fluctuations in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska, USA. Annals of Glaciology, 46, 291–296.
Karl, T. R., Melillo, J. M., Peterson, T. C., & Hassol, S. J. (Eds.). (2009). Global climate change impacts in the United States. A report of the U.S. Global Change Research Program (192pp). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Karl, T. R., Gleason, B. E., Menne, M. J., et al. (2012). U.S. temperature and drought: Recent anomalies and trends. EOS, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, 93(47), 473.
Kunkel, K. E., Palecki, M. A., Ensor, L., et al. (2009). Trends in twentieth-century U.S. extreme snowfall seasons. Journal of Climate, 22, 6204–6216.
Littell, J. S., McKenzie, D., Peterson, D. L., & Westerling, A. L. (2009). Climate and wildfire area burned in the western U.S. ecoprovinces, 1916–2003. Ecological Applications, 19, 1003–1021.
MacDonald, G. M. (2007). Severe and sustained drought in southern California and the West: Present conditions and insights from the past on causes and impacts. Quaternary International, 173, 87–100.
McCabe, G. J., & Wolock, D. M. (2010). Long-term variability in Northern hemisphere snow cover and associations with warmer winters. Climatic Change, 99, 141–153.
McKenzie, D., Gedalof, Z., Peterson, D. L., & Mote, P. (2004). Climatic change, wildfire and conservation. Conservation Biology, 18, 890–902.
Meddens, A. J. H., Hicke, J. A., & Ferguson, C. A. (2012). Spatiotemporal patterns of observed bark beetle-caused tree mortality in British Columbia and the western United States. Ecological Applications, 22, 1876–1891.
Millar, C. L., Westfall, R. D., Delany, D. L., et al. (2012). Forest mortality in high-elevation whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) forests of eastern California, USA: Influence of environmental context, bark beetles, climatic water deficit, and warming. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 42, 749–786.
Miller, J. D., Skinner, C. N., Safford, H. D., et al. (2012). Trends and causes of severity, size, and number of fires in northwest California, USA. Ecological Applications, 22, 184–203.
Mishra, V., & Lettenmaier, D. P. (2011). Climatic trends in major U.S. urban areas, 1950–2009. Geophysical Research Letters, 38, L16401. doi:10.1029/2011GL048255.
Mishra, V., Michael, J. P., Boyles, R., et al. (2012). Reconciling the spatial distribution of the surface temperature trends in the southeastern United States. Journal of Climate, 25, 3610–3618.
Morgan, P., Heyerdahl, E. K., & Gibson, C. E. (2008). Multi-season climate synchronized forest fires throughout the 20th century, Northern Rockies, USA. Ecology, 89, 717–728.
Moser, S. C., & Luers, A. L. (2008). Managing climate risks in California: The need to engage resource managers for successful adaptation to change. Climatic Change, 87, S309–S322.
Mote, P. W., Hamlet, A. F., Clark, M. P., & Lettenmaier, D. P. (2005). Declining mountain snowpack in western North America. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 86, 39–49.
National Integrated Drought Information System (NIDIS). (n.d.). U.S. drought portal. http://www.drought.gov/drought
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climate Data Center (NCDC). (n.d.). http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc
Nowak, J. T. (2004). Southern pine beetle prevention and restoration. Forest Landowners Conference Proceedings, 63, 21–22.
Pederson, G. T., Gray, S. T., Woodhouse, C. A., et al. (2011). The unusual nature of recent snowpack declines in the North American Cordillera. Science, 333, 332–335.
Peterson, D. L., Millar, C. I., Joyce, L. A. et al. (2011). Responding to climate change on national forests: A guidebook for developing adaptation options (Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-855, 109pp). Portland: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
Shaw, J. D., Steed, B. E., & DeBlander, L. T. (2005). Forest inventory and analysis (FIA) annual inventory answers the question: What is happening to pinyon-juniper woodlands? Journal of Forestry, 103, 280–285.
Sullivan, B. K., & Doan, L. (2012, October 29). Sandy brings hurricane-force gusts after New Jersey landfall. Washington Post. http://washpost.bloomberg.com/Story?docId=1376-MCMWP11A1I4H01-2DUORIV7RUREVIT7O7L4UFGTVF
Tans, P., & Keeling, R. (n.d.). Recent Mauna Loa CO 2 . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Earth System Research Laboratory and Scripps Institute of Oceanography. http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). (n.d.(a)). Climate change indicators in the United States, U.S. and global temperature. http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/indicators/weather-climate/temperature.html
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). (n.d.(b)). Greenhouse gas emissions, carbon dioxide emissions. http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/gases/co2.html
Walsh, K. J. E., & Ryan, B. F. (2000). Tropical cyclone intensity increase near Australia as a result of climate change. Journal of Climate, 13, 3029–3036.
Westerling, A. L., Hidalgo, H. G., Cayan, D. R., & Swetnam, T. W. (2006). Warming and earlier spring increase western U.S. forest wildfire activity. Science, 313, 940–943.
Wikipedia. (n.d.). List of costliest Atlantic hurricanes. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_costliest_Atlantic_hurricanes. Accessed 18 Dec 2012.
Williams, J. W., & Jackson, S. T. (2007). Novel climates, no-analog communities, and ecological surprises. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 5, 475–482.
Wiseman, M. G. (2012, October 26). How US drought damaged economy as well as crops. Bloomberg Businessweek News. http://www.businessweek.com/ap/2012-10-26/how-us-drought-damaged-economy-as-well-as-crops
Wolken, J. M., Hollingsworth, T. N., Rupp, T. S., et al. (2011). Evidence and implications of recent and projected climate change in Alaska’s forest ecosystems. Ecosphere, 2(11):124. doi:10.1890/ES11-00288.1
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht (outside the USA)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Peterson, D.L., Marcinkowski, K.W. (2014). Recent Changes in Climate and Forest Ecosystems. In: Peterson, D., Vose, J., Patel-Weynand, T. (eds) Climate Change and United States Forests. Advances in Global Change Research, vol 57. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7515-2_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7515-2_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-7514-5
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-7515-2
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)