Abstract
Perennial water plants with a rootstock or rhizome. Leaves in a rosette, submerged and/or floating, very seldom emergent. Inflorescence on a long scape emerging above the water surface, in bud enveloped by a caducous or (rarely) persistent spathe, and composed of 1 or 2–15 spikes. Plants usually monoecious, seldom dioecious or apogamous. Flowers hypogynous, sessile, more or less spirally arranged on the inflorescence axis, or secund. Tepals (1-)2–6, absent in female specimens of dioecious species. Stamens usually 6, absent in female specimens of dioecious species and often in apomictic specimens. Anthers 2-thecate, 4-sporangiate, with extrorse longitudinal dehiscence. Pollen probably always yellow. Carpels usually 3, free, sessile, 1-locular, pear-shaped, narrowed into the stylulus with a stigmatic ridge on the ventral side, rudimentary and sterile in male specimens of dioecious specimens, and sometimes more numerous in apomictic specimens. Ovules 2–12 per ovary, basal or marginal. Fruit a follicle with a mostly distinct, lateral or terminal, often curved beak. Seeds without endosperm.
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Selected Bibliography
A more comprehensive bibliography can be found in van Bruggen (1985).
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van Bruggen, H.W.E. (1998). Aponogetonaceae. In: Kubitzki, K. (eds) Flowering Plants · Monocotyledons. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, vol 4. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03531-3_6
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