Zusammenfassung
Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht anhand der Debatte um Innovation in Mexiko und Brasilien, wie der Innovationsdiskurs, der auf dem westlich geprägten Konzept der nationalen Innovationssysteme basiert, von Schwellenländern aufgegriffen und in eigener Weise gedeutet wird. Beide Länder verfügen über ein etabliertes Geflecht an Institutionen im Bereich der Innovationspolitik und investieren in Forschung und Entwicklung. Ein wichtiges Element im Rahmen einer Entwicklungsstrategie sind funktionale Innovationssysteme. Durch den Vergleich von Institutionen, Policies und politischen Auseinandersetzungen in Brasilien und Mexiko stellt sich heraus, dass in beiden Ländern bedeutende, traditionsreiche Wissenschaftssysteme bestehen. Deren Leistung schlägt sich aber kaum in der Innovationsfähigkeit der Unternehmen nieder. Ein Unterschied zeigt sich in den Rahmenbedingungen: Während im Fall Mexikos sich das Korsett des North American Free Trade Agreements (NAFTA) besonders einengend auswirkt, hat sich Brasilien in den letzten Dekaden größere Handlungsspielräume erarbeitet, die sich auch positiv auf die Innovationsbedingungen auswirken.
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Notes
- 1.
Die empirischen Beobachtungen des Beitrags basieren auf 80 qualitativen Interviews, die von den AutorInnen mit mexikanischen und brasilianischen RegierungsvertreterInnen, Mitgliedern der wissenschaftlichen Gemeinschaft und Wirtschaftsverbänden durchgeführt wurden. Die Interviews wurden anonymisiert und werden im Folgenden zitiert als Person 1 usw. (PB 1 für Interviews mit brasilianischen und PM 1 für mexikanische Stakeholder).
- 2.
Die Maßnahmen der Regierung Lula im Rahmen des PACTI müssen auch in Verbindung mit dem Wachstumsbeschleunigungsprogramm (PAC) gesehen werden, das im Frühjahr 2008 vorgestellt wurde. Es stellt das bei weitem größte Investitionsprogramm einer Regierung in Brasilien dar: Es sind Investitionen in Infrastruktur und im Energiesektor in Höhe von 500 Mrd. R$ (ca. 227 Mrd. €) geplant (Schmalz 2012).
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Graf, P., Stehnken, T. (2014). Innovationssysteme in Brasilien und Mexiko im Vergleich. In: Nölke, A., May, C., Claar, S. (eds) Die großen Schwellenländer. Globale Politische Ökonomie. Springer VS, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-02537-3_9
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