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Forests, Carbon Pool, and Timber Production

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Ecosystem Services and Carbon Sequestration in the Biosphere

Abstract

Forests play an important role in the mitigation of climate change, and store substantial amounts of carbon (C). The living biomass contains 363 Pg C and the soils an additional 426 Pg C. Given that forests annually exchange about sevenfold more carbon dioxide (CO2) with the atmosphere by photosynthesis and respiration than is emitted by burning of fossil fuels (currently 9.1 Pg C), the role of forests in the global C cycle is significant. Land-use change contributes 10 % or 1.1 Pg C to the annual CO2-emissions and leads to significant changes in the C pool. Presently, the temperate forests are a C sink because the forest area increases annually by between 0 and 0.5 %, and the productivity of forests is increasing. Deforestation in the tropical zone is a source of CO2. Ecosystem disturbances such as storm damages and insect infestations are causing economic loss, and destruction of forests leads to the loss of numerous ecosystem services. Disturbances are partially a component of natural ecosystem dynamics, partially they are triggered by climate-change effects, and partly by changes in forest management. The different effects are often difficult to disentangle. Foresters respond to climate change by developing strategies of adaptative forest management. The opinion on successful concepts is still unconsolidated, both due to differences in the anticipation of the extent of climate change, and due to different opinions on the resilience of different forest types. Simulation models and manipulative experiments are important tools for the development of strategies of adaptive forest management. With respect to the role of forests in the global C cycle two opposing opinions exist. Firstly, it is possible to focus on C sequestration in standing forests, alternatively, forest biomass can be intensively used in order to provide timber for the substitution of other materials, and forest biomass for energy. From a forester’s perspective the active management of forests offers more opportunities than management towards old-growth forests with maximized C stocks in the standing biomass. Intensive forest management needs to follows the principles of sustainability. This paradigm is instrumental in forest politics. The use of criteria and indicators help to approximate and maintain a desired status of forest ecosystems.

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Acknowledgements 

This paper is an output of the project, Management strategies to adapt Alpine Space forests to climate change risks (MANFRED), as part of the EU Interreg Alpine Space Programme. The data for the climate envelope of Norway spruce are derived from the Austrian National Forest Inventory and were evaluated by Nik Zimmermann, WSL, Switzerland.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Forest Ecology, Robert Jandl Forest Research Center (BFW), Seckendorff Gudent Weg 8, 1131, Vienna, Austria

    Robert Jandl & Andreas Schindlbacher

  2. Department of Genetics, Silvio Schüler Forest Research Center (BFW), Hauptstrasse 7, 1140, Vienna, Austria

    Silvio Schüler

  3. Department of Forest Protection, Christian Tomiczek Forest Research Center (BFW), Seckendorff Gudent Weg 8, 1131, Vienna, Austria

    Christian Tomiczek

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  1. Robert Jandl
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  2. Silvio Schüler
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  3. Andreas Schindlbacher
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  4. Christian Tomiczek
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Robert Jandl .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. The Ohio State University, Coffey Road Kottman Hall 422B 2021, Columbus, 43210, Ohio, USA

    Rattan Lal

  2. , Global Soil Forum, IASS Inst. for Adv. Sust. Studies, Berliner Str. 130, Potsdam, 14467, Brandenburg, Germany

    Klaus Lorenz

  3. , Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam, Telegrafenberg, Potsdam, 14473, Germany

    Reinhard F. Hüttl

  4. , Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ, Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam, Telegrafenberg 309G, Potsdam, 14473, Brandenburg, Germany

    Bernd Uwe Schneider

  5. Universität Bonn, Walter-Flex-Str. 3, Bonn, 53113, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany

    Joachim von Braun

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Jandl, R., Schüler, S., Schindlbacher, A., Tomiczek, C. (2013). Forests, Carbon Pool, and Timber Production. In: Lal, R., Lorenz, K., Hüttl, R., Schneider, B., von Braun, J. (eds) Ecosystem Services and Carbon Sequestration in the Biosphere. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6455-2_6

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