Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Microenvironmental Aspects of Xylem Defenses to Wood Decay Fungi

  • Chapter
Defense Mechanisms of Woody Plants Against Fungi

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Wood Science ((SSWOO))

Abstract

In nonwoody plants there is considerable evidence that living host cells can respond to fungal invasion and are frequently able to prevent or limit subsequent colonization. Similarly, recent concepts of decay in living trees (e.g. Shigo and Marx 1977, Shigo 1979, Shortie 1979) have implied an active host defense against infection in sapwood and even heartwood (Shigo and Shortie 1979). It is not disputed that living cells in wood can and do respond to tissue damage, and perhaps to fungal invasion, but such responses may be non-specific and may serve to mainatain sapwood function. Moreover, few or no living cells are present in heartwood, and even in sapwood living cells usually account for less than 10% of volume (Hillis 1977), thus it is likely that xylem defense does not rely specifically and directly upon host response mechanisms but on indirect mechanisms.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Allen SE, Grimshaw HM, Parkinson JA, Quarmby C 1974 Chemical analysis of ecological materials. Blackwell, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong W 1967 The relationship between oxidation-reduction potentials and oxygen-diffusion levels in some waterlogged organic soils. J Soil Sci 18: 27–34

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Basham HG, Cowling EB 1975 Distribution of essential elements in forest trees and their role in wood deterioration. In: Becker G, Liese W (eds) Organismen and Holz. Duncker & Humbolt, Berlin, 155–165

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauch J, Höll W, Endeward R 1975 Some aspects of wetwood formation in fir. Holzforschung 29: 198–205

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bevercombe GP 1980 Diseases affecting sycamore bark. PhD Thesis, Univ Exeter Bevercombe GP, Rayner ADM 1980 Diamond-bark diseases of sycamore in Britain. New Phytol 86: 379–392

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bier JE 1964 The relation of some bark factors to canker susceptibility. Phytopathology 54: 272–275

    Google Scholar 

  • Boddy L 1986 Water and decomposition processes in terrestrial ecosystems. In: Ayres PG, Boddy L (eds) Water, fungi and plants. Univ Press, Cambridge, 375–398

    Google Scholar 

  • Boddy L, Bardsley DW, Gibbon, OM 1987 Fungal communities in attached ash branches. New Phytol 107: 143–154

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boddy L, Gibbon OM, Grundy MA 1985 Ecology of Daldinia concentrica: effect of abiotic variables on mycelial extension and interspecific interactions. Trans Br Mycol Soc 78: 337351

    Google Scholar 

  • Boddy L, Rayner ADM 1982 Population structure, inter-mycelial interactions and infection biology of Stereum gausapatum. Trans Br Mycol Soc 78: 337–351

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boddy L, Rayner ADM 1983a Mycelial interactions, morphogenesis and ecology of Phlebia radiata and Phlebia rufa from oak. Trans Br Mycol Soc 80: 437–448

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boddy L, Rayner ADM 19836 Origins of decay in living deciduous trees: the role of moisture

    Google Scholar 

  • content and re-appraisal of the expanded concept of tree decay. New Phytol 94:623–641 Boddy L, Rayner ADM 1983e Ecological roles of basidiomycetes forming decay communities in attached oak branches. New Phytol 93: 77–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Boddy L, Rayner ADM 1984 Internal spread of fungi inoculated into attached oak branches. New Phytol 98: 155–164

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boutelje JB, Kiessling H 1964 On water-stored oak timber and its decay by fungi and bacteria. Arch Mikrobiol 49: 305–314

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buchanan MA 1963 Extraneous components of wood. In: Browning BL (ed) The chemistry of wood. Interscience, New York London, 313–367

    Google Scholar 

  • Carrodus BB, Triffett ACK 1975 Analysis of composition of respiratory gases in woody stems by mass spectrometry. New Phytol 74: 243–246

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carter JC 1945 Wetwood of elms. Illinois Nat Hist Sury Bull 23: 405–448

    Google Scholar 

  • Cartwright K St G 1937 A re-investigation into the cause of “brown oak”, Fistulina hepatica (Huds) Fr. Trans Br Mycol Soc 21: 68–83

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cartwright K St G, Findlay WPK 1958 Decay of timber and its prevention, 2nd edn. HMSO, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapela IH 1989 Fungi in healthy stems and branches of American beech and aspen: a comparative study. New Phytol 113: 65–75

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chapela IH, Boddy L 1988a Fungal colonization of attached beech branches. I. Early states of development of fungal communities. New Phytol 110: 39–45

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapela IH, Boddy L 19886 Fungal colonization of attached beech branches. II. Spatial and temporal organization of communities arising from latent invaders in bark and functional sapwood, under different moisture regimes. New Phytol 110: 47–57

    Google Scholar 

  • Cobb FW Jr, Krstic M, Zavarin E, Barber HW Jr 1968 Inhibitory effects of volatile oleoresin components on Fomes annosus and four Ceratocystis species. Phytopathology 58:1327–1335 Corbett NH 1963 Anatomical, ecological and physiological studies on microfungi associated with decayed wood. PhD Thesis, Univ London

    Google Scholar 

  • Corbett NH 1965 Micro-morphological studies on the degradation of lignified cell walls by Ascomycetes and Fungi imperfecti. J Inst Wood Sci 14: 18–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Coutts MP 1976 The formation of dry zones in the sapwood of conifers. I. Induction of drying in standing trees and logs by Fomes annosus and extracts of infected wood. Eur J For Path 6: 372–381

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coutts MP, Rishbeth J 1977 The formation of wetwood in grand fir. Eur J For Pathol 7:13–22 DeGroot RC 1972 Growth of wood-inhabiting fungi in saturated atmospheres of monoterpenoids. Mycologia 64: 863–870

    Google Scholar 

  • Dickenson S, Wheeler BEJ 1981 Effect of temperature and water stress in sycamore on growth of Cryptostroma corticale. Trans Br Mycol Soc 76: 181–185

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Etheridge DE, Morin LA 1962 Wetwood formation in balsam fir. Can J Bot 40:1336–1345 Fengel D, Wegener G 1984 Wood chemistry, ultrastructure and reactions. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Flodin K, Fries N 1978 Studies on volatile compounds from Pinus sylvestris and their effect on wood-decomposing fungi. II. Effects of some volatile compounds on fungal growth. Eur J For Pathol 8: 300–310

    Google Scholar 

  • Fries N 1961 The growth-promoting activity of some aliphatic aldehydes on fungi. Svensk Bot Tidskr 55: 1–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Fries N 1973 The growth-promoting activity of terpenoids on wood-decomposing fungi. Eur J For Pathol 3: 169–180

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gibbs RD 1958 Patterns in the seasonal water content of trees. In: Thimann KV (ed) The physiology of forest tress. Ronald, New York, 43–69

    Google Scholar 

  • Glasare P 1970 Volatile compounds from Pinus silvestris stimulating the growth of wood-rotting fungi. Arch Mikrobiol 72: 333–343

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Good HM, Basham JT, Kadzielawa SD 1968 Respiratory activity of fungal associations in zones of heart rot and stain in sugar maple. Can J Bot 46: 27–36

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Good HM, Murray PM, Dale HM 1955 Studies on heartwood formation and staining in sugar maple, Acer saccharum Marsh. Can J Bot 33: 31–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray VR 1958 The acidity of wood. J Inst Wood Sci 1: 58–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenidge KNH 1952 An approach to the study of vessel length in hardwood species. Am J Bot 39: 570–574

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Griffith GS, Boddy L 1988 Fungal communities in attached ash ( Fraxinus excelsior) twigs. Trans Br Mycol Soc 91: 599–606

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffith GS, Boddy L 1990 Fungal decomposition of attached angiosperm twigs. I Decay community development in ash, beech and oak. New Phytol 116: 407–415

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffith GS, Boddy L 1991a Fungal decomposition of attached angiosperm twigs. II. Moisture relations of ash twigs. New Phytol 117: 251–257

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffith GS, Boddy L 1991b Fungal decomposition of attached angiosperm twigs. III. Effect of water potential and temperature on fungal growth, survival and decay of wood. New Phytol 117: 259–269

    Google Scholar 

  • Hart HH 1968 Morphological and chemical differences between sapwood, discolored sapwood, and heartwood in black locust and osage orange. For Sci 14: 334–338

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hart JA, Johnson KC 1970 Production of decay-resistant sapwood in response to injury. Wood Sci Technol 4: 267–272

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hart JH, Wardell JF, Hemingway RW 1975 Formation of oleoresin and lignans in sapwood of white spruce in response to wounding. Phytopathology 65: 412–417

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hartley C, Davidson RW, Crandall BS 1961 Wetwood, bacteria and increased pH in tress. US For Serv, For Prod Lab Rep 2215: 1–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Highley TL, Bar-Lev SS, Kirk TK, Larsen MJ 1983 Influence of 02 and CO2 on wood decay by heartrot and saprot fungi. Phytopathology 73: 630–633

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hillis WE 1962 (ed) Wood extractives. Academic Press, New York London

    Google Scholar 

  • Hillis WE 1971 Distribution, properties and formation of some wood extractives. Wood Sci Technol 5: 272–289

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hillis WE 1972 Formation and properties of some wood extractives. Phytochemistry 11: 12071218

    Google Scholar 

  • Hillis WE 1977 Secondary changes in wood. In: Loewus FA, Runeckles VE (eds) The structure, biosynthesis and degradation of wood. Plenum, New York, 247–309

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hillis WE 1987 Heartwood and tree exudates. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 268 pp Hintikka V 1970 Selective effect of terpenes on wood-decomposing Hymenomycetes. Karstenia 11: 28–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Hintikka V 1971 Tolerance of some wood-decomposing basidiomycetes to aromatic compounds related to lignin degradation. Karstenia 12: 46–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Hintikka V, Korhonen K 1970 Effects of carbon dioxide on the growth of lignicolous and soil-inhabiting Hymenomycetes. Comm Inst For Fenn 62 (2): 1–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones HG 1986 Movement of liquid water and the effects of fungal infection. In: Ayres PG, Boddy L (eds) Water, fungi and plants. Univ Press, Cambridge, 223–239

    Google Scholar 

  • Jorgensen E 1961 The formation of pinosylvin and its monomethyl ether in the sapwood of Pinus resinosa. Can J Bot 39: 1765

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • King B, Oxley TA, Long KD 1974 Soluble nitrogen in wood and its redistribution on drying. Mat Org 9: 241–254

    Google Scholar 

  • Leben C 1985 Wound occlusion and discoloration columns in red maple. New Phytol 99: 485490

    Google Scholar 

  • Lonsdale D 1983 Some aspects of the pathology of environmentally stressed trees. Yearb Int Dendrol Soc 1982: 90–97

    Google Scholar 

  • McGinnes EA, Phelps JE, Szopa PS, Shigo AL 1977 Wood anatomy after tree injury — a pictorial study. Univ Missouri-Colombia Coll Agr Exp Stn Res Bull 1025

    Google Scholar 

  • McPartland JM, Schoeneweiss DF 1984 Hyphal morphology of Botryosphaeria dothidea in vessels of unstressed and drought-stressed stems of Betula alba. Phytopathology 70: 12211224

    Google Scholar 

  • Mercer PC 1982 Basidiomycete decay of standing trees. In: Frankland JC, Hedger JN, Swift MJ (eds) Decomposer basidiomycetes: their biology and ecology. Univ Press, Cambridge, 143–160

    Google Scholar 

  • Merrill W, Cowling EB 1966 Role of nitrogen in wood deterioration: amounts and distribution of nitrogen in tree stems. Can J Bot 44: 1555–1580

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Milburn JA 1979 Water flow in plants. Longman, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore KE 1978 Barrier-zone formation in wounded stems of sweetgum. Can J For Res 8: 389–397

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mullick DB 1977 The non-specific nature of defense in bark and wood during wounding, insect and pathogen attack. In: Loewus FA, Runeckles VC (eds) The structure, biosynthesis and degradation of wood. Plenum, New York, 395–441

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Packman DF 1960 The acidity of wood. Holzforschung 14: 178–183

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pearce RB 1987 Antimicrobial defences in woody plants. In: Pegg GF, Ayres PG (eds) Fungal infection of plants. Univ Press, Cambridge, 219–238

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearce RB, Holloway PJ 1984 Suberin in the sapwood of oak (Quercus robur L): its composition from a compartmentalization barrier and its occurrence in tyloses in undecayed wood. Physiol Plant Pathol 24: 71–81

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pearce RB, Rutherford J 1981 A wound-associated suberized barrier to the spread of decay in the sapwood of oak ( Quercus robur L. ). Physiol Plant Pathol 19: 359–369

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearce RB, Woodward S 1986 Compartmentalization and reaction zone barriers at the margin of decayed sapwood in Acer saccharinum L. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 29: 197–216

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips DA, Burdekin DA 1982 Diseases of forest and ornamental trees. MacMillan, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Platt WD, Cowling EB, Hodges CS 1965 Comparative resistance of coniferous root wood and stem wood to decay by isolates of Fomes annosus. Phytopathology 55: 1347–1353

    Google Scholar 

  • Popoff T, Theander O, Johansson M 1975 Changes in sapwood of roots of Norway spruce, attacked by Fomes annosus. II. Physiol Plant 34: 347–356

    Google Scholar 

  • Preece TF 1977 Watermark disease of the cricket bat willow. For Commiss Leaflet 20:1–9 Rayner ADM 1986 Water and the origins of decay in trees. In: Ayres PG, Boddy L (eds) Water, fungi and plants. Univ Press, Cambridge, 321–341

    Google Scholar 

  • Rayner ADM, Boddy L 1988 Fungal decomposition of wood: its biology and ecology. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester

    Google Scholar 

  • Rayner ADM, Coates D, Ainsworth AM, Adams TJH, Williams END, Todd NK 1984 The biological consequences of the individualistic mycelium. In: Jennings DH, Rayner ADM (eds) The ecology and physiology of the fungal mycelium. Univ Press, Cambridge, 509–540

    Google Scholar 

  • Rayner ADM, Hedges MJ 1982 Observations on the specificity and ecological role of basidiomycetes colonizing dead elm wood. Trans Br Mycol Soc 78: 370–373

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rayner ADM, Webber JF 1984 Interspecific mycelial interactions — an overview. In: Jennings DH, Rayner ADM (eds) The ecology and physiology of the fungal mycelium. Univ Press, Cambridge, 383–417

    Google Scholar 

  • Rishbeth J 1982 Species of Armillaria in southern England. Plant Pathol 31: 9–17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rishbeth J 1985 Armillaria: resources and hosts. In: Moore D, Casselton LA, Wood DA

    Google Scholar 

  • Frankland JC (eds) Developmental biology of higher fungi. Univ Press, Cambridge, 87–101 Rowe JW (ed) 1989 Natural products of woody plants I and II. Chemicals extraneous to the lignocellulosic cell wall. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 1243 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Rudman P 1963 The causes of natural durability in timber. XI. Some tests on the fungi toxicity of wood extractives and related compounds. Holzforschung 17: 54–57

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rudman P 1964 The causes of natural durability in timber. Pt XVI. The causes of variation in decay resistance of jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata Sm.). Holzforschung 18: 172–177

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rudman P 1965 The causes of natural durability in timber, pt XIX. Ageing of eucalypt

    Google Scholar 

  • heartwoods and its effect on decay resitance. Holzforschung 19:190–195

    Google Scholar 

  • Rudman P 1966 The causes of variations in the natural durability of wood: inherent factors and ageing and their effects on resistance to biological attack. Mat Org Suppl 6 1: 151–162

    Google Scholar 

  • Rudman P, DaCosta EWB 1961 The causes of natural durability in timber. IV. Variation in the role of toxic extractives in the resistance of durable eucalypts to decay. Holzforschung 15: 10–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheffer TC, Cowling EB 1966 Natural resistance of wood to microbial deterioration. Annu Rev Phytopathol 4: 147–170

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schoeneweiss DF 1978 Water stress as a prediaposing factor in plant disease. In: Kozlowski TT (ed) Water deficits and plant growth, vol 5. Academic Press, New York London, 61–99

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoeneweiss DF 1981 The role of environmental stress in diseases of woody plants. Plant Dis 65: 308–314

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schoeneweiss DF 1986 Water stress predisposition to disease — an overview. In: Ayres PG, Boddy L (eds) Water, fungi and plants. Univ Press, Cambridge, 157–174

    Google Scholar 

  • Scholander PF 1958 The rise in sap in lianas. In: Thimann KV (ed) The physiology of forest trees. Ronald, New York, 3–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Schuck HJ 1977 The effect of monoterpenes on the mycelial growth of Fomes annosus (Fr.) Cooke. Eur J For Pathol 7: 374–384

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shain L 1967 Resistance of sapwood in stems of loblolly pine to infection by Fomes annosus. Phytopathology 57: 1034–1045

    Google Scholar 

  • Shain L 1971 The response of sapwood of Norway spruce to infection by Fomes annosus. Phytopathology 61: 301–307

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shain L 1979 Dynamic responses of differentiated sapwood to injury and infection. Phytopathology 69: 1143–1147

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shain L, Miller JB 1988 Ethylene production by excised sapwood of clonal eastern cottonwood and the compartmentalization and closure of seasonal wounds. Phytopathology 78: 12611265

    Google Scholar 

  • Shigo AL 1966 Decay and discoloration following logging wounds on northern hardwoods. US For Sery Res Pap NE-47

    Google Scholar 

  • Shigo AL 1967a The early stages of discoloration and decay in living hardwoods in northeastern United States: a consideration of wound-initiated discoloration and heartwood. IUFRO Congr Proc 9: 117–133

    Google Scholar 

  • Shigo AL 1967b Succession of organisms in discoloration and decay of wood. Int Rev For Res 11: 237–299

    Google Scholar 

  • Shigo AL 1979 Tree decay — an expanded concept. US Dep Agr For Inf Bull 419

    Google Scholar 

  • Shigo AL 1984 Compartmentalization: a conceptual framework for understanding how trees grow and defend themselves. Annu Rev Phytopathol 22: 189–214

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shigo AL, Marx HG 1977 Compartmentalization of decay in trees. US Dep Agr For Ser Agric Inf Bull 405

    Google Scholar 

  • Shigo AL, Shortle WC 1979 Compartmentalization of discolored wood in heartwood of red oak. Phytopathology 69: 710–711

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shortie WC 1979 Mechanisms of compartmentalization of decay in living trees. Phytopathology 69: 1147–1151

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skaar C 1972 Water in wood. Univ Press, Syracuse

    Google Scholar 

  • Skaar C 1988 Wood-water relations. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 283 pp

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Swift MJ 1977 The role of fungi and animals in the immobilization and release of nutrient elements from decomposing branch-wood. In: Lohm U, Persson T (eds) Soil organisms as components of ecosystems. Swed Nat Sci Res Counc, Stockholm, Ecol Bull 25: 193–202

    Google Scholar 

  • Tattar TA, Shortie WC, Rich AE 1971 Sequences of microorganisms in constituents associated with discoloration and decay of sugar maples infected with Fomes connatus. Phytopathology 61: 556–558

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tippett JT, Shigo AL 1980 Barrier zone anatomy of red pine roots invaded by Heterobasidion annosum. Can J For Res 10: 224–232

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tippett JT, Shigo AL 1981 Barriers to decay in conifer roots. Eur J For Pathol 11: 51–59

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Towers B, Stambaugh WJ 1968 The influence of induced soil moisture stress upon Fomes annosus root rot of loblolly pine. Phytopathology 58: 269–272

    Google Scholar 

  • Trendelenburg R 1939 Das Holz als Rohstoff. Lehmann, Munich Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Väisälä L 1974 Effects of terpene compounds on the growth of wood-decomposing fungi. Ann Bot Fenn 11: 275–778

    Google Scholar 

  • Väisälä L 1978 Effects of terpene compounds on the growth and peroxidase activity of Phellinus pini. Ann Bot Fenn 11: 275–278

    Google Scholar 

  • Wargo PM 1975 Lysis of the cell wall of Armillaria mellea by enzymes from forest trees. Physiol Plant Pathol 5: 99–105

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilcox WW 1968 Some physical and mechanical properties of wetwood in white fir. For Prod J 18: 27–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilcox WW 1970 Tolerance of Polyporus amarus to extractives from incense cedar heartwood. Phytopathology 60: 919–923

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Worrall JJ, Parmeter JR 1982 Formation and properties of wetwood in white fir. Phytopathology 72: 1209–1212

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Worrall JJ, Parmeter JR 1983 Inhibition of wood-decay fungi by wetwood of white fir. Phytopathology 73: 1140–1145

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Worrall JJ, Parmeter JR Jr, Cobb FW Jr 1983 Host specialization of Heterobasidion annosum. Phytopathology 73: 304–307

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Young CWT 1978 Sooty bark disease of sycamore. Arbor Leaflet 3. HMSO, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeikus JG, Ward JC 1974 Methane formation in living trees: a microbial origin. Science 184: 1181–1183

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmermann MH 1971 Tansport in xylem. In: Zimmermann MH, Brown CL (eds) Trees structure and function. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 169–220

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmermann MH 1983 Xylem structure and the ascent of sap. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 143 pp

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. L. Boddy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, 495 Borlaug Hall 1991 Upper Buford Circle, 55108, St. Paul, MN, USA

    Robert A. Blanchette

  2. Fruit Research Laboratory, West Virginia University, P.O. Box 609, 25430, Kearneyville, WV, USA

    Alan R. Biggs

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1992 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Boddy, L. (1992). Microenvironmental Aspects of Xylem Defenses to Wood Decay Fungi. In: Blanchette, R.A., Biggs, A.R. (eds) Defense Mechanisms of Woody Plants Against Fungi. Springer Series in Wood Science. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-01642-8_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-01642-8_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-01644-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-01642-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation