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Chapter 21 Elevated CO2 and Ozone: Their Effects on Photosynthesis

  • Chapter
The Chloroplast

Part of the book series: Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration ((AIPH,volume 31))

Summary

Elevated carbon dioxide [CO2] and ozone [O3] are increasing worldwide in part due to human activities. Each gas affects plant cells, initially primarily by interfering with photosynthesis, in ways that are only partially understood. It appears that many plant species experience some stress in this altered atmosphere. This stress, defined as the deviation from normal, evolutionarily shaped homeostatic conditions. Particular consequences ensue for the functioning of chloroplasts. Regulatory mechanisms that influence the operation of the photosynthetic machinery will be discussed, as will the current state of physiological and molecular genetic information concerning impacts, both direct and indirect, of the two gases on the chloroplast machinery. Recent reports are examined in light of that knowledge, and working hypotheses and interpretations and future experimental approaches are suggested that make use of the accumulated data on gene co-expression networks in model species, Arabidopsis thaliana in particular and its relative Thellungiella halophila, which is characterized by a very different lifestyle, and on the improved understanding of biochemical pathways and metabolism relating to interactions between plastids and the cytosol. Evidence is discussed arguing that the presence and increase of tropospheric ozone levels countermand or at least reduce the fertilizing effects of elevated [CO2]. The necessity to increase food production worldwide will require enhanced efforts in breeding ozone-resistant crops.

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Abbreviations

[CO2]:

CO2 concentration

ABA:

abscisic acid

AGPase:

ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase

AOX1a:

mitochondrial alternative oxidase gene/protein

APX1:

cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase gene/protein

AtSR:

plants genes/proteins homologous of a mammalian redox-responsive pathway

C2H2 :

proteins zinc-finger family gene/protein

COL-0:

Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Columbia-0

CV:

Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Cape Verde Island

FACE:

Free Air CO2 Enrichment

GGM:

graphical Gaussian model

GUN1:

regulatory gene encoding a step in chlorophyll biosynthesis

HSF21:

heat shock transcription factor

LE-ETR3:

ethylene receptor gene/protein in tomato

MAPK3:

mitogen activated protein kinase-3

MEX1:

maltose exporter gene/protein

PCD:

programmed cell death

PP2C:

protein phosphatase 2C family protein

PR:

proteins several families of pathogenesis-related proteins

RCD1/CEO1:

protein with a “radical-induced cell death” phenotype, over-expression conferring tolerance to radical oxygen stress

ROS:

radical oxygen species

SEX1:

starch excess gene/protein

SPS:

sucrose phosphate synthase gene/protein

SRO1:

similar to RCD1 with NAD ± radical ADP-ribosylation activity

tAPX:

thylakoid-located ascorbate peroxidase

WRKY:

transcription factor family

WS:

Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Wassilewskija

ZAT10:

redox-responsive transcription factor

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Acknowledgments

We wish to thank Drs. Lisa Ainsworth, Cecilia Vasquez-Robinet, Shrinivasrao Mane, Qingqiu Gong and Shisong Ma for discussions. We are grateful to VT and UIUC for institutional support.

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  1. Pinghua Li

    Present address: Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, 317 Biotechnology Building, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plant Pathology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA

    Ruth Grene

  2. Departments of Plant Biology and of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA

    Pinghua Li & Hans J. Bohnert

  3. Center for Comparative and Functional Genomics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA

    Hans J. Bohnert

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  1. Ruth Grene
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  2. Pinghua Li
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Correspondence to Ruth Grene .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Rebeiz Foundation for Basic Research, Champaign, USA

    Constantin A. Rebeiz

  2. Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA

    Christoph Benning

  3. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA

    Hans J. Bohnert

  4. Central Florida University, Orlando, USA

    Henry Daniell

  5. Arizona State University, Tempe, USA

    J. Kenneth Hoober

  6. University of Karlsruhe, Germany

    Hartmut K. Lichtenthaler

  7. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA

    Archie R. Portis

  8. Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India

    Baishnab C. Tripathy

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Grene, R., Li, P., Bohnert, H.J. (2010). Chapter 21 Elevated CO2 and Ozone: Their Effects on Photosynthesis. In: Rebeiz, C.A., et al. The Chloroplast. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration, vol 31. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8531-3_21

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