Abstract
Increasing scientific interest in the foamy virus subgroup of retroviruses during the last few years has been due to two discoveries; (1) the molecular biology of foamy viruses shows some close similarities to that of lentiviruses and of the HTLV/BLV group of retroviruses, in addition to some features which set the foamy viruses apart from all other retroviruses. Moreover (2), transgenic mouse systems demonstrated for the first time a pathogenic potential of foamy viruses, i.e., induction of a fatal encephalopathy and myopathy in mice expressing various combinations of foamy virus genes.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Achong BG, Epstein MA (1978) Preliminary seroepidemiological studies on the human syncytial virus. J Gen Virol 40: 175–181
Achong BG, Mansell PW, Epstein MA, Clifford P (1971) An unusual virus in cultures from a human nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 46: 299–307
Aguzzi A (1993) The foamy virus family: molecular biology, epidemiology and neuropathology. Biochim Biophys Acta 1155: 1–24
Aguzzi A, Theuring F (1994) An improved in situ beta-galactosidase staining for histological analysis of transgenic mice. Histochemistry 102: 477–481
Aguzzi A, Wagner EF, Williams RL, Courtneidge SA (1990) Sympathetic hyperplasia and neuro-blastomas in transgenic mice expressing polyoma middle T antigen. New Biol 2: 533–543
Aguzzi A, Kleihues P, Heckl K, Wiestier OD (1991) Cell-type specific tumor induction by oncogenes in fetal forebrains transplants. Oncogene 6: 113–118
Aguzzi A, Bothe K, Anhauser I, Horak I, Rethwilm A, Wagner EF (1992a) Expression of human foamy virus is differentially regulated during development in transgenic mice. New Biol 4: 225–237
Aguzzi A, Ellmeier W, Weith A (1992b) Dominant and recessive molecular changes in neuroblastoma. Brain Pathol 2: 195–208
Aguzzi A, Brandner S, Sure U, Rüedi D, Isenmann S (1994) Transgenic and knock-out mice: models of neurological disease. Brain Pathol 4: 3–20
Amborski GF, Storz J, Keney D, Lo J, McChesney AE (1987) Isolation of a retrovirus from the American bison and its relation to bovine retroviruses. J Wildl Dis 23: 7–11
Bartholoma A, Muranyi W, Flügel RM (1992) Bacterial expression of the capsid antigen domain and identification of native gag proteins in spumavirus-infected cells. Virus Res 23: 27–38
Baunach G, Maurer B, Hahn H, Kranz M, Rethwilm A (1993) Functional analysis of human foamy virus accessory reading frames. J Virol 67: 5411–5418
Blair WS, Bogerd H, Cullen BR (1994) Genetic analysis indicates that the human foamy virus Bel-1 protein contains a transcription activation domain of the acidic class. J Virol 68: 3803–3808
Bosch ML, Earl PL, Fargnoli K, Picciafuoco S, Giombini F, Wong Staal F, Franchini G (1989) Identification of the fusion peptide of primate immunodeficiency viruses. Science 244: 694–697
Bothe K, Aguzzi A, Lassmann H, Rethwilm A, Horak I (1991) Progressive encephalopathy and myopathy in transgenic mice expressing human foamy virus genes. Science 253: 555–557
Brenner TJ, Dahl KE, Olson B, Miller G, Andiman WA (1991) Relation between HIV-1 syncytium inhibition antibodies and clinical outcome in children. Lancet 337: 1001–1005
Brown P, Nemo G, Gajdusek DC (1978) Human foamy virus: further characterization, seroepi-demiology, and relationship to chimpanzee foamy viruses. J Infect Dis 137: 421–427
Brown P, Moreau-Dubois MC, Gajdusek DC (1982) Persistent asymptomatic infection of the laboratory mouse by simian foamy virus type 6: a new model of retrovirus latency. Arch Virol 71: 229–234
Budka H (1986) Multinucleated giant cells in brain: a hallmark of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 69: 253–258
Camerini D, Seed B (1990) A CD4 domain important for HIV-mediated syncytium formation lies outside the virus binding site. Cell 60: 747–754
Cameron KR, Birchall SM, Moses MA (1978) Isolation of foamy virus from patient with dialysis encephalopathy. Lancet 2: 79666
Campbell M, Renshaw Gegg L, Renne R, Luciw PA (1994) Characterization of the internal promoter of simian foamy viruses. J Virol 68: 4811–4820
Cavard C, Zider A, Vernet M, Bennoun M, Saragosti S, Grimber G, Briand P (1990) In vivo activation by ultraviolet rays of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat. J Clin Invest 86: 1369–1374
Cullen BR (1991) Human immunodeficiency virus as a prototypic complex retrovirus. J Virol 65: 1053–1056
Davis MG, Kenney SC, Kamine J, Pagano JS, Huang ES (1987) Immediate-early gene region of human cytomegalovirus trans-activates the promoter of human immunodeficiency virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 8642–8646
Doolittle RF, Feng DF, McClure MA, Johnson MS (1990) Retrovirus phylogeny and evolution. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 157: 1–18
Elliott JF, Pohajdak B, Talbot DJ, Shaw J, Paetkau V (1988) Phorbol diester-inducible, cyclosporine-suppressible transcription from a novel promoter within the mouse mammary tumor virus env gene. J Virol 62: 1373–1380
Erlwein O, Rethwilm A (1993) Bel-1 transactivator responsive sequences in the long terminal repeat of human foamy virus. Virology 196: 256–268
European Collaborative Study (1991) Children born to women with HIV-1 infection: natural history and risk of transmission. Lancet 337: 253–260
Flügel RM, Rethwilm A, Maurer B, Darai G (1987) Nucleotide sequence analysis of the env gene and its flanking regions of the human spumaretrovirus reveals two novel genes. EMBO J 6: 2077–2084
Freed EO, Myers DJ, Risser R (1990) Characterization of the fusion domain of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoproteinai] gp41. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87: 4650–4654
Gallaher WR (1987) Detection of a fusion peptide sequence in the transmembrane protein of human immunodeficiency virus. Cell 50: 327–328
Garrett ED, He F, Bogerd HP, Cullen BR (1993) Transcriptional trans activators of human and simian foamy viruses contain a small, highly conserved activation domain. J Virol 67: 6824–6827
Gendelman HE, Phelps W, Feigenbaum L, Ostrove JM, Adachi A, Howley PM, Khoury G, Ginsberg HS, Martin MA (1986) Trans-activation of the huan immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat sequence by DNA viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 9759–9763
Giangaspero F, Scanabissi E, Baldacci MC, Betts CM (1989) Massive neuronal destruetiona in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalitis. A clinico-pathological study of a pédiatrie case. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 78: 662–665
Gonzales MF, Davis RL (1988) Neuropathology of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 14: 345–363
Gourdou I, Mabrouk K, Harkiss G, Marchot P, Watt N, Hery F, Vigne R (1990) Neurotoxicity in mice due to cysteine-rich parts of visna virus and HIV-1 Tat proteins. C R Acad Sci [III] 311: 149–155
Green JE, Begley CG, Wagner DK, Waldmann TA, Jay G (1989) trans activation of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and the interleukin-2 receptor in transgenic mice carrying the human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 tax gene. Mol Cell Biol 9: 4731–4737
Gunzburg WH, Heinemann F, Wintersperger S, Miethke T, Wagner H, Erfle V, Salmons B (1993) Endogenous superantigen expression controlled by a novel promoter in the MMTV long terminal repeat. Nature 364: 154–158
Hahn H, Baunach G, Bräutigam S, Mergia A, Neumann-Haefelin D, Daniel MD, McClure MO, Rethwilm A (1994) Reactivity of primate sera to foamy virus gag and bet proteins. J Gen Virol 75: 2635–2644
He F, Sun JD, Garrett ED, Cullen BR (1993) Functional organization of the Bel-1 trans activator of human foamy virus. J Virol 67: 1896–1904
Herchenröder O, Renne R, Loncar D, Cobb EK, Murthy KK, Schneider J, Mergia A, Luciw PA (1994) Isolation, cloning, and sequencing of simian foamy viruses from chimpanzees (SFVcpz): high homology to human foamy virus (HFV). Virology 201: 187–199
Hildreth JE, Orentas RJ (1989) Involvement of a leukocyte adhesion receptor (LFA-1) in HIV-induced syncytium formation. Science 244: 1075–1078
Hinrichs SH, Nerenberg M, Reynolds RK, Khoury G, Jay G (1987) A transgenic mouse model for human neurofibromatosis. Science 237: 1340–1343
Hogan B, Constantini F, Lacy E (1986) Manipulating the mouse embryo. A laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York
Hooks JJ, Gibbs CJ Jr (1975) The foamy viruses. Bacteriol Rev 39: 169–185
Hook JJ, Gibbs CJ Jr, Cutchins EC, Rogers NG, Lampert P, Gajdusek DC (1972) Characterization and distribution of two new foamy viruses isolated from chimpanzees. Arch Gesamte Virusforsch 38: 38–55
Hooks JJ, Burns W, Hayashi K, Geis S, Notkins AL (1976) Viral spread in the presence of neutralizing antibody: mechanisms of persistence in foamy virus infection. Infect Immun 14: 1172–1181
Horth M, Lambrecht B, Chuah Lay Khim M, Bex F, Thiriart C, Ruysschaert JM, Burny A, Brasseur R (1991) Theoretical and functional analysis of the SIV fusion peptide. EMBO J 10: 2747–2755
Keller A, Partin KM, Löchelt M, Bannert H, Flügel RM, Cullen BR (1991) Characterization of the transcriptional trans activator of human foamy retrovirus. J Virol 65: 2589–2594
Keller A, Garrett ED, Cullen BR (1992) The Bel-1 protein of human foamy virus activates human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gene expression via a novel DNA target site. J Virol 66: 3946–3949
Kennedy-Stoskopf S, Stoskopf MK, Eckhaus MA, Strandberg JD (1986) Isolation of a retrovirus and a herpesvirus from a captive California sea lion. J Wildl Dis 22: 156–164
Kleihues P, Lang W, Burger PC, Budka H, Vogt M, Maurer R, Lüthy R, Siegenthaler W (1985) Progressive diffuse leukoencephalopathy in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 333: 339
Kupiec JJ, Kay A, Hayat M, Ravier R, Peries J, Galibert F (1991) Sequence analysis of the simian foamy virus type 1 genome. Gene 101: 185–194
Lagaye S, Vexiau P, Morozov V, Guenebaut-Claudet V, Tobaly-Tapiero J, Canivet M, Cathelineau G, Peries J, Emanoil-Ravier R (1992) Human spumaretrovirus-related sequences in the DNA of leukocytes from patients with Graves’ disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 10070–10074
Landau NR, Page KA, Littman DR (1991) Pseudotyping with human T-cell leukemia virus type I broadens the human immunodeficiency virus host range. J Virol 65: 162–169
Le Guern M, Levy JA (1992) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 can superinfect HIV-2 infected cells. Pseudotypes virions produced with expanded cellular host range. Proc Natl Acad USA 89: 363–367
Lee AH, Lee KJ, Kim S, Sung YC (1992) Transactivation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat-directed gene expression by the human foamy virus bell protein requires a specific DNA sequence. J Virol 66: 3236–3240
Lee CW, Chang J, Lee KJ, Sung YC (1994) The Bell protein of human foamy virus contains one positive and two negative control regions which regulate a distinct activation domain of 30 amino acids. J Virol 68: 2708–2719
Lee KJ, Lee AH, Sung YC (1993) Multiple positive and negative cis-acting elements that mediate transactivation by bell in the long terminal repeat of human foamy virus. J Virol 67: 2317–2326
Leonard JM, Abramczuk JW, Pezen DS, Rutledge R, Belcher JH, Hakim F, Shearer G, Lamperth L, Travis W, Fredrickson T, Notkins AL, Martin MA (1988) Development of disease and virus recovery in transgenic mice containing HIV proviral DNA. Science 242: 1665–1670
Lewis SH, Reynolds-Kohier C, for HE, Nelson JA (1990) HIV-1 in trophoblastic and villous Hofbauer cells, and haematological precursors in eight-week fetuses. Lancet 335: 565–568
Löchelt M, Zentgraf H, Flügel RM (1991) Construction of an infectious DNA clone of the full length human spumaretrovirus genome and mutagenesis of the bel-1 gene. Virology 184: 34–54
Löchelt M, Aboud M, Flügel RM (1993) Increase in the basal transcriptional activity of the human foamy virus internal promoter by the homologous long terminal repeat promoter in cis. Nucleic Acids Res 21: 4226–4230
Löchelt M, Flügel RM, Aboud M (1994) The human foamy virus internal promoter directs the expression of the functional Bel 1 transactivator and Bet protein early after infection. J Virol 68: 638–645
Loh P (1993) Spumavirinae. In: Levy J (ed) The retroviridae. Plenum, New York, pp 361–397
Loh PC, Achong BG, Epstein MA (1977) Further biological properties of the human syncytial virus. Intervirology 8: 204–217
Loh PC, Matsuura F, Mizumoto C (1980) Seroepidemiology of human syncytial virus: antibody prevalence in the Pacific. Intervirology 13: 87–90
Lusso P, Ensoli B, Markham PD, Ablashi DV, Salahuddin SZ, Tschachler E, Wong-Staal F, Gallo RC (1989) Productive dual infection of human CD4+ T lymphocytes by HIV-1 and HHV-6. Nature 337: 370–373
Lusso P, De Maria A, Malnati M, Lori F, DeRocco SE, Baseler M, Gallo RC (1991) Induction of CD4 and susceptibility to HIV-1 infection in human CD8+ T lymphocytes by human herpesvirus 6. Nature 349: 533–535
Mahnke C, Löchelt M, Bannert H, Flügel RM (1990) Specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibodies to the human spumavirus. J Virol Methods 29: 13–22
Mahnké C, Kashaiya P, Rössler J, Bannert H, Levin A, Blattner WA, Dietrich M, Luande J, Löchelt M, Friedman-Kien A, Komaroff AL, Loh PC, Westarp ME, Flügel RM (1992) Human spumavirus antibodies in sera from african patients. Arch Virol 123: 243–253
Maier H, Budka H, Lassmann H, Pohl P (1989) Vacuolar myelopathy with multinucleated giant cells in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Light and electron microscopic distribution of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antigens. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 78: 497–503
Maurer B, Bannert H, Darai G, Flügel RM (1988) Analysis of the primary structure of the long terminal repeat and the gag and pol genes of the human spumaretrovirus. J Virol 62: 1590–1597
McClure MO, Bienasz PD, Schulz TF, Chrystie IL, Simpson G, Aguzzi A, Hoad JG, Cunningham A, Kirkwood J, Weiss RA (1994) Isolation of a new foamy virus from orangutans. J Virol 68: 7124–7130
Mergia A (1994) Simian foamy virus type 1 contains a second promoter located at the 3′ end of the env gene. Virology 199: 219–222
Mergia A, Luciw PA (1991) Replication and regulation of primate foamy viruses. Virology 184: 475–482
Mergia A, Pratt Lowe E, Shaw KE, Renshaw Gegg LW, Luciw PA (1992) cis-acting regulatory regions in the long terminal repeat of simian foamy virus type 1. J Virol 66: 251–257
Mergia A, Renshaw Gegg LW, Stout MW, Renne R, Herchenröder O (1993) Functional domains of the simian foamy virus type 1 transcriptional transactivator (Taf). J Virol 67: 4598–4604
Miller CL, Garner R, Paetkau V (1992) An activation-dependent, T-lymphocyte-specific transcriptional activator in the mouse mammary tumor virus env gene. Mol Cell Biol 12: 3262–3272
Mosca JD, Bednarik DP, Raj NBK, Rosen CA, Sodroski JG, Haseltine WA, Pitha PM (1987) Herpes simplex virus type-1 can reactivate transcription of latent human immunodeficiency virus. Nature 325: 67–70
Müller HK, Ball G, Epstein MA, Achong BG, Lenoir G, Levin A (1980) The prevalence of naturally occurring antibodies to human syncytial virus in East African populations. J Gen Virol 47: 399–406
Muranyi W, Flügel RM (1991) Analysis of splicing patterns of human spumaretrovirus by polymerase chain reaction reveals complex RNA structures. J Virol 65: 727–735
Nara PL, Robey WG, Arthur LO, Gonda MA, Asher DM, Yanagihara R, Gibbs CJ Jr, Gajdusek DC, Fischinger PJ (1987) Simultaneous isolation of simian foamy virus and HTLV-III/LAV from chimpanzee lymphocytes following HTLV-III or LAV inoculation. Arch Virol 92: 183–186
Nerenberg ML, Wiley CA (1989) Degeneration of oxidative muscle fibers in HTLV-1 tax transgenic mice. Am J Pathol 135: 1025–1033
Nerenberg M, Hinrichs SH, Reynolds RK, Khoury G, Jay G (1987) The tat gene of human T-lympho-tropic virus type 1 induces mesenchymal tumors in transgenic mice. Science 237: 1324–1329
Netzer KO, Rethwilm A, Maurer B, Ter Meulen V (1990) Identification of the major immunogenic structural proteins of human foamy virus. J Gen Virol 71: 1237–1241
Neumann-Haefelin D, Rethwilm A, Bauer G, Gudat F, Zur Hausen H (1983) Characterization of a foamy virus isolated from Cercopithecus aethiops lymphoblastoid cells. Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl) 172: 75–86
Neumann-Haefelin D, Fleps U, Renne R, Schweizer M (1993) Foamy viruses. Intervirology 35: 196–207
Nosaka T, Ariumi Y, Sakurai M, Takeuchi R, Hatanaka M (1993) Novel internal promoter/enhancer of HTLV-I for Tax expression. Nucleic Acids Res 21: 5124–5129
Pantaleo G, Poli G, Butini L, Fox C, Dayton Al, Fauci AS (1991) Dissociation between syncytia formation and HIV spreading. Suppression of syncytia formation does not necessarily reflect inhibition of HIV infection. Eur J Immunol 21: 1771–1774
Petito CK (1988) Review of central nervous system pathology in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Ann Neurol 23 Suppl: S54–S57
Petito CK, Navia BA, Cho ES, Jordan BD, George DC, Price RW (1985) Vacuolar myelopathy pathologically resembling subacute combined degeneration in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 312: 874–879
Renne R, Friedl E, Schweizer M, Fleps U, Turek R, Neumann-Haefelin D (1992) Genomic organization and expression of simian foamy virus type 3 (SFV-3). Virology 186: 597–608
Renshaw RW, Casey JW (1994) Analysis of the 5’ long terminal repeat of bovine syncytial virus. Gene 141: 221–224
Rethwilm A (1995) Regulation of foamy virus gene expression. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 193 (in press)
Rethwilm A, Baunach G, Netzer KO, Maurer B, Borisch B, Ter Meulen V (1990) Infectious DNA of the human spumaretrovirus. Nucleic Acids Res 18: 733–738
Rethwilm A, Erlwein O, Baunach G, Maurer B, Ter Meulen V (1991) The transcriptional transactivator of human foamy virus maps to the bel 1 genomic region. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 941–945
Rosen CA (1991) Regulation of HIV gene expression by RNA-protein interactions. Trends Genet 7: 9–14
Saib A, Peries J, de The H (1993) A defective human foamy provirus generated by pregenome splicing. EM BO J 12: 4439–4444
Santillana Hayat M, Rozain F, Bittoun P, Chopin Robert C, Lasneret J, Peries J, Canivet M (1993) Transient immunosuppressive effect induced in rabbits and mice by the human spumaretrovirus prototype HFV (human foamy virus). Res Virol 144: 389–396
Schliephake A, Rethwilm A (1994) Nuclear localization of foamy virus gag precursor protein. J Virol 68: 4946–4954
Schnitzer TJ (1982) Simian foamy virus pseudotypes of vesicular stomatitis virus: production and use in sero-epidemiological investigations. J Gen Virol 59: 203–206
Schweizer M, Renne R, Neumann-Haefelin D (1989) Structural analysis of proviral DNA in simian foamy virus (LK-3)-infected cells. Arch Virol 109: 103–104
Schweizer M, Turek R, Hahn H, Schliephake A, Netzer KO, Eder G, Reinhardt M, Rethwilm A, Neumann-Haefelin D (1994a) Markers of foamy virus (FV) infection in monkeys, apes, and accidentally infected humans: appropriate testing fails to confirm suspected FV prevalence in man. AIDS Res Hum Retrovir uses (in press)
Schweizer M, Turek R, Reinhardt M, Neumann-Haefelin D (1994b) Absence of foamy virus DNA in Graves’ disease. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 10: 601–605
Sharpe AH, Hunter JJ, Chassler P, Jänisch R (1990) Role of abortive retroviral infection of neurons in spongiform CNS degeneration. Nature 346: 181–183
Siekevitz M, Joseph SF, Dukovich M, Peffer N, Wong-Staal F, Greene WC (1987) Activation of the HIV-1 LTR by T cell mitogens and the trans-activator protein of HTLV-I. Science 238: 1575–1578
Stancek D, Stancekova-Gressnerova M, Janotka M, Hnilica P, Oravec D (1975) Isolation and some serological and epidemiological data on the viruses recovered from patients with subacute thyroiditis de Quervain. Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl) 161: 133–144
Teich N (1984) Taxonomy of retroviruses. In: Weiss RA, Teich N, Varmus HE, Coffin J (eds) RNA tumor viruses. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, pp 25–208
Truneh A, Buck D, Cassatt DR, Juszczak R, Kassis S, Ryu SE, Healey D, Sweet R, Sattentau Q (1991) A region in domain 1 of CD4 distinct from the primary gp120 binding site is involved in HIV infection and virus-mediated fusion. J Biol Chem 266: 5942–5948
Venkatesh LK, Chinnadurai G (1993) The carboxy-terminal transcription enhancement region of the human spumaretrovirus transactivator contains discrete determinants of the activator function. J Virol 67: 3868–3876
Venkatesh LK, Theodorakis PA, Chinnadurai G (1991) Distinct cis-acting regions in U3 regulate trans-activation of the human spumaretrovirus long terminal repeat by the viral bell gene product. Nucleic Acids Res 19: 3661–3666
Vogel J, Hinrichs SH, Reynolds RK, Luciw PA, Jay G (1988) The HIV tat gene induces dermal lesions resembling Kaposi’s sarcoma in transgenic mice. Nature 335: 606–611
Watanabe T, Seiki M, Tsujimoto H, Miyoshi I, Hayami M, Yoshida M (1985) Sequence homology of the simian retrovirus genome with human T-cell leukemia virus type I. Virology 144: 59–65
Watanabe T, Seiki M, Hirayama Y, Yoshida M (1986) Human T-cell leukemia virus type I is a member of the African subtype of simian viruses (STLV). Virology 148: 385–388
Weissenberger J, Flügel R (1994) Identification and characterization of the bel-3 protein of human foamy virus. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 10: 595–600
Werner J, Gelderblom HR (1979) Isolation of foamy virus from patients with de Quervain thyroiditis. Lancet 2: 258–259
Westarp ME, Kornhuber HH, Rössler J, Flügel RM (1992) Human spuma virus antibodies in armyo-trophic lateral sclerosis. Neurol Psychiatry Brain Res 1: 1–4
Young D, Samuels J, Clarke JK (1973) A foamy virus of possible human origin isolated in BHK-21 cells. Arch Gesamte Virusforsch 42: 228–234
Yu SF, Linial ML (1993) Analysis of the role of the bel and bet open reading frames of human foamy virus by using a new quantitative assay. J Virol 67: 6618–6624
Zider A, Mashhour B, Fergelot P, Grimber G, Vernet M, Hazan U, Couton D, Briand P, Cavard C (1993) Dispensable role of the NF-kappa B sites in the UV-induction of the HIV-1 LTR in transgenic mice. Nucleic Acids Res 21: 79–86
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1996 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Aguzzi, A., Marino, S., Tschopp, R., Rethwilm, A. (1996). Regulation of Expression and Pathogenic Potential of Human Foamy Virus In Vitro and in Transgenic Mice. In: Chisari, F.V., Oldstone, M.B.A. (eds) Transgenic Models of Human Viral and Immunological Disease. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 206. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-85208-4_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-85208-4_13
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-85210-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-85208-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive