Abstract
In the preceding chapters we discussed the central role that spatial and temporal variability play in ecological systems, the importance of addressing these explicitly within ecological analyses and the resulting need to carefully consider spatial and temporal scale and scaling. Landscape ecology is the science of linking patterns and processes across scale in both space and time. Thus landscape ecology is, in a real sense, the foundational science for addressing the central issues of sensitive dependence of ecological process on spatial and temporal variability. This chapter reviews the historical origins and evolution of landscape ecology, discusses its current scope and limitations, and then anticipates the following chapter by looking forward to identify how the field could best expand to address the central challenges of ecological prediction in spatially complex, temporally disequilibrial, multi-scale ecological systems.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Austin MP (1999) The potential contribution of vegetation ecology to biodiversity research. Ecography 22:465–484
Austin MP, Smith TM (1989) A new model for the continuum concept. Vegetatio 83:35–47
Barbato G, Carneiro K, Cuppini D, Garnaes J, Gori G, Hughes G, Jensen CP, Jorgensen JF, Jusko O, Livi S, McQuoid H, Nielsen L, Picotto GB, Wilening G (1995) Scanning tunnelling microscopy methods for the characterization of roughness and micro hardness measurements. Synthesis report for research contract with the European Union under its programme for applied metrology. European Commission Catalogue number: CD-NA-16145 EN-C Brussels Luxemburg
Beasom SL (1983). A technique for assessing land surface ruggedness. J Wildl Manag 47:1163–1166
Christian CS (1958) The concept of land units and land systems. Proc Ninth Pacific Sci Cong 20:74–81
Clements FE (1907) Plant physiology and ecology. Hentry Hold, New York
Clements FE (1916) The nature and structure of the climax. J Ecol 24:252–284
Cowles HC (1899) The ecological relations of the vegetation on the sand dunes of lake Michigan. Botanical Gazette 27:95–117
Curtis JT, McIntosh RP (1951) An upland forest continuum in the prairie-forest border region of Wisconsin. Ecol Monogr 32:476–496
Cushman SA, McGarigal K (2002) Hierarchical, multiscale decomposition of species-environment relationships. Landsc Ecol 17:637–646
Cushman SA, McKenzie D, Peterson DL, Littell J, McKelvey KS (2007) Research agenda for integrated landscape modelling. USDA For Serv Gen Tech Rep RMRS-GTR-194
Dale VH, O'Neill RV, Southworth F, Pedlowski M (1994) Modeling effects of land management in the Brazilian Amazonia settlement of Rondonia. Conserv Biol 8:196–206
Dansereau P (1957) Biogeography: an ecological perspective. Roland, New York
Dansereau P (1975) Inscape and landscape: the human perception of environment. Columbia University Press, New York
Dickinson RE (1970) Regoinal ecology: the study of man's environment. Wiley, New York
Dorner B, Lertzman K, Fall J (2002) Landscape pattern in topographically complex landscapes: issues and techniques for analysis. Landsc Ecol 17:729–743.
Egler FE (1942) Vegetation as an object of study. Philos Sci 9:245–260
Evans JS, Cushman SA (2009) Gradient modeling of conifer species using random forests. Landscape Ecology 24:673–683.
Fischer J, Lindenmayer DB (2006) Beyond fragmentation: the continuum model for fauna research and conservation in human-modified landscapes. Oikos 112:473–480
Forbes SA (1887) The lake as a microcosm. Bull. of the Scientific Association (Peoria, IL), 1887:77–87
Formann RTT (1981) Patches and structural components for a landscape ecology. Bioscience 31:733–744
Forman RTT (1995) Land mosaics: the ecology of landscapes and regions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Forman RTT, Godron M (1986) Landscape ecology. Wiley, New York
Gadelmawla ES, Koura MM, Maksoud TMA, Elewa IM, Soliman HH (2002) Roughness parameters. J Mat Process Tech 123:133–145
Gleason HA (1917) The structure and development of the plant association. Bull Torrey Bot Club 43:463–481
Gleason HA (1926) The individualistic concept of the plant association. Bull Torrey Bot Club 53:7–26
Gustafson E J, Parker GR (1992) Relationships between landcover proportion and indices of landscape spatial pattern. Landsc Ecol 7:101–110
Haines-Young (1993) Landcape ecology and geographic information systems. Taylor & Francis, London
Haslett JR (1990) Geographic information systems: a new approach to habitat definition and the study of distributions. Trends Ecol Evol 5:214–218
Hobbs RI, Mooney HA (1990) Ecological studies 79: remote sensing of biosphere functioning. Springer, New York
Hoechstetter S, Walz U, Dang LH, Thinh NX (2008) Effects of topography and surface roughness in analyses of landscape structure – a proposal to modify the existing set of landscape metrics. Landsc Online 1:1–14
Hutchinson GE (1957) Concluding remarks. Cold Spring Harbor Symp Quantitative Biol 22:415–427
Isard W (1975) Introduction to regional science. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ
Jaeger JAG (2000) Landscape division, splitting index, and effective mesh size: new measures of landscape fragmentation. Landsc Ecol 15:115–130
Jenness J (2004) Calculating landscape surface area from digital elevation models. Wildl Soc Bull 32:829–839
Jenness J (2005) Topographic Position Index (tip_jen.avx) extension for ArcView 3.x., Jenness Enterprises. http://www.jennessent.com/arview/tpi.htm.
Kareiva P, Wennergren U (1995) Connecting landscape patterns to ecosystem and population processes. Nature 373:299–302
Keitt TH, Urban DL, Milne BT (1997) Detecting critical scales in fragmented landscapes. Conservat Ecol 1:4
Krebs CJ (1994). Ecology: the experimental analysis of distribution and abundance, 4th ed. Harper Collins, New York
Krummel J R, Gardner RH, Sugihara G, O'Neill RV, Coleman PR (1987) Landscape configurations in a disturbed environment. Oikos 48:321–324
Lowe JC, Moryadas S (1975) The geography of movement. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, MA
MacArthur RH, Wilson EO (1963) A equilibrium theory of insular zoogeography. Evolution 17:373–387
Manning AD, Lindenmayer DB, Nix HA (2004) Continua and umwelt: novel perspectives on viewing landscapes. Oikos 104:621–628
McGarigal K, Cushman SA (2005) The gradient concept of landscape structure. In: Wiens J, Moss M (eds) Issues and Perspectives in Landscape Ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
McGarigal K, Marks BJ (1995) FRAGSTATS: spatial pattern analysis program for quantifying landscape structure. US For Serv Gen Tech Rep PNW-GTR-351
McGarigal K, Cushman SA, Neel MC, Ene E (2002) FRAGSTATS: spatial pattern analysis program for categorical maps. Computer software program produced by the authors at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst www.umass.edu/landeco/research/fragstats/fragstats.html
McGarigal K, Tagil S, Cushman SA (2009) Surface metrics: An alternative to patch metrics for the quantification of landscape structure. Landsc Ecol 24:433–450
McIntyre S, Barrett GW (1992) Habitat variegation, an alternative to ragmentation. Conservat Biol 6:146–147
Melton MA (1957) An analysis of the relations among elements of climate, surface properties, and geomorphology. Columbia Univ, Dep Geol, Proj NR 389–042 Tech Rep 11, New York
Moore ID, Gryson RB, Ladson AR (1991) Digital terrain modeling: a review of hydrological, geomorphological, and biological applications. Hydrolog Process 5:3–30
Moore ID, Gessler PE, Nielsen GA, Petersen GA (1993) Terrain attributes: estimation methods and scale effects. In: Jakeman MB, McAleer (eds): Modeling change in environmental systems. Wiley, London
Naveh Z, Lieberman A (1994) Landscape ecology: theory and applications, 2nd ed. Springer, New York
Pearson SM, Turner MG, Gardner RH, O'Neill RV (1996) An organism-based perspective of habitat fragmentation. In: Szaro RC, Johnston DW (eds) Biodiversity in managed landscapes: theory and practice. Oxford University Press, New York
Pickett STA, Cadenasso ML (1995) Landsape ecology: spatial heterogeneity in ecological systems. Science 269:331–334
Pike RJ (2000) Geomorphometry – diversity in quantitative surface analysis. Progr Phys Geogr 24:1–20
Ramasawmy H, Stout KJ, Blunt L (2000) Effect of secondary processing on EDM surfaces. Surf Eng J 16:501–505
Real LA, Brown JH (1991) Foundations of ecology: classic papers with commentaries. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL
Sanson GD, Stolk R, Downes BJ (1995) A new method for characterizing surface roughness and available space in biological systems. Funct Ecol 9:127–135.
Sauer CO (1965) Land and life. University of California Press, Berkeley.
Schumm SA (1956) Evolution of drainage basins and slopes in badlands at Perth Amboy, New Jersey. Bull Geol Soc Am 67:597–646
Stout KJ, Sullivan PJ, Dong WP, Mainsah E, Lou N, Mathia T, Zahouani H (1994) The development of methods for the characterization of roughness on three dimensions. Publication no EUR 15178 EN of the Commission of the European Communities, Luxembourg
Strahler AN (1952) Hypsometric (area-altitude) analysis of erosional topography. Bull Geol Soc Am 63:1117–1142
Taaffe EJ, Gauthier HJ (1973) Geography of transportation. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ
Tansley AG (1935) The use and misuse of vegetatoinal terms and concepts. Ecology 16
Terborgh J (1976) Island biogeography and conservation: strategy and limitations. Science 193:1029–1030
Troll C (1971) Landscape ecology (geoecology) and biogeocenology: a terminological study. GeoForum 8:43–46
Turner MG (1987) Landscape heterogeneity and disturbance. Ecol Studies 64. Springer, New York
Turner MG (1989) Landscape ecology: the effect of pattern on process. Annl Rev Ecol Systemat 20:171–197
Turner MG (2005) Landscape ecology: what is the state of the science? Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 36:319–44
Turner MG, Gardner RH, O'Neill RV (2001) Landscape ecology in theory and practice. Springer, New York
Villarrubia JS (1997) Algorithms for scanned probe microscope, image simulation, surface reconstruction and tip estimation. J Nat Inst Stand Technol 102:435–454
Whittaker RH (1967) Gradient analysis of vegetation. Biol Rev 42:207–264
Wiens JA (1989) Spatial scaling in ecology. Funct Ecol 3:385–397
Wiens JA (1994) Habitat fragmentation: island v landscape perspectives on bird conservation. Ibis 137:S97–S104
Wiens JA, Stenseth NC, Van Horne B, Ims RA (1993) Ecological mechanisms and landscape ecology. Oikos 66:369–380
Wilson JP, Gallant JC (2000) Terrain analysis: principles and applications. Wiley, New York
With KA, Crist TO (1995) Critical thresholds in species' responses to landscape structure. Ecology 76:2446–2459
With, KA, and King, AW (1999) Extinction thresholds for species in fractal landscapes. Conserv Biol 13:314–326
With KA, Gardner RH, Turner MG (1997) Landscape connectivity and population distributions in heterogeneous environments. Oikos 78:151–169
Zonneveld IS (1972) Textbook of photo-interpretatoin, Vol. 7. ITC, Enschede
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Cushman, S.A., Evans, J.S., McGarigal, K. (2010). Landscape Ecology: Past, Present, and Future. In: Cushman, S.A., Huettmann, F. (eds) Spatial Complexity, Informatics, and Wildlife Conservation. Springer, Tokyo. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-87771-4_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-87771-4_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Tokyo
Print ISBN: 978-4-431-87770-7
Online ISBN: 978-4-431-87771-4
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)