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Magnetic Observatory Data and Metadata: Types and Availability

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Geomagnetic Observations and Models

Part of the book series: IAGA Special Sopron Book Series ((IAGA,volume 5))

Abstract

The availability of magnetic observatory data has evolved rapidly with the transition of observatories from analogue photographic magnetograms to digital electronic recordings, and the advent of the internet for instant global access to information of every sort. Metadata (information about the data) is undergoing its own transformation in order to accompany the rapid and extensive dissemination of these data. This chapter describes the types of data historically and currently produced by geomagnetic observatories and introduces new data types such as one-second and quasi-absolute data recently discussed at the 11th IAGA Scientific Assembly in Sopron, Hungary. We review the availability of these data types from the World Data Centres, INTERMAGNET and other sources. Finally, we discuss developments in metadata describing the current efforts in the geomagnetism community to gather, store and distribute this information about the data to better assist scientific discovery.

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Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank David M. Clark, Dr. Hans-Joachim Linthe, Dr. Jürgen Matzka and Dr. Susan Macmillan for their valued contributions. We would like to thank Ellen Clarke for her critical review and many helpful additions to the manuscript. We would also like to thank Prof. Mioara Mandea and Dr. Monika Korte for the opportunity to prepare this chapter. This paper is published with the permission of the Director of BGS (NERC).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. British Geological Survey, Murchison House, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3LA, UK

    Sarah J. Reay

  2. National Geophysical Data Center/CIRES, E/GC 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA

    Donald C. Herzog

  3. Indian Institute of Geomagnetism, Plot 5, Sector 18, New Panvel, Navi Mumbai, 410218, India

    Sobhana Alex

  4. World Data Center for Solar Terrestrial Physics, Molodezhnaya, 3, Moscow, 117296, Russia

    Evgeny P. Kharin

  5. National Geophysical Data Center, E/GC 325, Broadway, Boulder, Colorado, USA

    Susan McLean

  6. World Data Center for Geomagnetism, Kyoto, Data Analysis Center for Geomagnetism and Space Magnetism, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Oiwake-cho, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan

    Masahito Nosé

  7. World Data Center for Solid Earth Physics, 117296, Moscow, Russia

    Natalia A. Sergeyeva

Authors
  1. Sarah J. Reay
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  2. Donald C. Herzog
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  3. Sobhana Alex
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  4. Evgeny P. Kharin
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  5. Susan McLean
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  6. Masahito Nosé
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  7. Natalia A. Sergeyeva
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sarah J. Reay .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. , Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris G, Université Paris Diderot, rue Thomas Mann 5, Paris, 75205, France

    M. Mandea

  2. Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ), Telegrafenberg, Potsdam, 14473, Germany

    Monika Korte

Appendices

Appendix 1: Data File Formats

With the advent of digital data records it was soon recognised that a common data format for storing and presenting geomagnetic observatory was required. Without data standards it would be impossible for users of worldwide observatory data to make use of the vast collection of data available from many different institutions and countries.

Over time different data formats have been established with different motivations behind each approach. The most prevalent standard for one-minute data is currently IAGA-2002 whereas WDC Exchange Format is still often used for hourly mean data.

7.1.1 World Data Centre Exchange Format

In the 1980s a common file format for dissemination of geomagnetic data was developed. This WDC Exchange Format [36] was a continuation from the format for punched card and was designed to make maximum use of the limited RAM and disk capacity of computers at that time. It is not a convenient format for the user and there is no space for any metadata. For hourly means each value is decomposed into a tabular base value (shared by all hourly values for a given day), and a tabular value (Fig. 7.9). For each day the tabular base and the 24 values are presented with a daily mean value at the end of the row. For minute means each value in an hour is displayed along one horizontal row with an hourly mean value given at the end.

Fig. 7.9
figure 7_9_190679_1_En

WDC hourly mean value format, with the tabular base values highlighted

Full size image

7.1.2 INTERMAGNET GIN Dissemination Formats

INTERMAGNET defined a number of format standards for the dissemination of data from their GINs [37]. There are standards for one-minute (IMFV1.22), hourly (IHFV1.01) and daily (IDFV1.01) data. For example, for one-minute means, data are organised on a day-file basis. One file contains 24 one-hour blocks, each containing 60 minutes worth of values. Blocks are padded with 9’s if incomplete. Information is encoded in ASCII and there is only very limited metadata included e.g., noting if data are reported, adjusted or definitive.

figure 7_b_190679_1_En

Full size image

7.1.3 IAGA-2002 Format

The IAGA ASCII Exchange Format [38] was adopted in 2001. It is used as a data exchange format for geomagnetic data (samples and means) from observatories and variometer stations at cadences from milliseconds up to and including monthly means. This ability to accommodate data of different cadence is a major strength of this file format. It is also flexible and can account for files containing different durations of data (e.g. a month file of one-minute data) with its well-defined file naming scheme. The file names themselves provide critical metadata and within each file there are twelve mandatory file header records for further metadata. These include the type of data (definitive, provisional, variation), if the data are instantaneous or a mean, and how the values are centred. It also has an optional, variable length comment field for more descriptive metadata associated with the dataset. The data records are presented in a fixed four-column ASCII format which is convenient for the user to read and manipulate.

figure 7_c_190679_1_En

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Appendix 2: Internet Links

  1. 1.

    http://cdf.gsfc.nasa.gov

  2. 2.

    http://www.wdc.bgs.ac.uk

  3. 3.

    http://www.geomag.bgs.ac.uk/data_service/home.html

  4. 4.

    http://wdc.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp

  5. 5.

    http://wdc.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/film

  6. 6.

    http://www.space.dtu.dk/English.aspx

  7. 7.

    http://www.space.dtu.dk/English/Research/Scientific_data_and_models/World_Data_Center_for_Geomagnetism.aspx

  8. 8.

    http://www.wdciig.res.in

  9. 9.

    http://www.wdcb.ru/sep

  10. 10.

    http://www.wdcb.ru/stp/index.en.html

  11. 11.

    http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/stp/WDC/wdcstp.html

  12. 12.

    http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/wdc/wdcgmg.html

  13. 13.

    http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/geodas/trackline.html

  14. 14.

    http://www.ips.gov.au/World_Data_Centre

  15. 15.

    http://gp.wdc.cn

  16. 16.

    http://www.intermagnet.org

  17. 17.

    http://www.icsu-fags.org

  18. 18.

    http://wds.geolinks.org

  19. 19.

    http://www.earthobservations.org/documents/geo_brochure.pdf

  20. 20.

    http://isgi.latmos.ipsl.fr

  21. 21.

    http://www-app3.gfz-potsdam.de/kp_index/index.html

  22. 22.

    http://www.obsebre.es/php/geomagnetisme/variaciorap.php

  23. 23.

    http://spidr.ngdc.noaa.gov/spidr

  24. 24.

    http://supermag.jhuapl.edu

  25. 25.

    http://www.geo.fmi.fi/image

  26. 26.

    http://bluebird.phys.ualberta.ca/carisma

  27. 27.

    http://www.intermagnet.org/Yearbooks_e.php

  28. 28.

    http://www.fgdc.gov/metadata

  29. 29.

    http://www.opengeospatial.org

  30. 30.

    http://www.spase-group.org

  31. 31.

    http://www.w3schools.com/xsl/default.asp

  32. 32.

    http://www.geomind.eu/portal/md_search.jsf

  33. 33.

    http://www.iugonet.org/en

  34. 34.

    http://geonetwork-opensource.org

  35. 35.

    http://www.geoportal.org/web/guest/geo_home

  36. 36.

    http://www.wdc.bgs.ac.uk/catalog/format.html

  37. 37.

    http://www.intermagnet.org/FormatData_e.php

  38. 38.

    http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/IAGA/vdat/iagaformat.html

Glossary

ANZLIC

—Australia New Zealand Land Information Council

BGS

—British Geological Survey

CDF

—Common Data Format

CETP

—Centre d’étude des Environnements Terrestre et Planétaires

CODATA

—Committee on Data for Science and Technology

CSIC

—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (Spanish Research Council)

DACGSM

—Data Analysis Center for Geomagnetism and Space Magnetism

DCP

—Data Collection Platform

DMI

—Danish Meteorological Institute

ERSI

—Environmental Systems Research Institute

FAGS

—Federation of Astronomical and Geophysical data analysis Service

FGDC

—Federal Geographic Data Committee

FTP

—File Transfer Protocol

GEODAS

—Geophysical Data System

GIN

—Geomagnetic Information Nodes

GFZ

—GeoForschungsZentrum

HMV

—Hourly Mean Value

IAGA

—International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy

ICSU

—International Council for Science

IGRF

—International Geomagnetic Reference Field

IGY

—International Geophysical Year

IIG

—Indian Institute of Geomagnetism

IPY

—International Polar Year

IMO

—INTERMAGNET Observatory

INTERMAGNET-

International Real-time Magnetic Observatory Network

ISGI

—International Service of Geomagnetic Indices

ISO

—International Standards Organisation

IUGONET

—Inter-university Upper atmosphere Global Observation NETwork

LATMOS

-Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales

LPM

—Low Power Magnetometer

LPMNET

—Low Power Magnetometer NETwork

NERC

—Natural Environment Research Council

NGDC

—National Geophysical Data Center

RAM

—Russian Arctic and Antarctic Magnetometer network

SEP

—Solid-Earth Physics

sfe

—Solar Flare Effects

SPASE

—Space Physics Archive Search and Extract

SPIDR

—Space Physics Interactive Data Resource

ssc

—Sudden Storm Commencements

STP

—Solar-Terrestrial Physics

USGS

—United States Geological Survey

VO

—Virtual Observatory

WDC

—World Data Centre

WDS

—World Data System

WMM

—World Magnetic Model

WWW

—World Wide Web

XML

—eXtensible Markup Language

XSLT

—eXtensible Stylesheet Language Transformations

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© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

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Reay, S.J. et al. (2011). Magnetic Observatory Data and Metadata: Types and Availability. In: Mandea, M., Korte, M. (eds) Geomagnetic Observations and Models. IAGA Special Sopron Book Series, vol 5. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9858-0_7

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