Abstract
Since the American-led invasion of Iraq in 2003, the country has come to be viewed as a focal point of ethno-sectarian violence and conflict. Given the United States’ involvement with the re- structuring of the Iraqi government after the fall of Saddam Hussein, and their engagement in the country even after the full withdrawal of American troops from Iraq in December 2011, many policy makers, think tank analysts, journalists, human rights groups, and academic scholars weighed in on a broad dialogue over what should happen with Iraq’s political and societal future. This issue remains significant as Iraqi politicians attempt to hold a fledgling government together through the face of a continued insurgency in the country. Power sharing among the main religious factions and ethnicities in the country remains, for many, a major concern and consideration although the probability of true power sharing within the government seems less and less likely. Whatever the political outcome in Iraq, discussing demographic patterns and trends in the country is a difficult endeavor given the continuing conflict there. Estimates of Iraq’s overall population today range from 28.92 to 33 million people. Because of the current context, however, the demography of ethnicity in Iraq is rapidly shifting. This chapter thus attempts to trace the historical roots of Iraq’s demographic and ethnic makeup as well as looking at its current demographic character and changes taking place. Finally, it explores the linkages and disputes surrounding ethnicity, sectarianism, and demography in Iraq.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
- 1.
- 2.
- 3.
References
al-Ansary, K., & Ryan, M. (2009, March 2). Iraq plans census to map ethnic divisions. Reuters UK News Service: published online at http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE5214RC20090302
Ali, T. (2003). Bush in Babylon: The recolonisation of Iraq. London: Verso Books.
Ali, M., Blacker, J., & Jones, G. (2003). Annual mortality rates and excess deaths of children under five in Iraq, 1991-98. Population Studies, 57, 217–226.
Amos, D. (2010). Eclipse of the Sunnis: Power, exile, and upheaval in the Middle East. New York: Public Affairs.
Anderson, L., & Stansfield, G. (2009). Crisis in Kirkuk: The ethnopolitics of conflict and compromise. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Assaad, R., & Roudi-Fahimi, F. (2007). Youth in the Middle East and North Africa: Demographic opportunity or challenge? Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau MENA Policy Brief.
Banta, B. R. (2008). Just war theory and the 2003 Iraq war forced displacement. Journal of Refugee Studies, 21(3), 261–284.
Batatu, H. (1978). The old social classes and the revolutionary movements of Iraq. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Bennison, A. K. (2009). The great caliphs: The golden age of the ’Abbasid Empire. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Biden, J. R., & Gelb, L. H. (2006, May 1). Op-Ed, unity through autonomy in Iraq New York Times, p. A19.
Biden, J. R. Iraq: A way forward 2006 [cited]. Available from http://americancentristparty.net/PDF/planforiraq.pdf
Çetinsaya, G. (2006). Ottoman administration of Iraq, 1890-1908. London: Routledge.
Cole, J. (2003). The United States and Shi’ite religious factions in post-Ba’thist Iraq. Middle East Journal, 57(4), 543–567.
Cole, J. (2004). The three-state solution? The Nation, 27–31.
Cordesman, A. H. (2006). Op-Ed, Three Iraqs would be one big problem. New York Times.
Davis, E. (2005). Memories of state: Politics, history, and collective identity in modern Iraq. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Dodge, T. (2003). Inventing Iraq: The failure of nation building and a history denied. New York: Columbia University Press.
Dodge, T. (2007). State collapse and the rise of identity politics. In M. E. Bouillon, D. M. Malone, & B. Rowswell (Eds.), Iraq: Preventing a new generation of conflict (pp. 23–39). Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Farouk-Sluglett, M., & Sluglett, P. (2001). Iraq since 1958: From revolution to dictatorship (3rd ed.). London: I.B. Tauris Publishers.
Goldstone, J. A. (2002). Population and security: how demographic change can lead to violent conflict. Journal of International Affairs, 56(1), 3–21.
Gregory, D. (2004). The colonial present : Afghanistan, Palestine, and Iraq. Malden: Blackwell Pub.
Hasan, M. S. (1966). Growth and structure of Iraq’s population, 1867-1947. In C. Issawi (Ed.), The economic history of the Middle East, 1800-1914: A book of readings (pp. 155–162). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Husry, K. S. (1974). The Assyrian affair of 1933 (I). International Journal of Middle East Studies, 5(2), 161–176.
Jhaveri, N. J. (2004). Petroimperialism: US oil interests and the Iraq war. Antipode, 36(1), 2–11.
Joseph, E. P., & O’Hanlon, M. E. (2007). Analysis Paper No.12: The case for soft partition in Iraq. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.
Kami, A. (2010a, August 25). Iraq to hold census on time, government or not. Reuters UK News Service: published online at http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKLDE67O16O
Kami, A. (2010b, October 3). Iraq delays first census since 1987 over land row. Reuters UK News Service: published online at http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE6921X120101003
Khalidi, R. (2004). Resurrecting empire: Western footprints and America’s Perilous path in the Middle East. Boston: Beacon.
Lawless, R. I. (1972). Iraq: Changing population patterns. In J. I. Clarke & W. B. Fisher (Eds.), Populations of the Middle East and North Africa: A geographical approach (pp. 97–129). London: University of London Press.
Leenders, R. (2008). Iraqi refugees in Syria: causing a spillover of the Iraqi conflict? Third World Quarterly, 29(8), 1563–1584.
Leland, J., & Ali, K. D. (2010, October 27). Anbar province, once a hotbed of Iraqi insurgency, demands a say on resources. New York Times: published online at http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/27/world/middleeast/27anbar.html?ref=middleeast
Makiya, K. (1998). Republic of fear: The politics of modern Iraq (Updatedth ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press.
Marr, P. (2004). The modern history of Iraq (2nd ed.). Boulder: Westview Press.
McCarthy, J. (1981). The Population of Ottoman Syria and Iraq, 1878-1914. Asian and African Studies, 15, 3–44.
Mufti, H., & Bouckaert, P. (2003). Iraq: Forcible expulsion of ethnic minorities. New York: Human Rights Watch.
O’Donnell, K., & Newland, K. (2008). The Iraqi refugee crisis: The need for action. Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute.
Peteet, J. (2007). Unsettling the categories of displacement. Middle East Report, 37(244), 2–9.
Phillips, D. G. (1959). Rural-to-urban migration in Iraq. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 7(4), 405–421.
Ridderbos, K. (2007). Rot here or die there: Bleak choices for Iraqi refugees in Lebanon. Washington, DC: Human Rights Watch.
Roberts, L., Lafta, R., Garfield, R., Khudhairi, J., & Bumham, G. (2004). Mortality before and after the 2003 invasion of Iraq: Cluster sample survey. The Lancet published online at http://image.thelancet.com/extras/04art10342web.pdf
Sidahmed, A. S. (2007). Islamism, Nationalism, and Sectarianism. In M. E. Bouillon, D. M. Malone, & B. Rowswell (Eds.), Iraq: Preventing a new generation of conflict (pp. 71–87). Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Stansfield, G. (2007). Iraq: People, history, politics. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Struck, D. (2006, January 23). Professionals fleeing Iraq as violence, threats persist: exodus of educated elite puts rebuilding at risk. The Washington Post: published online at http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/22/AR2006012201112.html
Tripp, C. (2007). A history of Iraq (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
UNDP. (2005a). Iraq living conditions survey 2004: Volume I: Tabulation report. Baghdad: Central Organization for Statistics and Information Technology.
UNDP. (2005b). Iraq living conditions survey 2004: Volume II: Analytical report. Baghdad: Central Organization for Statistics and Information Technology.
UNDP. (2005c). Iraq living conditions survey 2004: Volume III: Socio-economic atlas of Iraq. Baghdad: Central Organization for Statistics and Information Technology.
Visser, R. (2008). Introduction. In R. Visser & G. Stansfield (Eds.), An Iraq of its regions: Cornerstones of a federal democracy? (pp. 1–26). New York: Columbia University Press.
Williams, P. R., & Simpson, M. T. (2008). Rethinking the political future: An alternative to the ethno-sectarian division of Iraq. American University International Law Review, 24(2), 191–248.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ulack, C. (2015). Demography of Race and Ethnicity in Iraq. In: Sáenz, R., Embrick, D., Rodríguez, N. (eds) The International Handbook of the Demography of Race and Ethnicity. International Handbooks of Population, vol 4. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8891-8_19
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8891-8_19
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-8890-1
Online ISBN: 978-90-481-8891-8
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawSocial Sciences (R0)