Abstract
The members of the Upper Extremity Committee of ISAKOS meet in Amsterdam in May 2014 with the aim to create a consensus statement on the definition, classification and treatment of the stiff shoulder. The committee recommended that the term “stiff shoulder” is used to describe the patient who presents with a restricted range of motion and that the aetiology can be due to primary or secondary causes. The term “frozen shoulder” is to be used exclusively for idiopathic stiff shoulder and “secondary stiff shoulder” for those cases with a known aetiology. We do not recommend the use of the term adhesive capsulitis.
The committee recommends that the stiff shoulder be classified as intra-articular (cartilage and synovium), capsular and extra-articular. The extra-articular components include the rotator cuff muscle and tendon, but also factors remote to the joint such as heterotopic ossification, burns contracture and neurological causes.
The “shoulder machine” is described with its neurological control, the motor and the articular components of the joint. The stiff shoulder is due to the pathoanatomical consequences of the primary insult, pathological response and secondary insult.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Neviaser AS, Neviaser RJ. Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2011;19(9):536–42.
Cuomo F, Holloway GB. Diagnosis and management of the stiff shoulder. In: Iannotti JP, Williams Jr GR, editors. Disorders of the shoulder – diagnosis and management. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2007. p. 541–60.
Bunker T. Time for a new name for frozen shoulder – contracture of the shoulder. Shoulder Elbow. 2009;1(1):4–9.
Zuckerman JD, Rokito A. Frozen shoulder: a consensus definition. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2011;20(2):322–5.
Hakim AJ, Cherkas LF, Spector TD, MacGregor AJ. Genetic associations between frozen shoulder and tennis elbow: a female twin study. Rheumatology. 2003;42:739–42.
Hertel R, Ballmer FT, Lombert SM, Gerber C. Lag signs in the diagnosis of rotator cuff rupture. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 1996;5(4):307–13.
Lundberg BJ. The frozen shoulder. Clinical and radiographical observations. The effect of manipulation under general anesthesia. Structure and glycosaminoglycan content of the joint capsule. Local bone metabolism. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl. 1969;119:1–59.
Morrey BF. Post-traumatic contracture of the elbow. Operative treatment, including distraction arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1990;72(4):601–18.
Watts AC, Bain GI, Shrestha K, Alexander J. Wrist arthroscopy: the future. In: Savoie III FH, Field LD, editors. AANA advanced arthroscopy: the elbow and wrist. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier; 2010. p. 289–98.
Watts AC, Bain GI. New techniques in elbow arthroscopy. In: Savoie III FH, Field LD, editors. AANA advanced arthroscopy: the wrist and elbow. Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier Health Sciences; 2010. p. 124–31.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 ISAKOS
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bain, G.I., Clitherow, H.D.S. (2015). The Pathogenesis and Classification of Shoulder Stiffness. In: Itoi, E., et al. Shoulder Stiffness. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46370-3_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46370-3_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-46369-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-46370-3
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)