Abstract
It is a fact that mankind’s domain of influence at the surface of the planet is roughly that of clay mineral formation: soils, weathered rocks, diagenetic series, continental and marine sediments, geothermal fields. These clay resources have been exploited since the discovery of fire. It is now important, for environmental studies, to know as well as possible, how and where these minerals form. Curiously, among the numerous works published until now, only a few are devoted to the mechanisms of clay formation at the scale of a soil profile, i.e. the metric scale in temperate zones. Indeed, more is known at the scale of a country (km) or the mineral-fluid interface (nm). For example, at the scale of a country, weathering can be considered as a homogeneous process. As a consequence, it is possible to model chemical transfers and clay-mineral stability fields using calculation codes. On the other extreme, the intimate dissolution-recrystallization mechanisms at the fluid-mineral interface scale are studied on isolated pure crystals in order to simplify the chemical system.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Barnes I, O’Neil JR (1971) The relationship between fluids in some fresh alpine-type ultramafics and possible modern serpentinization, western United States. Geol Soc Am Bull 80: 1947–1960
Barnes I, Lamarche VC, Himmelberg G (1967) Geochemical evidence of present-day serpentinization. Science 156: 830–832
Barnes I, O’Neil JR, Trescases JJ (1978) Present-day serpentinization in New-Caledonia, Oman and Yugoslavia. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 42: 144–145
Barnhisel RI, Bertsch PM (1989) Chlorites and hydroxy interlayered vermiculite and smectite. In: Dixon JB, Weed SB (eds) Minerals in soil environments, 2nd edn. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, pp 729–788
Baudracco J, Bel M, Perami R (1982) Effets de l’altération sur quelques propiétés mécaniques du granite du Sidobre ( France ). Bull Int Assoc Engin Geol 25: 33–38
Begon JC, Jamagne M (1972) Sur la genèse des sols limoneux hydromorphes en France. In: Schlichting E,. Schwertmann U (eds) Pseudogley and gley, genesis and use of hydromorphic soils. Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, pp 307–318
Berner RA (1980) Early diagenesis: a theoretical approach. Princeton University Press, Princeton 241 pp
Bisdom EBA (1967) Micromorphology of weathered granite near the ria de Arosa (NW Spain). Leiden Geol Med 37: 33–67
Bocquier G, Muller JP, Boulangé B (1984) Les latérites. Connaissances et perspectives actuelles sur les mécanismes de leur différenciation. In: Livre Jubilaire du cinquantenaire, AFES, Plaisir, pp 123–140
Boukili H, Novikoff A, Besnus Y, Soubies F, Queiroz C (1983) Pétrologie des produits de l’altération des roches ultrabasiques à chromite de Campo Formoso, état de Bahia, Brésil. Sci Géol Mém 72: 19–28
Boulangé B (1984) Les formations bauxitiques latéritiques de Côte-d’Ivoire. Les faciès, leur transformation, leur distribution et l’évolution du modelé. Mem ORSTOM 175 pp
Bradaoui M, Bloom PR (1990) Iron-rich high-charge beidellite in Vertisols and Mollisols of the High Chaouia region of Morocco. Soil Sci Am J 54: 267–274
Chamayou H, Legros JP (1989) Les bases physiques, chimiques et minéralogiques de la science du sol. Agence de coopération culturelle et technique. PUF, Paris, 594 pp
Chauvel A (1976) Recherches sur la transformation des sols ferrallitiques dans la zone tropicale à saisons contrastées. Evolution et réorganisation des sols de Moyenne Casamance (Sénégal). ORSTOM, Paris, 495 pp
Colin F (1984) Etude pétrologique des altérations de pyroxènite du gisement nickèlifère de Niquelandia (Brésil). Thèse de spécialité, Univ Paris VII, 137 pp
Courbe C, Velde B, Meunier A (1981) Weathering of glauconites: reversal of the glauconitization process in a soil profile in western France. Clay Min 16: 231–243
Cradwick PDG, Farmer VC, Russell JD, Masson CR, Wada K, Yoshinaga N (1972) Imogolite, a hydrared aluminium silicate of tubular structure. Nature (Lond) Phys Sci 240: 187–189
DeConinck F, Favrot JC, Tavernier R, Jamagne M (1976) Dégradation dans les sols léssivés hydromorphes sur matériaux argilo-sableux. Exemple des sols de la nappe détritique bourbonnaise ( France ). Pédologie XXVI: 105–151
Delvigne J (1983) Micromorphology of the alteration and weathering of pyroxenes in the Coua Boca ultramafic intrusion, Ivory Coast, Western Africa. Sei Géol Mém 72: 57–68
Drever JI (1982) The geochemistry of natural waters. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 388 pp
Duchaufour P (1991) Pédologie. Sol, végétation, environnement, 3eme ed. Abrégés, Masson, Paris, 289 pp
Ducloux J, Meunier A, Velde B (1976) Smectite, chlorite and a regular interlayered chlorite-vermiculite in soils developed on a small serpentinite body, Massif Central, France. Clay Min 11: 121–135
Dudoignon P (1983) Altérations hydrothermales et supergène des granites. Etude des gisements de Montebras (Creuse), de Sourches (Deux-Sèvres) et des arènes granitiques de Parthenay. Thèse de spécialité, Univ Poitiers, Poitiers, 117 pp
Ebelmen M (1847) Recherches sur la décomposition des roches. Ann Mines 12: 627–654
Eggleton RA (1984) For mation of iddingsite rims on olivine: a transmission electron microscopy study. Clays Clay Min 32: 1–11
Eggleton RA, Boland JN (1982) Weathering of enstatite to talc through a sequence of transitional phases. Clays Clay Min 30: 11–20
Eswaran H, Bin WC (1978) A study of a deep weathering profile on granite in peninsular malaysia. III. Alteration of feldspars. Soil Soc Am J 42: 154–158
Feth TH, Roberston CE Polzer WL (1964) Sources of mineral constituents in waters from granitic rocks, Sierra Nevada, California and Nevada. US Geol Surv Water Supply Pap 1535, 70 pp
FitzPatrick EA (1980) Soils. Their formation, classification and distribution. Longman, London, 352 pp
Fontanaud A (1982) Les faciès d’altération supergène des roches ultrabasiques. Etude de deux massifs de lherzolite (Pyrénées, France). Thèse de spécialité, Univ Poitiers, Poitiers, 103 pp
Fontanaud A, Meunier A (1983) Mineralogical faciès of a serpentinized lherzolite from Pyrénées, France. Clay Min 18: 77–88
Garrels RM (1984) Montmorillonite/illite stability diagram. Clays Clay Min 32: 161–166
Garrels RM, Christ LL (1965) Solutions, minerals and equilibria. Freeman, Cooper, San Francisco, 450 pp
Garrels RM, Howard DF (1957) Reactions of feldspar and mica with water at low temperature and pressure. Prol 6th Natl Conf on Clays and clay minerals, Pergaluon, New York, pp 68–88
Gilkes RJ, Scholz G, Dimmock GM (1973) Lateritic deep weathering of granite. J Soil Sei 24: 523–536
Gjems O (1967) Studies on clay minerals and clay mineral formation in soil profiles in Scandinavia. Med Nor Skogsgorsoeksues 21: 303–345
Harder H (1976) Nontronite synthesis at low temperatures. Chem Geol 18: 169–180
Harriss RC, Adams JAS (1966) Geochemical and mineralogical studies on the weathering ofgranitic rocks. Am J Sei 264: 146–173
Helgeson HC, Garrels RM, Mackenzie FT (1969) Evolution of irreversible reactions in geochemical processes involving minerals and aqueous solutions. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 33: 455–481
Hillel D (1980) F0ndamental of soil physics. Academic Press, New York, 413 pp
Hochella MF, White AF (1990) Mineral-water interface geochemistry. Reviews in Mineralogy 23.
Mineralogical Society of America, Washington Hower J (1961) Some factors concerning the nature and origin of glauconite. Am Min 47: 886–896
Ildefonse P (1980) Mineral facies developed by weathering of a metagabbro, Loire Atlantique (France). Geoderma 24: 257–273
Ildefonse P (1987) Analyse pétrologique des altérations prémétéoriques et météoriques de deux roches basaltiques (basalte alcalin de Belbex, Cantal et Hawaiite de M’Bouda, Cameroun). Thèse doctorat, Univensité de Paris 7, 323 pp
Jackson ML (1963) Interlayering of expansible layer silicates in soils by chemical weathering. Clays Clay Min 11: 29–46
Jamagne M, Begon JC (1984) Les sols léssivés de la zone tempérée. In: Livre Jubilaire du cinquantenaire, AFES, Plaisir, pp 55–76
Jamagne M, DeConinck F, Robert M, Maucorps J (1984) Mineralogy of clay fractions of some loess in northern France. Geoderma 33: 319–342
Korzhinskii DS (1959) Physicochemical basis of the analysis of the paragenesis of minerals. ( Trans) New York Consultant Bureau, New York, 143 pp
Kounestron O, Robert M, Berrier J (1977) Nouvel aspect de la formation des smectites dans les Vertisols. CR, Acad Sci Paris 284: 733–736
Laffon B, Meunier A (1982) Les réactions minérales des micas hérités et de la matrice argileuse au cours de l’altération supergène d’une marne ( Roumazières, Charentes) Sci Géol 35: 225–236
Lanson B, Besson G (1992) Characterization of the end of smectite-to illite transformation: decomposition of X-ray patterns. Clays Clay Min 40: 40–52
Loveland PJ (1981) Weathering of a soil glauconite in southern England. Geoderma 25: 35–54
Lowe DJ (1986) Controls and rates of weathering and clay mineral genesis in airfall tephras: a review and New Zealand case study. In: Coiman SM, Dutie DP (eds) Rates of chemical weathering of rocks and minerals. Academic Press, New York, pp 265–330
Macias F, Chesworth W (1992) Weathering in humid regions with emphasis on igneous rocks and their metamorphic equivalent. In: Martini IP, Chesworth W (eds) Weathering, soils and paleosols. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 283–306
Meunier A (1980) Les mécanismes de l’altération des granites et le rôle des microsystèmes. Etude des arènes du massif granitique de Parthenay (Deux-Sèvres). Mèm Soc Géol Fr 140: 80
Meunier A, Velde B (1979) Weathering mineral facies in altered granite: the importance of local small-scale equilibria. Min Mag 43: 261–268
Meunier A, Velde B (1986) A method of constructing potential-composition and potential-potential phase diagrams for solid-solution type phases: graphical considerations. Bull Min 109: 657–666
Mogk DW, Locke WW (1988) Application of Auger electron spectroscopy ( AES) to naturally weathered hornblende. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 52: 2537–2542
Muller JP, Bocquier G (1986) Dissolution of kaolinites and accumulation of iron oxides in lateritic-ferruginous nodules: mineralogical and microstructural transformations. Geoderma 37: 113–136
Nahon D (1991) Introduction to the petrology of soils and chemical weathering. John Wiley, New York, 313 pp
Nahon D, Colin F (1982) Chemical weathering of orthopyroxenes under lateritic conditions. Am J Sci 282: 1232–1243
Nahon D, Colin F, Tardy Y (1982) Formation and distribution of Mg, Fe, Mn-smectites in the first stages of the lateritic weathering of forsterite and tephroïte. Clay Min 17: 1–9
Nesbitt HW (1974) The study of some mineral-aqueous solution interactions. PhD Thesis, John Hopkins University Baltimore, 180 pp
Nguyen Kha, Rouiller J, Souchier B (1976) Premiers résultats concernant une étude expérimentale du phénomène d’appauvrissement dans les Pélosols. Sci Sol 4: 259–268
Niggli P (1938) La loi des phases en minéralogie et pétrographie. Herman, Paris, 2 vols
Paquet H (1983) Stability, instability and significance of attapulgite in the calcretes of mediterranean and tropical areas with marked dry season. Sci Géol 72: 131–140
Parneix JC, Meunier A (1983) Les transformations de la microfissuration du granite de Mayet-de-Montagne ( Allier, France) sous l’influence des réactions minérales d’altération hydrothermale. Ann Géophys 38: 203–310
Pédro G (1968) Distribution des principaux types d’altération chimique à la surface du globe.
Présentation d’une esquisse géographique. Rev Géog Phys Géol Dyn X 5: 457–470
Pédro G (1985) Les grandes tendances des sols mondiaux. Cultivar 184, numero spécial: Sols et Sous-sols
Pédro G, Chauvel A, Melfi J (1976) Recherches sur la constitution et la genèse des terra roxa estructurada du Brésil. Ann Agron 27: 265–294
Petit JC, Delia Mea G, Dran JC, Schott J, Berner RA (1987) Mechanism of diopside dissolution from hydrogen depth profiling. Nature 325, 6106: 705–707
Pfeiffer HR (1977) A model for fluid in metamorphosed ultramafic rocks. Observations at surface and sub-surface conditions (high pH spring waters). Schweiz Mineral Petrogr Mitt 57: 361–396
Prigogine I, Defay R (1954) Chemical thermodynamics. Longmans, New York, 960 pp (English translation by Everett)
Protz R, Ross GJ, Martini IP, Terasmae J (1984) Rate of podzolic soil formation near Hudson Bay, Ontario. Can J Soil Sei 64: 31–49
Protz R, Ross GJ, Shipilato MJ, Terasmae J (1988) Podzolic soil development in the southern James Bay lowlands, Ontario. Can J Soil Sei 68: 287–305
Proust D (1983) Mécanismes de l’altération supergéne des roches basiques. Etude des arènes d’orthoamphibolite du Limousin et de glaucophanite de l’île de Groix. Thèse doctorat, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, 197 pp
Proust D, Velde B (1978) Beidellite crystallization from plagioclase and amphibole precursors: local and long-range equilibrium during weathering. Clay Min 13: 199–209
Rassineux F, Beaufort D, Meunier A, Bouchet A (1987) A method of coloration by fluorescein aqueous solution for thin section microscopic observation. J Sediment Petrol 57: 782–783
Rassineux F, Beaufort D, Bouchet A, Merceron T, Meunier A (1988) Use of a linear localization detector for X-ray diffraction of very small quantities of clay minerals. Clays Clay Min 36: 187–189
Rice RM (1973) Chemical weathering on the Carnmenellis granite. Min Mag 39: 429–447
Righi D, Lorphelin L (1987) Structure des microagregats des sols podzolises sur micashistes d’un versant type de l’Himalaya (Népal). In: Bresson LM, Courty MA (eds) Soil micromorphology, N. Fedoroff. AFES, Paris, pp 295–302
Righi D, Meunier A (1991) Characterization and genetic interpretation of clays in an acid brown soil ( Dystrochrept) developed in a granite saprolite. Clays Clay Min 39: 519–530
Righi D, Ranger J, Robert M (1988) Clay minerals as indicators of some soil forming processes in the temperate zone. Bull Miner 111: 625–632
Robert M, Herbillon A (1990) Genèse, nature et role des constituants argileux dans les principaux types de sols des environnements volcaniques insulaires. In: Decarreau A (ed) Matériaux Argileux. SFMC and GFA, Paris, pp 539–576
Rossignol JP (1983) Les Vertisols du nord de l’Uruguay. Cah ORSTOM Ser Pédol 20: 271–291
Schnitzer M, Ripmeester JA, Kodama H (1988) Characterization of the organic matter associated with a soil clay. Soil Sei 145: 448–454
Sikora W, Stoch L (1972) Mineral forming processes in weathering crusts of acid magmatic and metamorphic rocks of lower Silesia. Miner Pol 3: 39–52
Singer A (1989) Palygorskite and Sepiolite group minerals. In: Dixon JB, Weed SB (eds) Minerals in soil environments, 2nd edn. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, pp 829–872
Spear FS, Ferry JM, Rumble III D (1982) Analytical formulation of phase equilibria: the Gibbs’ method. In: Ferry JM (ed) Characterization of metamorphism through mineral equilibria. Reviews in Mineralogy 10, Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, pp 105–122
Spiers G A, Dudas MJ, Muehlenbachs K, Pawluck S (1985) Isotopic evidence for clay mineral weathering and authigenesis in Cryoboralfs. Soil Sei Soc Am J 49: 467–474
Sposito G (1981) The surface chemistry of soils. Oxford University Press, New York
Stevenson FJ (1982) Humus chemistry. Genesis, composition, reactions. John Wiley, New York, 443 pp
Tardy Y (1969) Géochimie des altérations. Etudes des arènes et des eaux de quelques massifs cristallins d’Europe et d’Afrique. Mem Ser Carte Géol Als Lorr, 31, 187 pp
Tardy Y, Roquin C (1992) geochemistry and evolution of lateritic landscapes In: Martini IP, Chesworth W (eds) Weathering, soils and paleosols. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 407–443
Theng BKG, Churman GJ, Newnam RH (1986) The occurrence of interlayered clay-organic complexes in two New Zealand soils. Soil Sei 142: 262–266
Thompson JB (1955) The thermodynamic basis for the mineral facies concept. Am J Sci 253: 65–103
Trescases JJ (1973) L’évolution géochimique supergène des roches ultrabasiques en zone tropicale. Formation des gisements nickèlifères de Nouvelle-Calédonie. Mèm ORSTOM 78: 259
Trolard F, Tardy Y (1989) A model of Fe3+-kaolinite, Al3+-goethite, Al3+-hematite equilibria in granites. Clay Min 24: 1–21
Ugolini F, Sletten RS (1991) The role of proton donors in pedogenesis as revealed by soil solution studies. Soil Sci 151: 59–75
USDA (1975) Soil Taxonomy: a basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. Agric Handbook 436.
US Government Printing Office, Washington DC Veblen DR, Busek PR (1980) Microstructures and reaction mechanisms in biopyriboles. Am Mineral 65: 599–623
Velde B (1976) The chemical evolution of glauconite pellets as seen by microprobe determinations. Min Mag 30: 753–760
Velde B (1985) Clay minerals. A physicochemical explanation of their occurence. Developments in Sedimentology 40 Elsevier, Amsterdam, 427 pp
Wada K (1989) Allophane and Imogolite. In: Dixon JB, Weed SB (eds) Minerals in soil environments, 2nd edn Soil Science Society of America, Madison, pp 1051–1087
Wilson MJ (1987) Soil smectites and related interstratified minerals: recent developments. In: Schultz G, van Olphen H, Mumpton FA (eds) Proc Clay Conf, Denver, 1985. The Clay Minerals Society, Bloomington, pp 167–173
Wolff RG (1967) Weathering of Woodstock granite near Baltimore, Maryland. Am J Sci 265: 106–117
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1995 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Righi, D., Meunier, A. (1995). Origin of Clays by Rock Weathering and Soil Formation. In: Velde, B. (eds) Origin and Mineralogy of Clays. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-12648-6_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-12648-6_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-08195-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-12648-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive