Skip to main content

Biotransformations in Organic Synthesis

  • Chapter
Modern Synthetic Methods 1989

Part of the book series: Modern Synthetic Methods ((MOD.SYNTH.,volume 5))

Abstract

A discussion of the application of biotransformations in organic synthesis requires a definition of the term. For our present purposes, biotransformations are:

“Selective enzymatic conversions of natural or chemically synthesised substrates into defined products on a preparative scale using whole cells or isolated enzyme systems”

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. “Enzymes in Organic Synthesis” (Ciba Foundation Symposium 111), Pitman, London 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  2. “Biocatalysts in Organic Synthesis” (J. Tramper, H.C. van der Plas, P. Linko, eds), Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  3. “Enzymes as Catalysts in Organic Synthesis” (M.P. Schneider, ed.), D. Reidel, Dordrecht, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  4. “Biocatalysts in Organic Media” (C. Laane, J. Tramper and M.D. Lilly, eds), Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  5. “Bioreactors and Biotransformations” (G.W. Moody and P.B. Baker, eds), Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, London, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  6. “Microbial Transformations of Non-steroid Cyclic Compounds” (K.Kieslich, ed), Wiley, Chichester, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  7. J.B. Jones, Tetrahedron 42 (1986) 3351.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. G.M. Whitesides and C.-H. Wong Angew, Chem.Int.Ed.Engl. 24 (1985) 617

    Google Scholar 

  9. A. Akiyama, M. Bednarski, M.-J. Kim, E.S. Simon, H. Waldmann, G.M. Whitesides, Chem.Brit. (1987) 645.

    Google Scholar 

  10. S. Butt and S.M. Roberts, Chemistry in Britain (1987) 127.

    Google Scholar 

  11. S. Butt and S.M. Roberts, Natural Products Reports, (1986) 489.

    Google Scholar 

  12. H. Simon, J. Bader, H. Gunther, S. Neumann and J. Thanos, Angew.Che.Int.Ed.Engl. 24 (1985) 539.

    Google Scholar 

  13. E. Heymann, W. Junge, Eur.J.Biochem. 95 (1979) 509.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. A.J.H. Klunder, W.B. Huizinga, A.J.M. Hulshof and B. Zwanenburg Tetrahedron Lett. 27 (1986) 2543.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. E.J. Toone, J.B. Jones, Can.J.Chem. 65 (1987) 2722.

    Google Scholar 

  16. P. Mohr, L. Rosslein, C. Tamm, Helv.Chim. Acta 70 (1987) 142.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. S. Ramaswamy, R.A.H.F. Hui and J.B. Jones J.Chem.Soc.,Chem.Commun. (1986) 1545.

    Google Scholar 

  18. S. Sicsic, M. Ikbal and F. Le Goffic Tetrahedron. Lett. 28(17) (1987) 1887.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. N.W. Alcock, D.H.G. Crout, C.M. Henderson, S.E. Thomas J.Chem.Soc.,Chem.Commun. (1988) 746.

    Google Scholar 

  20. F. Björkling, J. Boutelje, S. Gatenbeck, K. Hult, T. Norin, P. Szmulik, Bioorg.Chem. 14 (1986) 176.

    Google Scholar 

  21. F. Björkling, J. Boutelje, M. Hjalmarsson, K. Hult, T. Norin, J.Chem.Soc.,Chem.Commun., (1987) 1041.

    Google Scholar 

  22. G. Guanti, L. Banfi, E. Narisano, R. Riva, S. Thea, Tetrahedron Lett. 27 (1986) 4639.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. L.K.P. Lam, R.A.H.F. Hui and J.B. Jones, J.Org.Chem, 51 (1986) 2047.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. D.H.G. Crout, V.S.B. Gaudet, K. Laumen and M.P. Schneider, J.Chem.Soc.,Chem.Commun. (1986) 808.

    Google Scholar 

  25. P. Mohr, N. Waespe-Sarcevic, C. Tamm, Helv.Chim.Acta 66 (1983) 250.

    Google Scholar 

  26. M. Schneider, N. Engel, P. Hönicke, G. Heinesmann, H. Gorish, Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.Engl. 23 (1984) 67.

    Google Scholar 

  27. H.-J. Gais, K.L. Lukas Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.Engl. 23 (1984) 142.

    Google Scholar 

  28. G.Sabbioni, M.L. Shea, J.B. Jones, J.Chem.Soc.,Chem.Commun. (1984) 236.

    Google Scholar 

  29. G. Sabbioni, J.B. Jones, J.Org.Chem. 52 (1987) 4565

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. J.B. Jones, R.S. Hinks, P.G. Hultin, Can.J.Chem. 63 (1985) 452.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. M. Ohno, S. Kobayashi, T. Iimori, Y.F. Wang, T. Izawa, J.Am.Chem.Soc. 103 (1981) 2405.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Y.R. Wang, T. Izawa, S. Kobayashi, M. Ohno, J.Am.Chem.Soc. 104 (1982) 6465.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. F. Björkling, J. Boutelje, S. Gatenbeck, K. Hult, T. Norin, P. Szmulik, Tetrahedron 41 (1985) 1347.

    Google Scholar 

  34. J. Boutelje, M. Hjalmarsson, P. Szmulik, T. Norin, K. Hult in Ref.4, p.361ff.

    Google Scholar 

  35. J. Zemlicka, L.E. Craine, M.-J. Heeg, J.P. Oliver, J.Org.Chem. 53 (1988) 937.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Y. Morimoto, Y. Terao and K. Achiwa, Chem.Pharm.Bull. 35 (1987) 2266.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. L.K.P. Lam, C.M. Brown, B. De Jeso, L. Lym, E.J. Toone, J.B. Jones, J.Am.Chem.Soc. 10 (1988) 4409.

    Google Scholar 

  38. H.-J. Gais, K.L. Lukas, W.A. Bull, S. Braun, H.J. Linder, Liebigs Ann.Chem. (1986) 687.

    Google Scholar 

  39. K. Adachi, S. Kobayashi, M. Ohno, Chimia 40 (1986) 311.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. M. Eberle, M. Egli, D. Seebach, Helv.Chim.Acta 71 (1988) 1.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. M. Luyten, S. Müller, B. Herzog, R. Keese, Helv.Chim.Acta 70 (1987) 1250.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. A.J. Pearson, H.S. Bansal, Y.-S. Lai, J.Chem.Soc.Chem.Commun. (1987) 519.

    Google Scholar 

  43. T. Sugai, K. Mori, Synthesis (1988) 19, et op. cit.

    Google Scholar 

  44. K. Laumen, E.H. Reimerdes, M.P. Schneider, Tetrahedron Lett. 26 (1985) 407.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. K. Laumen, M.P. Schneider, Tetrahedron Lett. 25 (1984) 5875.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. D.R. Deardorff, A.J. Mathews, D.S. McMeekin, C.L. Craney, Tetrahedron Lett. 27 (1986) 1255.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. C.-S. Chen, Y. Fujimoto, G. Girdaukas, C.J. Sih, J.Am.Chem.Soc. 104 (1982) 7294.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Y.-F. Wang, C.-S. Chen, G. Girdaukas, C.J. Sih, J.Am.Chem.Soc. 106 (1986) 3695.

    Google Scholar 

  49. C.-S. Chen, S.-H. Wu, G. Girdaukas, C.J. Sih, J.Am.Chem.Soc. 109 (1987) 2812.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. G. Langrand, J. Baratti, G. Buono, C. Triantaphylides, Biocatalysis 1 (1988) 231.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Facsimile/Chekmat, Computer Science and Systems Division, Harwell Laboratory, United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, Oxfordshire OX11 0RA, U.K.

    Google Scholar 

  52. H. Brockerhoff and R.G. Jensen, “Lipolytic Enzymes”, Academic Press, New York, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  53. B. Borgstrom and H.L. Brockman (eds), “Lipases”, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  54. T. Tsujita, H.L. Brockman, Biochemistry 26 (1987) 8423.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. T. Tsujita, J.M. Smaby, H.L. Brockman, Biochemistry 26 (1987) 8430.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. E. Guibé-Jampel, G. Rousseau, J. Salaün, J.Chem.Soc.,Chem.Commun. (1987) 1080.

    Google Scholar 

  57. J. Salaün, B. Karkour, Tetrahedron Lett. 28 (1987) 4669.

    Google Scholar 

  58. D. Bianchi, W. Cabri, P. Cesti, F. Francalanci, M. Ricci, J.Org.Chem. 53 (1988) 104.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. H. Hemmerle, H.-J. Gais, Tetrahedron Lett. 28 (1987) 3471.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. G.M.R. Tombo, H.-P. Schär, X.F. Busquets, O. Ghisalba, Tetrahedron Lett. 27 (1986) 5707.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. R. Dernoncour, R. Azerad, Tetrahedron Lett. 28 (1987) 4661.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. S.K. Dahod, P. Siuta-Mangano, Biotechnol.Bioeng. 30 (1987) 995.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Q.-M. Gu, C.-S. Chen, C.J. Sih, Tetrahedron Lett. 27 (1986) 1763.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. S. Miyano, K. Kawahara, Y. Inoue, H. Hashimoto, Chem.Lett. (1987) 355

    Google Scholar 

  65. O. Hoshino, K. Itoh, B. Umezawa, H. Akita, T. Oishi, Tetrahedron Lett. 29 (1988) 567.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. H. Akita, H. Matsukura, T. Oishi, Tetrahedron Lett. 27 (1986) 5241.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. K. Faber, H. Honig, P. Senfer-Wasserthal, Tetrahedron Lett. 29 (1988) 1903.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Y. Fujimoto, H. Iwadate, N. Ikekawa, J.Chem.Soc.,Chem.Commun. (1985) 1333.

    Google Scholar 

  69. S.-H. Wu, L.-Q. Zhang, C.-S. Chen, G. Girdaukas, C.J. Sih, Tetrahedron. Lett. 26 (1985) 26 4323.

    Google Scholar 

  70. K. Laumen, M.P. Schneider, J.Chem.Soc.,Chem.Commun. (1988) 598.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Z.-F. Xie, H. Suemene, K. Sakai, J.Chem.Soc.,Chem.Commun. (1987) 838.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Z.-F. Xie, I. Nakamura, H. Suemene, K. Sakai, J.Chem.Soc.,Chem.Commun. (1988) 966.

    Google Scholar 

  73. D. Breitgoff, K. Laumen, M.P. Schneider, J.Chem.Soc.,Chem.Commun. (1986) 1523.

    Google Scholar 

  74. A.R. Macrae in “Microbial Enzymes and Biotechnology” (W.M. Fogarty, ed.), Applied Science Publishers, London, (1983), p. 225 ff

    Google Scholar 

  75. A.R. Macrae, Biotechnol.Genet.Eng.Rev. 3 (1985) 193.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. A.M. Klibanov, Chem.Tech. 16 (1986) 354.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. A. Zaks, A.M. Klibanov, Science 224 (1984) 1249.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. A. Zaks, A.M. Klibanov, Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A. 82 (1985) 3192.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. A. Zaks, A.M. Klibanov, J.Am.Chem.Soc. 108 (1986) 2767.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. A. Zaks, A.M. Klibanov, J.Biol.Chem. 263 (1988) 8017.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. K. Martinek, A.V. Levashov, N. Klyachko, Y.L. Khmelnitski, I.V. Berezin, Eur.J.Biochem. 155 (1986) 453.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. P.J. Halling, Biotechnol.Adv. 5 (1987) 47.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. A.M. Snijder-Lambers, H.J. Doddema, H.J. Grande, P.H. Van Lelyveld in Ref. 4, p.87 ff

    Google Scholar 

  84. B. Cambou, A.M. Klibanov, J.Am.Chem.Soc. 106 (1984) 2687

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. G. Langrand, J. Baratti, G. Buono, C. Triantaphylides, Tetrahedron Lett. 27 (1986) 29.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. G. Langrand, M. Secci, G. Buono, J. Baratti, C. Triantaphylides, Tetrahedron Lett. 26 (1985) 1857.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. S. Koshiro, K. Sonomoto, A. Tanaka, S. Fukui, J.Biotechnol. 2 (1985) 47.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. G. Kirchner, M.P. Scollar, A.M. Klibanov, J.Am.Chem.Soc. 107 (1985) 7072.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. T. Inagaki, H. Ueda, Agric.Biol.Chem. 51 (1987) 1345.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. V. Gotor, R. Brieva, F. Rebolledo, J.Chem.Soc.,Chem.Commun. (1988) 957.

    Google Scholar 

  91. F. Theil, S. Ballschuh, H. Schick, M. Haupt, B. Hafner, S. Schwarz, Synthesis (1988) 540.

    Google Scholar 

  92. S. Riva, J. Chopineau, A.P.G. Kieboom, A.M. Klibanov, J.Am.Chem.Soc. 110 (1988) 584.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. M. Therisod, A.M. Klibanov, J.Am.Chem.Soc. 109 (1987) 3977.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. A. Belan, J. Bolte, A. Fauve, J.G. Gourcy, H. Veschambre, J.Org.Chem. 52 (1987) 256.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. M. Therisod, A.M. Klibanov, J.Am.Chem.Soc. 108 (1986) 5638.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. T.M. Stokes, A.C. Ochslager, Tetrahedron Lett. 28 (1987) 2091.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. M. Degueil-Castaing, B. De Jeso, S. Drouillard, B. Maillard, Tetrahedron Lett. 28 (1987) 953.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Y.-F. Wang, C.-H. Wong, J.Org.Chem. 53 (1988) 3129.

    Google Scholar 

  99. D. Bianchi, W. Cabri, P. Cesti, F. Francalanci, F. Rama, Tetrahedron Lett. 29 (1988) 2455.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. K. Laumen, D. Breitgoff, M.P. Schneider, J.Chem.Soc.,Chem.Commun. (1988) 1459.

    Google Scholar 

  101. J.B. Jones in “Applications of Biochemical Systems in Organic Chemistry”, (J.B. Jones, C.J. Sih, D. Perlman, eds), Part 1,Wiley-Interscience, New York, (1976) p. 107 ff.

    Google Scholar 

  102. F. Björkling, T. Norin, P. Szmulik, J. Boutelje, K. Hult, P. Kraulis, Biocatalysis 1 (1987) 87.

    Google Scholar 

  103. R. Roy, A.W. Rey, Tetrahedron Lett. 28 (1987) 4935.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. J.J. Lalonde, D.E. Bergbreiter, C.-H. Wong, J.Org.Chem. 53 (1988) 2323.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. A.N. Semenov, Yu. L. Khmelnitski, I.V. Berezin, K. Martinnek, Biocatalysis 1 (1987) 3.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. D. Cantacuzene, C. Guerreiro, Tetrahedron Lett. 28 (1987) 5153.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. D.H.G. Crout, K. Hallinan, unpublished.

    Google Scholar 

  108. S.T. Chen, K.T. Wang, J.Org.Chem. 53 (1988) 4589.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. S.Y. Chen, K.T. Wang, J.Chem.Soc.,Chem.Commun. (1988) 327.

    Google Scholar 

  110. C. Fuganti, P. Grasselli, S. Servi, A. Lazzarini, P. Casati, J.Chem.Soc.,Chem.Commun. (1987) 538.

    Google Scholar 

  111. C. Fuganti, P. Grasselli, S. Servi, A. Lazzarini, P. Casati, Tetrahedron 44 (1988) 2575.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. K.H. Baggaley, H.H. Nicholson, J.T. Sime, J.C.S.Chem.Commun., (1988) 567.

    Google Scholar 

  113. T. Mori, K. Nilsson, P.-O. Larsson, K. Mosbach, Biotechnol.Lett. 9 (1987) 455.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. L. Adisson, J. Bolte, C. Demuynck, J.-C. Mani, H. Kise, A. Hayakawa, H. Noritoni, Biotechnol. Lett. 9 (1987) 549.

    Google Scholar 

  115. A. Zaks, A.M. Klibanov, J.Biol.Chem. 263 (1988) 3194.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. P. Cesti, A. Zaks, A.M. Klibanov, Appl.Biochem.Biotechnol. 11 (1985) 401.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. J. Chapineau, F.D. McCafferty, M. Therisod, A.M. Klibanov, Biotechnol.Bioeng. 31 (1988) 208.

    Google Scholar 

  118. H.M. Sweers, C.-H. Wong, J.Am.Chem.Soc. 108 (1986) 6421.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. M. Kloosterman, E.W.J. Mosmuller, H.E. Schoemaker, E.M. Meijer, Tetrahedron Lett. 28 (1987) 2989.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. J.-F. Shaw, A.M. Klibanov, Biotechnol.Bioeng. 29 (1987) 648.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. S. Riva, A.M. Klibanov, J.Am.Chem.Soc. 110 (1988) 3291.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. J.T. Sime, C.R. Pool, J.W. Tyler, Tetrahedron Lett. 28 (1987) 5169.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. A. Gutman, K. Zuobi, A. Boltansky, Tetrahedron Lett. 28 (1987) 3861.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. A. Makita, T. Nihara, Y. Yamada, Tetrahedron Lett. 28 (1987) 805.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. G. Zhi-Wei, C.J. Sih, J.Am.Chem.Soc. 110 (1988) 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  126. A.L. Gutman, D. Oren, A. Boltanski, T. Bravado, Tetrahedron Lett. 28 (1987) 5367.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. L. Blanco, E. Guibé-Jempel, G. Rousseau, Tetrahedron. Lett. 29 (1988) 1915.

    Google Scholar 

  128. K. Yamamoto, T. Nishioka, J. Oda, Y. Yamamoto, Tetrahedron Lett. 29 (1988) 1717.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. G.M. Ramos Tombo, H.-P. Schar, O. Ghisalba, Agric,Biol.Chem. 51 (1987) 1833.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. H. Ohta, Y. Miyamae, G. Tsuchihashi, Agric.Biol.Chem. 50 (1986) 3181.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Y. Kato, H. Ohta, G. Tsuchihashi, Tetrahedron Lett. 28 (1987) 1303.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. B.I. Glänzer, K. Faber, H. Griengl, Tetrahedron, 43 (1987) 5791.

    Google Scholar 

  133. U. Burger, D. Erne-Zellweger, C. Mayerl, Helv.Chim.Acta 70 (1987) 587.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. J.A. Jongejan, J.A. Duine, Tetrahedron Lett. 28 (1987) 2767.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. D.C. Crans, G.M. Whitesides, J.Am.Chem.Soc. 107 (1985) 7008; ib.id. 7019.

    Google Scholar 

  136. A.D. Borthwick, S. Butt, K. Biggadike, A.M. Exall, S.M. Roberts, P.M. Youds, B.E. Kirk, B.R. Booth, J.M. Cameron, S.W. Cox, C.L.P. Morr, M.D. Shill, J.Chem.Soc.,Chem.Commun. (1988) 656.

    Google Scholar 

  137. C.-H. Wong, S.D. McCurry, G.M. Whitesides, J.Am.Chem.Soc. 102 (1980) 7938

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. D.R. Walt, M.A. Findeis, V.M. Rios-Mercadillo, J. Augé, G.M. Whitesides, J.Am.Chem.Soc. 106 (1984) 234.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. C. Augé, C. Gautheron, Tetrahedron Lett. 29 (1988) 789.

    Google Scholar 

  140. “Enzyme Nomenclature 1984”, Academic Press, Inc, Orlando, (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  141. A. Fischli„ “Modern Synthetic Methods” (R. Scheffold, ed.), Otto Salle Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, Verlag Sauerlander, Aarau, (1980), p.269 ff.

    Google Scholar 

  142. E. Keinan, E.K. Hafeli, K.K. Seth, R. Lamed, J.Am.Chem.Soc. 108 (1986) 162.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. E. Keinan, K.K. Seth, R. Lamed, J.Am.Chem.Soc. 108 (1986) 3474.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. K. Nakamura, T. Yoneda, T. Miyai, K. Ushio, S. Oka, A. Ohno, Tetrahedron Lett. 29 (1988) 2453.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. D.R. Dodds, J.B. Jones, J.Am.Chem.Soc. 110 (1988) 577.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. J. Davies, J.B. Jones, J.Am.Chem.Soc. 101 (1979) 5405.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. S. Butt, H.G. Davies, M.J. Dawson, G.C. Lawrence, J. Leaver, S.M. Roberts, M.K. Turner, B.J. Wakefield, W.F. Wall, J.A. Winders, J.Chem.Soc.,Perkin Trans I (1987) 903.

    Google Scholar 

  148. M.J. Kim, G.M. Whitesides, J.Am.Chem.Soc. 110 (1988) 2959

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. A. Pollak, H. Blumenfeld, M. Wax, R.L. Baughn, G.M. Whitesides, J.Am.Chem.Soc. 102 (1980) 6324.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. R. Wichmann, C. Wandrey, A.F. Buchmann, M.R. Kula, Biotechnol.Bioeng. 23 (1981) 2789.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. M.D. Bednarski, H.K. Chenault, E.S. Simon, G.M. Whitesides, J.Am.Chem.Soc. 109 (1987) 1283.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. S. Riva, R. Bovara, L. Zetta, P. Pasta, G. Ottolina, G. Carrea, J.Org.Chem. 53 (1988) 88.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. W. Boland, U. Niedermeyer, Synthesis (1987) 28.

    Google Scholar 

  154. J. Grunwald, B. Wirz, M.P. Scollar, A.M. Klibanov, J.Am.Chem.Soc. 108 (1986) 6732.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. D. Seebach, M.A. Sutter, R.H. Weber, M.F. Zuger, Org. Synth. 63 (1985) 1.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. B. Wipf, E. Kupfer, R. Bertazzi, H.G.W. Leuenberger, Helv.Chim.Acta 66 (1983) 485.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. P. Raddatz, H.-E. Radunz, G. Schneider, H. Schwartz, Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.Engl. 27 (1988) 426.

    Google Scholar 

  158. M. Utaka, H. Higashi, A. Takeda, J.Chem.Soc.,Chem.Commun. (1987) 1368.

    Google Scholar 

  159. T. Sato, Can.J.Chem. 65 (1987) 2732.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. A. Manzocchi, R. Casati, A. Fiecchi, E. Santaniello, J.Chem.Soc.,Perkin Trans. I (1987) 2753.

    Google Scholar 

  161. D.W. Brooks, R.P. Kellog, C.S. Cooper, J.Org.Chem. 52 (1987) 192.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. M. Hirama, T, Nakamine, S. Ho, Chem.Lett. (1986) 1381.

    Google Scholar 

  163. C. Fuganti, P. Grasselli, P.F. Seneci, P. Casati, Tetrahedron Lett. 27 (1986) 5275.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. D. Seebach, M. Eberle, Synthesis (1986) 37.

    Google Scholar 

  165. K. Mori, H. Mori, T. Sugai, Tetrahedron 41 (1985) 919.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. C. Fuganti, P. Grasselli, P. Casati, M. Caremo, Tetrahedron Lett. 26 (1985) 101.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. D. Seebach, P. Renaud, W.B. Schweizer, M.F. Zuger, Helv.Chim.Acta 67 (1984) 1843.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. M. Hirama, M. Shimizu, M. Iwashita, J.Chem.Soc.,Chem.Commun. (1983) 599.

    Google Scholar 

  169. D.R. Crump, Austr.J.Chem. 35 (1982) 1945.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. V. Prelog, Pure Appl.Chem. 9 (1984) 119.

    Google Scholar 

  171. C.S. Chen, B.N. Zhou, G. Girdaukas, W.R. Shieh, F. VanMiddlesworth, A.S. Gopalan, C.J. Sih, Bioorg.Chem. 12 (1984) 98.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. M. Christen, D.H.G. Crout, J.Chem.Soc.,Chem.Commun. (1988) 264.

    Google Scholar 

  173. B.N. Zhou, A.S. Gopalan, F. Van Middlesworth, W.R. Shieh, C.J. Sih, J.Am.Chem.Soc. 105 (1983) 5925.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. J. Heidlas, K.-H. Engel, R. Tressl, Eur.J.Biochem. 172 (1988) 633.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. A. Furuichi, H. Akita, H. Matsukura, T. Oishi, K. Horikoshi, Agric.Biol.Chem. 51 (1987) 293.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. C.-H. Wong, D.G. Drueckhammer, H.M. Sweers, J.Am.Chem.Soc. 107 (1985) 4028.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. E. Keinan, K.K. Seth, R. Lamed, Ann.N.Y.Acad.Sci. 501 (1987) 130.

    Google Scholar 

  178. W.R. Shieh, A.S. Gopalan, C.J. Sih, J.Am.Chem.Soc. 107 (1985) 2993.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. K. Nakamura, K. Inoue, K. Ushio, S. Oka, A. Ohno, Chem.Lett. (1987) 679.

    Google Scholar 

  180. D. Buisson, R. Azerad, Tetrahedron Lett. 27 (1986) 2631.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. C.J. Sih, B.N. Zhou, A.S. Gopalan, W.R. Shieh, F. Van Middlesworth, in “Selectivity — a Goal for Synthetic Efficiency” (W. Bartmann, B.M. Trost, eds) (Workshop Conference Hoechst, 14), (1983) p. 251 ff.

    Google Scholar 

  182. R.W. Hoffmann, W. Ladner, K. Steinbach, W. Massa, R. Schmidt, G. Snatzke, Chem. Ber. 114 (1981) 2786.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. R.W. Hoffman, W. Helbig, W. Ladner, Tetrahedron Lett. 23 (1982) 3479.

    Google Scholar 

  184. R.W. Hoffmann, W. Ladner, W. Helbig, Liebigs Ann.Chem. (1984) 1170.

    Google Scholar 

  185. M. Christen, D.H.G. Crout in Ref. 5, p. 213.

    Google Scholar 

  186. K. Ushio, K. Inouye, K. Nakamura, S. Oka, A. Ohno, Tetrahedron Lett. 27 (1986) 2657.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. K. Nakamura, M. Higaki, K. Ushio, S. Oka, A. Ohno, Tetrahedron Lett. 26 (1985) 4213.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. T. Sakai, T. Nakamura, K. Fukuda, E. Amano, M. Utaka, A. Takeda, Bull.Chem.Soc.Japan 59 (1986) 3185.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. R. Lis, W.B. Caldwell, G.I. Rudd, W.C. Lumma, G.A. Hoyer, K. Petzoldt, G. Cleve, G. Sauer, Tetrahedron Lett. 28 (1987) 1487.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Y. Naoshima, H. Hasegawa, T. Sacki, Agric.Biol.Chem. 51 (1987) 3417.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. H. Akita, H. Matsukura, K. Sonomoto, A. Tanaka, T. Oishi, Chem.Pharm.Bull. 35 (1987) 4985.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Y. Naoshima, H. Hasegawa, Chem.Lett. (1987) 2379.

    Google Scholar 

  193. K. Nakamura, K. Inoue, K. Ushio, S. Oka, A. Ohno, J.Org.Chem. 53 (1988) 2589.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. T. Fujisawa, T. Itoh, M. Nakai, T. Sato, Tetrahedron Lett. 26 (1985) 771.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. T. Fujisawa, E. Kojima, T. Itoh, T. Sato, Chem Lett. (1985) 1751.

    Google Scholar 

  196. G. Guanti, L. Banfi, E. Narisano, Tetrahedron Lett. 27 (1986) 3547.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. CO. Meese, Liebigs Ann.Chem. (1986) 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  198. R. Chênevert, S. Thiboutot, Can.J.Chem. 64 (1986) 1599.

    Google Scholar 

  199. J. Bolte, J.G. Gourcy, H. Veschambre, Tetrahedron Lett. 27 (1986) 565.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. H. Ohta, K. Ozaki, G. Tsuchihashi, Agric.Biol.Chem. 50 (1986) 2499.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. T. Fujisawa, H. Hayashi, Y. Kishioka, Chem.Lett. (1987) 129.

    Google Scholar 

  202. R. Tanikaga, K. Hosoya, A. Kaji, J.Chem.Soc.,Perkin Trans. I (1987) 1799.

    Google Scholar 

  203. A. Manzocchi, A. Fiecchi, E. Santaniello, Synthesis (1987) 1007.

    Google Scholar 

  204. H. Ohta, K. Ozaki, G. Tsuchihashi, Chem.Lett. (1987) 2225.

    Google Scholar 

  205. D. Buisson, S. El Baba, R. Azerad, Tetrahedron Lett. 27 (1986) 4453.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. T. Fujisawa, E. Kojima, T. Sato, Chem.Lett. (1987) 2227.

    Google Scholar 

  207. F. VanMiddlesworth, C.J. Sih, Biocatalysis, 1 (1987) 117.

    Google Scholar 

  208. T. Sato, M. Tsurumaki, T. Fujisawa, Chem.Lett. (1986) 1367.

    Google Scholar 

  209. T. Hoh, Y. Yonekawa, T. Sato, T. Fujisawa, Tetrahedron Lett. 27 (1986) 5405.

    Google Scholar 

  210. G. Fräter, U. Müller, W. Günther, Tetrahedron 40 (1984) 1269.

    Google Scholar 

  211. T. Fujisawa, T. Itoh, T. Sato, Tetrahedron Lett. 25 (1984) 5083.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. K. Nakamura, T. Miyai, K. Nozaki, K. Ushio, S. Oka, A. Ohno, Tetrahedron Lett. 27 (1986) 3155.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. D. Buisson, S. Henrot, M. Larcheveque, R. Azerad, Tetrahedron Lett. 28 (1987) 5033.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. M. Soukup, B. Wipf, E. Hochuli, H.G.W. Leuenberger, Helv.Chim.Acta 70 (1987) 232.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. D. Seebach, S. Roggo, T. Maetzke, H. Braunschweiger, J. Cereus, M. Krieger, Helv.Chim.Acta, 70 (1987) 1605

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. S Tsuboi, E. Nishiyama, M. Utaka, A. Takeda, Tetrahedron Lett. 27 (1986) 1915.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. S. Tsuboi, E. Nishiyama, H. Furutani, M. Utaka, A. Takeda, J.Org.Chem. 52 (1987) 1359.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. S. Tsuboi, H. Furutani, M. Utaka, A. Takeda, Tetrahedron Lett. 28 (1987) 2709.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. K. Mori, M. Ikunaka, Tetrahedron 43 (1987) 45.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. D.W. Brooks, M. Wilson, M. Webb, J.Org.Chem. 52 (1987) 2244

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. D.W. Brooks, H. Mazdiyasni, P.G. Grothaus, J.Org.Chem. 52 (1987) 3223.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. M. Utaka, S. Konishi, A. Takeda, Tetrahedron Lett. 27 (1986) 4737.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. H. Ohta, K. Ozaki, G. Tsuchihashi, Chem.Lett. (1987) 191.

    Google Scholar 

  224. P. Gramatica, G. Giardina, G. Speranza, P. Manitto, Chem.Lett. (1985) 1395.

    Google Scholar 

  225. P. Gramatica, P. Manitto, L. Poli, J.Org.Chem. 50 (1985) 4625.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  226. P. Gramatica, P. Manitto, D. Monti, G. Speranza, Tetrahedron 43 (1987) 4481.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. M. Utaka, S. Onoue, A. Takeda, Chem.Lett. (1987) 971.

    Google Scholar 

  228. M. Utaka, S. Konishi, T. Okubo, S. Tsuboi, A. Takeda, Tetrahedron Lett. 28 (1987) 1447.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  229. G. Gil, E. Ferre, M. Barre, J. Le Petit, Tetrahedron Lett. 29 (1988) 3797.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  230. J. Bujons, R. Guajardo, K.S. Kyler, J.Am.Chem.Soc. 110 (1988) 604.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. P.H. Buist, H.G. Dallmann, Tetrahedron Lett. 29 (1988) 285.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  232. J. Angelo, G. Revial, R. Azerad, D. Buisson, J.Org.Chem. 51 (1986) 40.

    Google Scholar 

  233. J. Ouazzani-Chahdi, D. Buisson, R. Azerad, Tetrahedron Lett. 28 (1987) 1109.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. A. Kergomard, M.F. Renard, H. Veschambre, J.Org.Chem. 47 (1982) 792.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. A. Fauve, M.F. Renard, H. Veschambre, J.Org.Chem. 52 (1987) 4893.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  236. H. Ohta, Y. Kato, G. Tsuchihashi, J.Org.Chem. 52 (1987) 2735.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  237. H. Ohta, Y. Kato, G. Tsuchihashi, Chem.Lett. (1986) 581.

    Google Scholar 

  238. A. Fauve, H. Veschambre, Tetrahedron Lett. 28 (1987) 5037.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  239. Y. Tsuda, Chem.Pharm.Bull. 35 (1987) 2554.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  240. L.L. Smith in “Biotechnology” (H.J. Rehm,and G. Reed, eds), Vol. 6a, Verlag Chemie, (1984) p.31 ff;b. ref. 7 et op.cit.

    Google Scholar 

  241. S.J.C. Taylor, D.W. Ribbons, A.M.Z. Slawin, D.A. Widdowson, D.J. Williams, Tetrahedron Lett. 28 (1987) 6391.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  242. D.W. Ribbons, A.E.G. Cass, J.T. Rossiter, S.J.C. Taylor, D.A. Widdowson, S.R. Williams, P.B. Baker, R.E. Martin, J.Fluorine Chem. 37 (1987) 299.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  243. E.J. Corey, R. Nagata, Tetrahedron Lett. 28 (1987) 5391.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  244. M.O. Funk, J. André, T. Otsuki, Biochemistry 26 (1987) 6880.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  245. D.J. Leak, H. Dalton, Biocatalysis, 1 (1987) 23.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  246. H. Dalton, Adv.Appl.Microbiol. 26 (1980) 71.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  247. F.M. Pasutto, N.N. Singh, F. Jamali, R.T. Coutts, S. Abuzar, J.Pharm.Sci. 76 (1987) 177.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  248. C.T. Walsh, Y.C.J. Chen, Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.Engl. 27 (1988) 333.

    Google Scholar 

  249. A.G. Katopodis, H.A. Smith, S.W. May, J.Am.Chem.Soc. 110 (1988) 897.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  250. A. Crueger, W. Crueger, in “Biotechnology” (H.J. Rehm, G. Reed, eds) Vol. 6a, Verlag Chemie, (1984) p. 421 ff.

    Google Scholar 

  251. M. Lim, D.G. Patil, Tetrahedron Lett. 28 (1987) 3775.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  252. D.M.X. Donnelly, F.G. Murphy, J. Polonski, T. Praugé, J.Chem.Soc.,Perkin Trans I (1987) 2719.

    Google Scholar 

  253. J.S. Dordick, M.A. Marletta, A.M. Klibanov, Biotechnol.Bioeng. 30 (1987) 31.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  254. T. Yoshimoto, A. Ritani, K. Ohwada, K. Takahashi, Y. Kodera, A. Matsushima, Y. Saito, Y. Inada, Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun. 148 (1987) 876.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  255. H. Yamada, S. Shimizu, Ref. 2, p. 19.

    Google Scholar 

  256. S.E. Godtfredsen, K. Ingvorsen, B. Yde, O. Andresen, Ref. 2, p. 3.

    Google Scholar 

  257. S.E. Godtfredsen, in Ref. 3, p. 77.

    Google Scholar 

  258. T. Nagasawa, C.D. Mathew, J. Mauger, H. Yamada, Appl.Environ.Microbiol. 54 (1988) 1766.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  259. C. Bengis-Garber, A.L. Gutman, Tetrahedron Lett. 29 (1988) 2589.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  260. Y. Vo-Quang, D. Marais, L. Vo-Quang, F. Le Goffic, A Thiéry, M. Maestracci, A. Arnand, P. Galzy, Tetrahedron Lett. 28 (1987) 4057.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  261. K. Yokozeki, S. Nakamori, S. Yamanaka, C. Eguchi, K. Mitsugi, F. Yoshinaga, Agric.Biol.Chem. 51 (1987) 715.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  262. K. Yokozeki, K. Kubato, Agric.Biol.Chem. 51 (1987) 721.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  263. K. Yokozeki, K. Sano, C. Eguchi, H. Iwagami, K. Mitsugi, Agric.Biol.Chem. 51 (1987) 729.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  264. K. Yokozeki, Y. Hirose, K. Kubota, Agric.Biol.Chem. 51 (1987) 737.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  265. G. Fülling, C.J. Sih, J.Am.Chem.Soc. 109 (1987) 2845.

    Google Scholar 

  266. J.S. Fruton, Adv.Enzymol.Rel.Areas Mol.Biol. 53 (1982) 239.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  267. H.-D. Jakubke, P. Kuhl, A. Konnecke, Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.Engl. 24 (1985) 85.

    Google Scholar 

  268. H.-D. Jakubke, in “The Peptides”, Vol. 9, Academic Press, Orlando, (1987) p. 103 ff.

    Google Scholar 

  269. W. Kullman, “Enzymatic Peptide Synthesis”, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Florida, (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  270. K. Morihara. Trends Biotechnol. 5 (1987) 164.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  271. R.C. Sheppard, Chem.Brit. (1988) 557.

    Google Scholar 

  272. I. Schechter, A. Berger, Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun. 27 (1967) 157.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  273. F. Widmer, J.T. Johansen, Carlsberg.Res.Commun. 44 (1979) 37.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  274. A.J. Andersen, F. Widmer, J.T. Johansen, in “Peptides 1986” (D. Theodoropoulos, ed.), Walter de Gruyter and Co.., Berlin, (1987) p. 183 ff.

    Google Scholar 

  275. A.J. Andersen in “Peptides: Structure and Function”, (C.M. Deber, V.J. Hruby, K.D. Kopple, eds), Pierce Chemical Company, (1985) p. 355 ff.

    Google Scholar 

  276. P. Thorbeck, F. Widmer,in “Peptides: Structure and Function”, (C.M.Deber, V.J. Hruby, K.D. Kopple, eds), Pierce Chemical Company, (1985) p. 359 ff.

    Google Scholar 

  277. K. Breddam, J.T. Johansen, Carlsberg Res.Commun. 49 (1984) 463.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  278. K. Breddam, J.T. Johansen, M. Otlesen, Carlsberg Res.Commun. 49 (1984) 457.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  279. K. Breddam, F. Widmer, J.T. Johansen, Carlsberg Res.Commun. 48 (1983) 231.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  280. F. Widmer, M. Ohno, M. Smith, N. Nelson, C.B. Afinsen, in “Peptides 1982”, (K. Blaha, P. Malon, eds), Walter de Gruyter and Co., Berlin, (1982) p. 375 ff.

    Google Scholar 

  281. K. Breddam, F. Widmer, J.T. Johansen, Carlsberg Res.Commun. 46 (1981) 361.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  282. K. Breddam, F. Widmer, J.T. Johansen, Carlsberg Res.Commun. 46 (1981) 121.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  283. F. Widmer, K. Breddam, J.T. Johansen, Carlsberg Res.Commun. 46 (1981) 97.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  284. F. Widmer, K. Breddam, J.T. Johansen, Carlsberg Res.Commun. 45 (1980) 453.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  285. K. Breddam, F. Widmer, J.T. Johansen, Carlsberg Res.Commun. 45 (1980) 361.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  286. K. Breddam, F. Widmer, J.T. Johansen, Carlsberg Res.Commun. 45 (1980) 237.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  287. K. Sakina, K. Kawazura, K. Morihara, Agric.Biol.Chem. 51 (1987) 1717.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  288. Y. Isowa, M. Ohmori, T. Ichikawa, K. Mori, Y. Nonaka, K. Kihara, K. Oyama, H. Satoh, S. Nishimura, Tetrahedron Lett. 28 (1979) 2611.

    Google Scholar 

  289. I.D. Durrant, R.J. Beynon, P.B. Rogers, Arch.Biochem.Biophys. 250 (1986) 280.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  290. L. Adisson, J. Bolte, C. Demuynck, J.-C. Mani, Tetrahedron 44 (1988) 2185.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  291. K. Nakanishi, Y. Kimura, R. Matsuno, Eur.J.Biochem. 161 (1986) 533.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  292. Y. Inada, T. Yoshimoto, A. Matsushima, Y. Saito, Trends Biotechnol. 4 (1986) 68.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  293. Y. Inada, K. Takahashi, T. Yoshimoto, A. Ajima, A. Matsushima, Y. Saito, Trends Biotechnol. 4 (1986) 190.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  294. K. Takahashi, A. Ajima, T. Yoshimoto, M. Okada, A. Matsushina, Y. Tamaura, Y. Inada, J.Org.Chem. 50 (1985) 3414.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  295. Y. Inada, H. Nishimura, K. Takahashi, T. Yoshimoto, A.R. Saha, Y. Saito, Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun. 122 (1984) 845.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  296. T. Yoshimoto, K. Takahashi, H. Nishimura, A. Ajima, Y. Tamaura, Y. Inada, Biotechnol.Lett. 6 (1984) 337.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  297. K. Takahashi, T. Yoshimoto, A. Ajima, Y. Tamaura, Y. Inada, Enzyme 32 (1984) 235.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  298. T. Nishio, K. Takahashi, T. Yoshimoto, Y. Kodera, Y. Saito, Y. Inada, Biotechnol.Lett. 9 (1987) 187.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  299. T. Yoshimoto, M. Nakata, S. Yamaguchi, T. Funada, Y. Saito, Y. Inada, Biotechnol.Lett. 8 (1986) 771.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  300. Y. Kodera, Y. Inada, Biotechnol.Lett. 8 (1986) 881.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  301. K. Takahashi, A. Ajima, T. Yoshimoto, Y. Inada, Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun. 125 (1984) 761.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  302. K. Takahashi, H. Nishimura, T. Yoshimoto, Y. Saito, Y. Inada, Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun. 121 (1984) 261.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  303. H. Nishimura, K. Takahashi, K. Sakurai, K. Fujinuma, Y. Imamura, M. Ooba, Y. Inada, Life Sci. 33 (1983) 1467.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  304. A. Ferjancic, A. Puigserver, H. Gaertner, Biotechnol. Lett. 10 (1988) 101.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  305. A. Matsushima, M. Okada, Y. Inada, FEBS Lett. 178 (1984) 275.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  306. H. Lee, K. Takahashi, Y. Kodera, K. Ohwada, T. Tsuzuki, A. Matsushima, Y. Inada, Biotechnol.Lett. 10 (1988) 403.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  307. A. Zaks, A.M. Klibanov, J.Biol.Chem. 263 (1988) 3194

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  308. D.H.G. Crout and J.-M. Ricca, unpublished.

    Google Scholar 

  309. J.B. West, C.-H. Wong, Tetrahedron Lett. 28 (1987) 1629.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  310. J.R. Matos, J.B. West, C.-H. Wong, Biotechnol.Lett. 9 (1987) 233

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  311. A.L. Margolin, A.M. Klibanov, J.Am.Chem.Soc. 109 (1987) 3802.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  312. P.L. Luisi, Angew,Chem.Int.Ed.Engl. 24 (1985) 439.

    Google Scholar 

  313. K. Martinek, A.V. Levashov, N. Klyachko, Y.L. Khmelnitski, I.V. Berezin, Eur.J.Biochem. 155 (1986) 453.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  314. E. Testet, N. Rachdi, M. Baboulène, V. Spéziale, A. Lattes, C.R.Acad.Sci.Paris 306 (1988) 347.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  315. E. Testet, M. Baboulène, V. Spéziale, A. Lattes, J.Chem.Tech.Biotechnol. 41 (1988) 69.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  316. J. Edelman, Adv.Enzymol.Rel.Areas Mol.Biol. 17 (1956) 189.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  317. C. Augé, C. Mathieu, C. Mérienne, Carbohydrate Res. 151 (1986) 147.

    Google Scholar 

  318. U. Zehavi, Reactive Polymers, 6 (1987) 189.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  319. U. Zehavi, M. Herchman, Carbohydrate Res. 133 (1984) 339.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  320. U. Zehavi, M. Herchman, Carbohydrate Res. 128 (1984) 160.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  321. S. Weisemann, K. Denzel, G. Schilling, G. Gross, Bioorg.Chem. 16 (1988) 29.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  322. J. Thiem, W. Treder, Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.Engl. 25 (1986) 1096.

    Google Scholar 

  323. C.-H. Wong, S. Haynie, G.M. Whitesides, J.Org.Chem. 47 (1982) 5416.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  324. J.E. Prenosil, E. Stuker, J.R. Bourne, Biotechnol.Bioeng. 30 (1987) 1019.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  325. J.E. Prenosil, E. Stuker, J.R. Bourne, Biotechnol.Bioeng. 30 (1987) 1026.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  326. K. Nakanishi, R. Matsumo, K. Torii, K. Yamamoto, T. Kamikubo, Enzyme Microb.Tech. 5 (1983) 115.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  327. K. Ajisaka, H. Nishida, H. Fujimoto, Biotechnol.Lett. 9 (1987) 243.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  328. K. Ajisaka, H. Nishida, H. Fujimoto, Biotechnol.Lett. 9 (1987) 387.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  329. E. Johansson, L. Hedbys, P.-O. Larsson, Biotechnol.Lett. 8 (1986) 421.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  330. J.F. Kennedy, J.M.S. Cabrol, B. Kalogerakis, Enzyme Microb.Technol. 7 (1985) 22.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  331. S. Adachi, Y. Ueda, K. Hashimoto, Biotechnol.Bioeng. 26 (1984) 121.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  332. T. Tanaka, S. Oi, Agric.Biol.Chem. 49 (1985) 1267.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  333. K. Ajisaka, H. Nishida, H. Fujimoto, Biotechnol.Lett. 9 (1987) 243.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  334. K. Ajisaka, H. Nishida, H. Fujimoto, Biotechnol.Lett. 9 (1987) 387.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  335. H. Fujimoto, K. Ajisaka, Biotechnol.Lett. 10 (1988) 107.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  336. H. Fujimoto, H. Nishida, K. Ajisaka, Agric.Biol.Chem. 52 (1988) 1345.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  337. R.E. Huber, M.T. Gaunt, Arch.Biochem.Biophys. 220 (1983) 263.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  338. L. Hedbys, P.-O. Larsson, K. Mosbach, Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun. 123 (1984) 8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  339. F. Björkling, S.E. Godtfredsen, Tetrahedron 44 (1988) 2957.

    Google Scholar 

  340. H.-J. Gais, A. Zeisler, P. Maidonis, Tetrahedron Lett. 29 (1988) 5743.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  341. K.G.I. Nilsson, Carbohydr.Res. 167 (1987) 95.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  342. T. Usui, Y. Hayashi, F. Nanjo, Y. Ishido, Biochim.Biophys.Acta 953 (1988) 179.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  343. W. Treder, J. Thiem, M. Schlingmann, Tetrahedron Lett. 27 (1986) 5605.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  344. H. Shirae, K. Yokozeki, K. Kubota, Agric.Biol.Chem. 52 (1988) 1499.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  345. C.-H. Wong, G.M. Whitesides, J.Org,Chem. 48 (1983) 3199.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  346. C.-H. Wong, F.P. Mazenod, G.M. Whitesides, J.Org.Chem. 48 (1983) 3493.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  347. J.R. Durrwachter, H.M. Sweers, K. Nozaki, C.-H. Wong, Tetrahedron Lett. 27 (1986) 1261.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  348. J.R. Durrwachter, D.G. Drueckhammer, K. Nozaki, H.M. Sweers, C.-H. Wong, J.Am.Chem.Soc. 108 (1986) 7812.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  349. J.R. Durrwachter, C.-H. Wong, J.Org.Chem. 53 (1988) 4175.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  350. M.D. Bednarski, H.J. Waldmann, G.M. Whitesides, Tetrahedron Lett. 27 (1986) 5807.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  351. F. Effenberger, A. Straub, Tetrahedron Lett. 28 (1987) 1641.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  352. R.L. Pedersen, M.-J. Kim, C.-H. Wong, Tetrahedron Lett. 29 (1988) 4645.

    Google Scholar 

  353. T. Ziegler, A. Straub, F. Effenberger, Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.Engl. 27 (1988) 716.

    Google Scholar 

  354. E.S. Simon, M.D. Bednarski, G.M. Whitesides, Tetrahedron Lett. 29 (1988) 1123.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  355. M.-J. Kim, W.J. Hennen, H.M. Sweers, C.-H. Wong, J.Am.Chem.Soc. 110 (1988) 6481.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  356. C.Augé, C. Gautheron, J.Chem.Soc.,Chem.Commun. (1987) 859.

    Google Scholar 

  357. J. Bolte, C. Demuynck, H. Samaki, Tetrahedron Lett. 28 (1987) 5525.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  358. C. Fuganti, P. Grasselli, in Ref. 1, p.112 ff.

    Google Scholar 

  359. C. Fuganti in Ref. 3, p.3 ff.

    Google Scholar 

  360. C. Fuganti, P. Grasselli, Chem.Ind.(London) (1977) 983.

    Google Scholar 

  361. C. Fuganti, P. Grasselli, S. Servi, J.Chem.Soc.,Perkin Trans. I (1983) 241.

    Google Scholar 

  362. T. Kitazume, N. Ishikawa, Chem.Lett. (1984) 1815.

    Google Scholar 

  363. W. Becker, E. Pfeil, J.Am.Chem.Soc. 88 (1966) 4299.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  364. W. Becker, H. Freund, E. Pfeil, Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.Engl. 4 (1965) 1079.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  365. F. Effenberger, T. Ziegler, S. Forster, Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.Engl. 26 (1987) 458.

    Google Scholar 

  366. J. Brussee, E.C. Roos, A. Van Der Gen, Tetrahedron Lett. 29 (1988) 4485.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  367. D.H.G. Crout, D.L. Rathbone, J.Chem.Soc.,Chem.Commun. (1988) 98.

    Google Scholar 

  368. M. Akhtar, N. Botting, M. Cohen, D. Gani, Tetrahedron, 43 (1987) 5899.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  369. M.A. Findeis, G.M. Whitesides, J.Org.Chem. 52 (1987) 2838.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  370. H.K. Chenault, M.-J. Kim, A. Akiyama, T. Miyazawa, E.S. Simon, G.M. Whitesides, J.Org.Chem. 52 (1987) 2608.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  371. H. Suemene, Y. Mizuhara, H. Akita, T. Oishi, K. Sakai, Chem.Pharm.Bull. 35 (1987) 3112.

    Google Scholar 

  372. A. Tramontano, K.D. Janda, R.A. Lerner, Science 234 (1986) 1566.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  373. S.J. Pollack, J.W. Jacobs, P.G. Schultz, Science, 234 (1986) 1570.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  374. J. Jacobs, P.G. Schultz, R. Sugaswara, M. Powell, J.Am.Chem.Soc. 109 (1987) 2174.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1989 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Crout, D.H.G., Christen, M. (1989). Biotransformations in Organic Synthesis. In: Modern Synthetic Methods 1989. Modern Synthetic Methods, vol 5. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83758-6_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83758-6_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-540-51060-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-83758-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics