Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Acute Myelogenous Leukemia: Current Status of Therapy in Adults

  • Chapter
Leukemia

Part of the book series: Recent Results in Cancer Research ((RECENTCANCER,volume 93))

Abstract

Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is a neoplastic disease characterized by the proliferation of malignant myeloblasts and other immature myeloid cells. Infiltration of the bone marrow by these leukemia cells results in the impairment of normal hematopoiesis, with resultant anemia, granulocytopenia, and thrombocytopenia. If untreated the disease is rapidly fatal, with a median survival of less than 2 months. Death frequently results from infection, hemorrhage or both [1].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Tivey H (1955) The natural history of untreated acute leukemia. Ann NY Acad Sci 60: 322–358

    Google Scholar 

  2. Bennett JM, Catavsky C, Daniel MT et al. (1976) Proposal for the classification of acute leukaemias. Br J Haematol 33: 451–458

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Gralnick HR, Galton DAG, Catovsky D et al. (1977) Classification of acute leukemia. Ann Intern Med 87: 740–753

    Google Scholar 

  4. Gralnick HR (1980) A variant form of hypergranular promyelocytic leukemia (M3). Ann Intern Med 92: 261

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Golomb HM, Rowley JD, Vardiman JW, Testa JR, Butler A (1980) “Microgranular” acute promyelocytic leukemia: a distinct clinial, ultrastructural and cytogenic entity. Blood 55:253–259

    Google Scholar 

  6. Major PP, Minden MD, Beardsley GP, Kufe DW (1981) Lethality of human myeloblasts correlates with the incorporation of ara-C into DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78 (5): 3235–3239

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Skipper HE, Schable JM Jr, Wilcox WS (1967) Experimental evaluation of potential anticancer agents. XXI. Scheduling of arabinosylcytosine to take advantage of its S-phase specificity against leukemia cells. Cancer Chemother Rep 51: 125–141

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Ellison RR, Holland JF, Weil M et al. (1968) Arabinosyl cytosine: a useful agent in the treatment of acute leukemia in adults. Blood 32: 507–523

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Wang JJ, Selawry OS, Viettr TJ et al. (1970) Prolonged infusion of arabinosyl cytosine in childhood leukemia. Cancer 25: 1–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Bodey GP, Coltman CA, Freireich EJ et al. (1974) Chemotherapy of acute leukemia; comparison of cytarabine alone and in combination with vincristine, prednisone, and cyclophosphamide. Arch Intern Med 133: 260–266

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Southwest Oncology Group (1974) Cytarabine for acute leukemia in adults: effects of schedule on therapeutic response. Arch Intern Med 133: 251–259

    Google Scholar 

  12. Carey RW, Ribas-Mundo M, Ellison RR et al. (1975) Comparative study of cytosine arabinoside therapy alone and combined with thioguanine mercaptopurine, or daunorubicin in acute myelocytic leukemia. Cancer 36: 1560–1566

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Early AP, Preisler HD, Slocum H, Rustum YM, Dorn P (1981) High dose cytosine arabinoside (HD-ARAC) for acute leukemia. Blood [Suppl 1] 58: 138a

    Google Scholar 

  14. Herzig RH, Herzig GP, Lazarus HM, Wolff SN, Phillips GL (1981) Successful treatment of patients (PTS) with refractory acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) using high-dose cytosine arabinoside (HDAra-C) with and without anthracycline. Blood [Suppl 1] 58: 141a

    Google Scholar 

  15. Levi JA, Wirnik PH (1976) A comparative clinical trial of 5-azacytidine and guanazole in previously treated adults with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Cancer 38: 36–41

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Vogler WR, Miller DS, Keller JW (1976) 5-Azacytidine (NSC 102816): A new drug for the treatment of myeloblasts leukemia. Blood 48: 331–337

    Google Scholar 

  17. Von Hoff DD, Slavik M, Muggia FM (1976) 5-Azacytidine: a new anticancer drug with effectiveness in acute myelogenous leukemia. Ann Intern Med 85: 237–245

    Google Scholar 

  18. Omura GA (1977) Combination therapy with 5-azacytidine plus beta-2’-deoxythioguanosine in adult acute leukemia. Cancer Treat Rep 61: 915–917

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Van Echo DA, Lichenfeld KM, Wiernik PH (1977) Vinblastine, 5-azacytidine and VP-16-213 therapy for previously treated patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Treat Rep 61: 1599–1602

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Burgess MA, Bodey GP, Minnow RA et al. (1977) Phase I–II evaluation of cyclocytidine. Cancer Treat Rep 61: 437–43

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Yap P-S, McCredie KB, Keating MJ et al. (1981) Phase I–II study of 3-deazauridine (NSC 126849) in adults with acute leukemia. Cancer Treat Rep 65: 521–524

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Vogler WR, Trulock PD (1978) Phase I study of pyrazofurin in refractory acute myelogenous leukemia. Cancer Treat Rep 62: 1569–1571

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Mertelsmann R, Drapkin RL, Gee TS et al. (1981) Treatment of acute myelogenous leukemia in adults: response to 2,2-anhydro-a-β-D-arabinofuranosyl-5-fluorocytosine and thioguanine on the L-12 protocol. Cancer 48: 2136–2142

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Bornstein RS, Theologides A, Kennedy BJ (1969) Daunorubicin in acute myelogenous leukemia in adults. JAMA 207: 1301–1306

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Waring M (1970) Variation in the supercoils in closed circular DNA by binding of antibiotics and drugs: evidence for molecular models involving intercalation. J Mol Biol 54: 247–279

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Weil M, Jacquillat CL, Gemon-Auclerc MF et al. (1976) Acute granulocytic leukemia: treatment of the disease. Arch Intern Med 136: 1389–1395

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Weil M, Glidewell OJ, Jacquillat C et al. (1973) Daunorubicin in the therapy of acute granulocyte leukemia. Cancer Res 33: 921–928

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Wiernik PH, Schimpf SC, Schiffer CA et al. (1976) Randomized clinical comparison of daunorubicin (NSC-63878), 6-thioguanine (NSC-752), and pyrimethamine (NSC-3061) for the treatment of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Treat Rep 60: 41–53

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Paul C, Bjorkholm M, Christenson I et al. (1981) Comparison of daunorubicin and daunorubicin-DNA complex in the treatment of acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 6: 65–73

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Preisler HD, Rustum Y, Henderson ES et al. (1979) Treatment of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: Use of anthracycline-cytosine arabinoside induction therapy and comparison of two maintenance regimens. Blood 53: 455–464

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Weinstein HJ, Mayer RJ, Rosenthal DS et al. (1980) Treatment of acute myelogenous leukemia in children and adults. N Engl J Med 303: 473–478

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Viung CC, Ozols CF, Myers CE (1981) The anthracycline antineoplastic drugs. N Engl J Med 305: 139–153

    Google Scholar 

  33. Benjamin RS, Keating MJ, McCredie KB et al. (1977) A phase 1 and 2 trial of rubidazone in patients with acute leukemia. Cancer Res 37: 4623–4628

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Jacquillat C, Weil M, Gemon-Auderc MF et al. (1976) Clinical study of rubidazone (22-050 R.P.): a new daunorubicin-derived compound, in 170 patients with acute leukemia and other malignancies. Cancer 37: 653–659

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Crooke ST (1977) A review of carminomycin — a new anthracycline developed in the USSR. J Med 8: 295–316

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Fainshtein FE, Kovaleva LG, Vakhrusheva MV et al. (1977) Carminomycin in the treatment of adult patients with acute leukemia. Antibiotiki 22: 756–758

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Warrell RP Jr, Arlin Z, Gee T et al. (1981) Phase I-II evaluation of aclacinomycin in acute leukemia. Am Assoc Cancer Res 22: 191

    Google Scholar 

  38. Yamada K, Nakamura T, Tsuruno T et al. (1980) A phase II study of aclacinomycin in acute leukemia in adults. Cancer Treat Rev 7: 177–182

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Hitchings GH, Elion GB (1954) The chemistry and biochemistry of purine analogs. Ann NY Acad Sci 60: 195–199

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Frei E III, Freireich EJ, Gehan G et al. (1961) Studies of sequential and combination antimetabolite therapy in acute leukemia: 6-mercaptopurine and methotrexate. Blood 18: 431, 454

    Google Scholar 

  41. Burchenal JH, Murphy ML, Ellison RR et al. (1953) Clinical evaluation of a new antimetabolite, 6-mercaptopurine, in the treatment of leukemia and allied diseases. Blood 8: 965–999

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Omura GA, Vogler WR, Smalley RV et al. (1977) Phase II study of β-2’-deoxytheoguanosine in adult acute leukemia. Cancer Treat Rep 61: 1379–1381

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Legha SS, Keating MJ, Zander A et al. (1980) 4’-(acridinylamino) methanesulfon-m-anisidide (AMSA): a new drug effective in the treatment of adult acute leukemia. Ann Intern Med 93: 17–21

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Van Echo DA, Markus SD, Schimpff SC, Wiernik PH (1980) A phase II trial of 4’-(9-acridinylamino) methanesulfon-m-anisidide (AMSA) in adult relapsed acute leukemia. Proc AM Assoc Can Res 21: 477

    Google Scholar 

  45. Paciucci PA, Ohnuma T, Ambinder EP et al. (1981) Effects of mitoxantrone (dehydroxyan- thracenedine dehydrochloride) in patients with refractory acute leukemia. Blood [Suppl 1] 58: 148a

    Google Scholar 

  46. Smith IC, Gerken MC, Clink HM et al. (1976) VP-16-213 in acute myelogenous leukaemia. Postgrad Med J 52: 66–70

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Radice PA, Bunn PA Jr, Ihde DC (1979) Therapeutic trials with VP-16-213 and VM-26: active agents in small cell lung cancer, non-Hodgkins lymphomas, and other malignancies. Cancer Treat Rep 63: 1231–1239

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Mathé G, Schwarzenberg L, Pouillart P et al. (1974) Two epidophyllotoxin derivatives, VM 26 and VP 16-213, in the treatment of leukemias, hematosorcomas and lymphomas. Cancer 34: 985–992

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Van Echo DA, Wiernik PH, Aisner J (1980) High-dose VP 16-213 (NSC141540) for the treatment of patients with previously treated acute leukemia. Cancer Clin Trials 3: 325–328

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. European Organization for Research on the Treatment of Cancer, Clinical Screening Group (1973) Epipodophyllotoxin VP 16213 in treatment of acute leukaemias, haematosarcomas, and solid tumors. Br Med J 3: 199–202

    Google Scholar 

  51. Van Echo PA, Lichtenfeld KM, Wiernik PH (1977) Vinblastine (NSC-49848), 5-azacytidine (NSC 102816) and VP 16-213 (NSC 141540) in previously treated patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Treat Rep 61: 1599–1602

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Hurd DD, Peterson BA, Bloomfield CD (1981) 4’-(9-acridinylamino) methanesulfon-m-anisidide (AMSA), VP 16-213 (VP), cytosine arabinoside (ARA-C), and G-thioguanine (GTG) in the treatment of relapsed and refractory acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL). Blood [Suppl 1] 58: 142a

    Google Scholar 

  53. Griffin TW, Lister TA, Rybak ME et al. (1979) Treatment of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia with neocarzinostatin. Cancer Treat Rep 63: 1853–1856

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Frei E III, Freireich EH, Gehan G et al. (1961) Studies of sequential and combination antimetabolist therapy in acute leukemia: 6-mercaptopurine and methotrexate. Blood 18: 431–454

    Google Scholar 

  55. Vogler WR, Huguley CM Jr, Rundles RW (1967) Comparison of methotrexate with 6-mercaptopurine-prednisone in treatment of acute leukemia in adults. Cancer 20: 1221–1226

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Hoogstraten B (1962) Cyclophosphamide (cytoxan) in acute leukemia. Cancer Chemother Rep 16: 167–171

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Clarkson B, Krakoff J, Burchenal J et al. (1970) Clinical results of treatment with E. Coli L-asparaginase in adults with leukemia, lymphoma and solid tumors. Cancer 25: 279–305

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Capizzi RL, Bertino JR, Handschumacher RE (1980) L-Asparaginase. Annu Rev Med 21: 433–444

    Google Scholar 

  59. Medical Research Council (1966) Treatment of acute leukemia in adults: comparison of steroid and mercaptopurine therapy, alone and in conjunction. Br Med J 1: 1383–1389

    Google Scholar 

  60. De Conti RC, Toftness BR, Lange RC et al. (1973) Clinical and pharmacological studies with cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II). Cancer Res 33: 1310–1315

    Google Scholar 

  61. Rozenweig M, von Hoff DD, Slavik M et al. (1977) C/s-diamminedichloroplatinum(II): a new anticancer drug. Ann Intern Med 86: 803–812

    Google Scholar 

  62. Hill NO, Pardue A, Khan A et al. (1981) Phase I human leukocyte interferon trials in cancer leukemia. J Clin Hematol Oncol 11: 23–25

    Google Scholar 

  63. Levine AS, Sivulich M, Wiernik PH, Levy HB (1979) Initial clinical trials in cancer patients of polyriboinosinic - polyribocy tidy lie acid stabilized with poly-1-lysine, in carboxymethylcellu- lose [poly(ICLC)], a highly effective interferon inducer. Cancer Res 39: 1645–1650

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Clarkson BD, Dowling MD, Gee TS et al. (1975) Treatment of acute leukaemia in adults. Cancer 36: 775–795

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Medical Research Council (1974) Treatment of acute myeloid leukemia with daunorubicin, cytosine arabinoside, mercyptopurine, L-asparaginase, prednisone and thioguanine: results of treatment with five multipledrug schedules. Br J Haematol 27: 373–389

    Google Scholar 

  66. Wallace HJ, Holland JF, Glidewell OJ et al. (1975) Therapy of acute myelocytic leukemia. In: Madelli F, Amadori S, Mariani G (eds) Acute leukemia group B studies, therapy of acute leukemia. Minerva Medica, Turin, pp 255–269

    Google Scholar 

  67. Lewis JP, Linman HW, Marshall GJ et al. (1977) Randomized clinical trial of cytosine arabinoside and 6-thioguanine in remission induction and consolidation of adult nonlymphocytic acute leukemia. Cancer 39: 1387–1396

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Holland JF, Glidewell O, Ellison RR et al. (1976) Acute myelocytic leukemia. Arch Intern Med 136: 1377–1381

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Gale RP, Foon KA, Cline MJ, Zighelboim J (1981) Intensive chemotherapy for acute myelogenous leukemia. Ann Intern Med 94: 753–757

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Glucksberg H, Buckner DE, Fefer A et al. (1975) Combination chemotherapy for acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia in adults. Cancer Chemother Rep 59: 1131–1137

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Rees JKH, Sandler RM, Challener J, Hayhoe FGJ (1977) Treatment of acute myeloid leukemia with a triple cytotoxic regimen: DAT. Br J Cancer 36: 770–776

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Peterson BA, Bloomfield CD, Bosi GJ, Gibbs G, Malloy M (1980) Intensive fivedrug combination chemotherapy for adult acute-non-lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer 46: 663–668

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Foon KA, Gale RP (1982) Controversies in the therapy of acute myelogenous leukemia. Am J Med 72: 963–979

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Finnish Leukemia Group (1979) The effect of thioguanine in a combination of daunorubicine [sic], cytyrabine and prednisone in the treatment of acute leukemia in adults. Scand J Hematol 23: 124–128

    Google Scholar 

  75. Rai KR, Holland JR, Glidewell OJ et al. (1981) Treatment of acute myelocytic leukemia: A study by Cancer and Leukemia Group B. Blood 58: 1203–1212

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Slavin RE, Dias MA, Saral R (1978) Cytosine arabinoside induced gastrointestinal toxic alterations in sequential chemotherapeutic protocols. A clinical-pathologic study of 33 patients. Cancer 42: 1747–1759

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Yates J, Gledeucll O, Wiernik P et al. (1982) Cytosine arabinoside with daunorubicin or adriamycin for therapy of acute myelocytic leukemia: A CALGB study. Blood 60: 454–462

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Shaikh BS, Doghtery JB, Hamilton RW et al. (1980) Selective use of daunorubicin for remission-induction chemotherapy in acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer 46: 1731–1734

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Saponara EJ, Rothenberg SP, Villamena D (1979) Cytarabine and thioguanine for acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Another look. Arch Intern Med 139: 1277–1280

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Von Hoff DD, Rozencweig M, Layard M, Slavik M, Muggia FM (1977) Daunomycin induced cardiotoxicity in children and adults. A review of 110 cases. Am J Med 62: 200–208

    Google Scholar 

  81. Mauer AM (1975) Cell kinetics and practical consequences for therapy of acute leukemia. N Engl J Med 293: 389–393

    Google Scholar 

  82. Vaughan WP, Karls JE, Burke PJ (1980) Long chemotherapy-free remissions after single-cycle times-sequential chemotherapy for acute myelocytic leukemia. Cancer 45: 859–865

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Zighelboim J, Foon K, Yale C, Gale RP (1982) Treatment of acute myelogenous leukemia with intensive induction and consolidation chemotherapy. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol (to be published)

    Google Scholar 

  84. Urbanitz D, Hiddemann W, Van de Loo J, Buchner TH (1981) Intensive and rapid remission induction in acute non-lymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) followed by consolidation without maintenance therapy. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 22: 271

    Google Scholar 

  85. Coltman CA, Bodey GP, Hewlett JJ (1978) Chemotherapy of acute leukemia. A comparison of vincristine, cytarabine, and prednisone alone and in combination with cyclophosphamide or daunorubicin. Arch Intern Med 138: 1342–1348

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Eppinger-Helft M, Pavlovsky S, Hidalgo G et al. (1980) Chemoimmunotherapy with Corynebacterium parvum in acute myelocytic leukemia. Cancer 45: 280–284

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Glucksberg H, Cheever M, Fefer A, Forewell V, Thomas ED (1981) Intensification therapy in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANL) in adults. Proc AACR/ASCO 22: 232

    Google Scholar 

  88. Bodey GP, Freireich EJ, McCredie KG et al. (1978) Prolonged remissions in adults with acute leukemia following late intensification chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Cancer 47: 1937–1945

    Google Scholar 

  89. Mayer RJ, Weinstein JH, Coral FS, Rosenthal DS, Frei E (1982) The role of intensive post-induction chemotherapy in the management of patients with acute myelogenous leukemia. Cancer Treat Rep 66: 1455–1462

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Terry WD, Windhorst D (1978) Immunotherapy of cancer. Present status of trials in man. Raven, New York

    Google Scholar 

  91. Vogler WR (1980) Results of randomized trials of immunotherapy for acute leukemia. Cancer Immunol Immunother 9: 15–21

    Google Scholar 

  92. Foon KA, Smalley RV, Gale RP (to be published) The role of immunotherapy in acute myelogenous leukemia

    Google Scholar 

  93. Gutterman JU, Hersh EM, Rodriquez B et al. (1974) Chemoimmunotherapy of adult acute leukaemia: prolongation of remission in myeloblasts leukaemia with BCG. Lancet 2: 1405–1409

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Holland JF, Bekesi JG (1978) Comparison of chemotherapy with chemotherapy plus VCN-treated cells in acute myelocytic leukemia. In: Terry WD, Windhorst D (eds) Immunotherapy of cancer: present status of trials in man. Raven, New York, pp 353–374

    Google Scholar 

  95. Powles RL, Crowther D, Bateman CJT (1973) Immunotherapy for acute myelogenous leukemia. Br J Cancer 28: 365–376

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Vogler W, Bartolucci AA, Omura GA et al. (1978) A randomized clinical trial of remission induction, consolidation and chemo-immunotherapy maintenance in adult acute myeloblasts leukemia. Cancer Immunol Immunother 3: 163–170

    Google Scholar 

  97. Vogler WR, Gordon DS, Smalley RV et al. (1981) Serial immunologic assessment during a randomized trial of chemoimmunotherapy in acute myelogenous leukemia. A southeastern cancer study group clinical trial. Cancer Immunol Immunother 11: 97–107

    Google Scholar 

  98. Omura GA, Vogler WR, Lefante J et al. (to be published) Treatment of acute myelogenous leukemia: Influence of three induction regimens and maintenance with chemotherapy or BCG immunotherapy. Cancer

    Google Scholar 

  99. Whittaker JA, Bailey-Wood R, Hutchins S (1980) Active immunotherapy for treatment of acute myelogenous leukemia: report of two controlled trials. Br J Hematol 45: 389–400

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Vuvan H, Fiere D, Doillon M et al. (1978) B.C.G. therapy in acute nonlymphoid leukaemias. Scand J Haematol 21: 40–46

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Murphy S, Hersh E (1978) Immunotherapy of leukemia and lymphoma. Semin Haematol 15: 181–203

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Hewlett JS, Belcerzak S, Gutterman J et al. (1977) Remission induction in adult acute leukemia by 10-day continuous intravenous infusion of Ara-C plus oncovin and prednisone. Maintenance with and without immunotherapy. In: Terry WD, Windhurst D (eds) Immunotherapy of cancer: present status of trials in man. Raven, New York, pp 387–391

    Google Scholar 

  103. Summerfield GP, Gibbs TJ, Bellingham AJ (1979) Immunotherapy using BCG during remission induction and as the sole form of maintenance in acute myeloid leukemia. Br J Cancer 40: 736–742

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Mandelli F, Amadori S, Dini E et al. (1981) Randomized clinical trial of immunotherapy and androgenotherapy for remission maintenance in acute non-lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Res 5: 447–452

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Powles RL, Russell J, Lister TA (1977) Immunotherapy for acute myelogenous leukaemia: a controlled clinical study 2-1/1 years after entry of the last patient. Br J Cancer 35: 265–272

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Medical Research Council (1978) Immunotherapy of acute myeloid leukaemia. Br J Cancer 37: 1–11

    Google Scholar 

  107. Lindemalm CH, S-N, Killander A, Bjorkholm M et al. (1978) Adjuvant immunotherapy in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Immunol Immunother 4: 179–183

    Google Scholar 

  108. Zuhrie SR, Harris R, Freeman CB, et al. (1980) Immunotherapy alone vs no maintenance treatment in acute myelogenous leukemia. Br J Cancer 41: 372–377

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Lister TA, Whitehouse JMA, Oliver RTD et al. (1980) Chemotherapy and immunotherapy for acute myelogenous leukemia. Cancer 46: 2142–2148

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Powles RL, Selby PJ, Jones DR et al. (1977) Maintenance of remission in acute myelogenous leukemia by a mixture of BCG and irradiated leukemia cells. Lancet 2: 1107–1109

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Baehner RL, Bernstein ID, Sather H et al. (1979) Improved remission induction rate with D-ZAPO but unimproved remission duration with addition of immunotherapy to chemotherapy in previously untreated children with ANLL Med Pediatr Oncol 7: 127–139

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Izak G, Stupp Y, Manny N et al. (1977) The immune response in acute myelogenous leukemia. Effect of methanol extraction residue fraction of tubercle bacilli (MER) on T and B cell functions and their relation to the course of the disease. Isr J Med Sci 13: 667–693

    Google Scholar 

  113. Sauter C, Cavalli F, Lindenmann J et al. (1978) Viral oncolysis: its application in maintenance treatment of acute myelogenous leukemia. In: Terry WD, Windhorst D (eds) Immunotherapy of cancer: present status of trials in man. Raven, New York, pp 355–363

    Google Scholar 

  114. Dawson DM, Rosenthal DS, Moloney WC (1979) Neurological complications of acute leukemia in adults: changing rate. Ann Intern Med 79: 541–544

    Google Scholar 

  115. Law IP, Blom J (1977) Adult acute leukemia: frequency of central nervous system involvement in long term survivors. Cancer 40: 1304–1306

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Steward DJ, Keating MJ, McCredie KB et al. (1981) Natural history of central nervous system acute leukemia in adults. Cancer 47: 184–196

    Google Scholar 

  117. Peterson BA, Bloomfield CD (1977) Asymptomatic central nervous system (CNS) leukemia in adults with acute non-lymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) in extended remission. Proc AACR/ASCO 18: 341

    Google Scholar 

  118. Wolff L, Zighelboim J, Gale RP (1979) Paraplegia following intrathecal cytosine arabinoside. Cancer 43: 83–85

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Arlin ZA, Gee TS, Kempin SJ et al. (1981) Treatment of adult nonlymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL) with AMSA in combination with cytosine arabinoside (ARA-C) and 6-thioguanine (6TG) A AT. Proc Assoc Cancer Res 22: 172

    Google Scholar 

  120. Kahn SB, Conroy JR, Bulova S, Biodsky J (1981) Acridinyl anisidide (AMSA) (NSC 249992) and 5-azacytidine (AZA) (NSC 102816) therapy of acute leukemia. Blood [Suppl 1] 58: 143a

    Google Scholar 

  121. Rudnick SA, Cadman ED, Capizzi RL et al. (1979) High dose cytosine arabinoside (HDARAC) in refractory acute leukemia. Cancer 44: 1189–1193

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Hines JD, Oken MM, Mazza J, Keller A, Glick J (1981) High dose cytosine arabinoside (ARA-C) and M-AMSA in refractory acute non-lymphocytic leukemia. Blood [Suppl 1] 58: 142a

    Google Scholar 

  123. Herman TS, Durie BGM, Hutter J (1981) Treatment of refractory acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) with vincristine, high dose methotrexate, l,3-bis-(2-choroethyl)-l-nitrosurea (BCNU), cyclophosphamide and methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) (MGBG). Proc AACR/ASCO 22: 476

    Google Scholar 

  124. Peterson BA, Bloomfield CD (1981) Re-induction of complete remissions in adults with acute non-lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Res 5: 81–88

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Gale RP (1978) Approach to leukemic relapse following bone marrow transplantation. Transplant Proc 10: 167–172

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Thomas ED, Buckner CD, Banaji M et al. (1977) One hundred patients with acute leukemia treated with chemotherapy, total body irradiation, and allogeneic marrow transplantation. Blood 49: 511–533

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. UCLA Bone-Marrow Transplantation Team (1977) Bone-marrow transplantation in acute leukaemia. Lancet 2: 1197–1200

    Google Scholar 

  128. Fefer A, Einstein AB, Thomas ED et al. (1974) Bone-marrow transplantation for hematologic neoplasia in 16 patients with identical twins. N Engl J Med 290: 1389–1393

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Thomas ED, Buckner CD, Clift RA et al. (1981) Marrow transplantation for patients with leukemia. Exp Hematol [Suppl 9] 9: 121

    Google Scholar 

  130. Gale RP (1981) Bone marrow transplantation for leukemia in remission. Exp Hematol [Suppl 9] 9: 125

    Google Scholar 

  131. Morgenstern GR (1980) Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for acute leukaemia. Experience in 55 patients. Blut 41: 213–215

    Google Scholar 

  132. Zwaan FE (1980) Bone marrow transplantation for acute leukaemia in remission — European results. Blut 41: 208–213

    Google Scholar 

  133. Kersey J, Ramsey N, Kim T et al. (1981) Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) in first remission in young patients with acute non-lymphocytic leukemia (ANLL). Proc AACR/ASCO 22: 143

    Google Scholar 

  134. Zwaan FE, Jansen J, Noordijk EM (1980) Bone marrow transplantation in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) during first remission: the Leiden experience. Blut 41: 216–220

    Google Scholar 

  135. Dinsmore R, Shane B, Kapoor N et al. (1981) A randomized trial of bone marrow transplantation (BMT) versus chemotherapy (CT) maintenance for acute myelogenous leukemia in first remission: preliminary results. Exp Hematol [Suppl 9] 9: 125

    Google Scholar 

  136. Speck B, Gratwohl A, Nissen C et al. (1981) Further experience with cylosporin -A in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Exp Hematol [Suppl 9] 9: 124

    Google Scholar 

  137. Mannoni P, Vernant JP, Rodet M et al. (1980) Marrow transplantation for acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia in first remission. Blut 41: 220–225

    Google Scholar 

  138. Blume KG, Forman SJ, Spruce WE et al. (1981) Bone marrow transplantion (BMT) for acute leukemia. Exp Hematol [Suppl 9] 9: 124

    Google Scholar 

  139. Okunewick JP, Meredith RF (1980) Graft-versus-leukemia in man and animal models. CRC, Boca Raton

    Google Scholar 

  140. Weiden PL, Flournoy N, Thomas ED et al. (1979) Antileukemic effect of graft-versus-host disease in human recipients of allogeneic-marrow grafts. N Engl J Med 300: 1068–1073

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Mclntyre R, Gale RP (1981) Relationship between graft-versus-leukemia and graft-versus-host in man — UCLA experience. In: Okunewick JP, Meredith RF (eds) Graft-versus-leukemia in man and animal models. CRC, Boca Raton, pp 1–9

    Google Scholar 

  142. Weiden PL, Sullivan KM, Flournoy N, Storb R, Thomas ED and the Seattle Marrow Transplant Team (1981) Antileukemic effect of chronic graft-versushost disease. Contribution to improved survival after allogeneic marrow transplantation. N Engl J Med 304: 1529–1533

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Hansen JA, Clift RA, Thomas ED, Buckner CD, Mickelson EM, Storb R (1979) Histocompatibility and marrow transplantation. Transplant Proc 11: 1924–1929

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Hansen JA, Clift RA, Thomas ED, Buckner CD, Storb R, Giblett ER (1980) Transplantation of marrow from an unrelated donor to a patient with acute leukemia. N Engl J Med 303: 565–567

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Graze PR, Gale RP (1978) Autotransplantation for leukemia and solid tumors. Transplant Proc 10: 177–184

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Dicke KA, McCredie KB, Spitzer G et al. (1978) Autologous bone marrow transplantation in patients with adult acute leukemia in relapse. Transplantation 26: 169–173

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Wells JR, Billing R, Herzog P et al. (1979) Autotransplantation after in vitro immunotherapy of lymphoblastic leukemia. Exp Hematol [Suppl] 7: 164–169

    Google Scholar 

  148. Netzel B, Rodt H, Haas RJ et al. (1980) Immunological conditioning of bone marrow for autotransplantation in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Lancet 1: 1330–1332

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Ritz J, Sallan SE, Bast RC et al. (1982) Autologous bone marrow transplantation in CALLA positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia after in vitro treatment with J5 monoclonal antibody and complement. Lancet 2: 60–63

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Groopman J, Ellman L (1979) Acute promyelocytic leukemia. Am J Hematol 7: 395–408

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Gralnick HR, Abrell E (1973) Studies of the procoagulant and fibrinolytic activity of promyelocytes in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Br J Haematol 24: 89–99

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Daly PA, Shiffer CA, Wiernik PH (1980) Acute promyelocytic leukemia: Clincal management of 15 patients. Am J Hematol 8: 347–359

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Bernard J, Weil M, Boiron M, Jacquillarc, Flandrin G, Geman M-F (1973) Acute promyelocytic leukemia: Results of treatment by daunorubicin. Blood 41: 489–496

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Collins AJ, Bloomfiled CD, Paterson BA, McKenna RW, Edison JR (1978) Acute progranulocytic leukemia. Management of the coagulopathy diromg daunorubicin-prednisone induction. Arch Intern Med 138: 1677–1680

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Lilleyman JS, Hill AS, Anderton KJ (1977) Consequences of acute myelogenous leukemia in early pregnancy. Cancer 40: 1300–1303

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Pizzuyo J, Aviles A, Noviega L, Niz J, Morales M, Ramero F (1979) Treatment of acute leukemia during pregnancy: presentation of nine cases. Cancer Treat Rep 63: 369–371

    Google Scholar 

  157. Daney KC, Kraemer KG, Shepard TH (1979) Combination chemotherapy for acute myelocytic leukemia during pregnancy: three case reports. Cancer Treat Rep 63: 369–371

    Google Scholar 

  158. Meyer RJ, Guttner J, Truog P, Ambinder EP, Holland JH (1978) Therapeutic leukopheresis of acute myelo-monocytic leukemia in pregnancy. Med Pediatr Oncol 4: 77–81

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Rosner F, Grunwald HW (1980) Cytotoxic drugs and leukaemogenesis. Clin Haematol 9: 663–681

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Anonymous (1977) Therapy-linked leukaemia. Lancet 1: 519–520 (editorial)

    Google Scholar 

  161. Chabner BA (1977) Second neoplasm: a complication of cancer chemotherapy. N Engl J Med 197: 213–215

    Google Scholar 

  162. Reimer RR, Hoover R, Graumeni JF Jr et al. (1977) Acute leukemia after alkylating agent therapy of ovarian cancer. N Engl J Med 297: 177–181

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Cadman ED, Capizzo RL, Bertino JR (1977) Acute non-lymphocytic leukemia: A delayed complication of Hodgkin’s disease therapy. Analysis of 109 cases. Cancer 40: 1280–1296

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Vaughan WD, Karp JE, Burke PJ (1981) Effective chemotherapy of acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) occurring after alkylating agent therapy (AAT) or radiation therapy (RT) for prior malignancy. Proc AACR/ASCO 22: 483

    Google Scholar 

  165. Koeffler HP, Golde DW (1980) Human preleukemia. Ann Intern Med 93: 347–353

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Bloomfield CD (1980) Treatment of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia — 1980. Ann Intern Med 93: 133–135

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Baker MA, Falk JA, Carter WH, Taub RN and the Toronto Leukemic Study Group (1979) Early diagnosis of relapse in acute myeloblasts leukemia. N Engl J Med 301: 1353–1357

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Hittleman WN, Broussard LC, Dosik G, McCredie KB (1980) Predicting relapse of human leukemia by means of premature chromosome condensation. N Engl J Med 303: 475–484

    Google Scholar 

  169. Sachs L (1978) Control of normal cell differentiation and the phenotypic reversion of malignancy in myeloid leukaemia. Nature 274: 535–539

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Koeffler HP, Golde DW (1978) Acute myelogenous leukemia: a human cell line responsive to colony-stimulating activity. Science 200: 1153–1154

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Loten J, Sachs L (1979) Regulation of normal differentiation in mouse and human myeloid leukemia cells by phorbol esters and the mechanism of tumor promoter. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 76: 5158

    Google Scholar 

  172. Rovera G, Santole D, Damsky C (1979) Human promyelocytic leukemia cells in culture differentiate into macrophage-like cells when treated with phorbol diester. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 76: 2779

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Collins SJ, Ruscetti RW, Gallagher RE, Gallo RC (1978) Terminal differentiation of human promyelocytic leukemia cells induced by dimethylsulfoxide and other polar compounds. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 75: 2458–2462

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Collins SJ, Ruscetti FW, Gallagher RE, Gallo RC (1979) Normal functional characteristics of cultured human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60) after induction of differentiation by dimethylsulfoxide. J Exp Med 149: 969–974

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Breitman TR, Collins SJ, Keene BR (1981) Terminal differentiation of human promyelocytic leukemic cells in primary culture in response to retinoic acid. Blood 57: 1000–1004

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Honma Y, Kasukabe T, Hozumi M, Tsushima S, Nomura H (1981) Induction of differentiation of cultured human and mouse myeloid leukemia cells by alkyl-lysophospholipids. Cancer Res 41: 3211–3216

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Monoclonal Antibody-Hybridoma Section, Biological Therapeutics Branch, Biological Response Modifiers Program, Division of Cancer Treatment, National Cancer Institute, Frederick Cancer Research Facility, Building 560, Frederick, MD, 21701, USA

    K. A. Foon & R. P. Gale

Authors
  1. K. A. Foon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. R. P. Gale
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institut für Hämatologie, Abteilung für Immunologie, Gesellschaft für Strahlen- und Umweltforschung mbH, Landwehrstrasse 61, 8000, München 2, Germany

    Eckhard Thiel  & Stephan Thierfelder  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1984 Springer-Verlag Berlin · Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Foon, K.A., Gale, R.P. (1984). Acute Myelogenous Leukemia: Current Status of Therapy in Adults. In: Thiel, E., Thierfelder, S. (eds) Leukemia. Recent Results in Cancer Research, vol 93. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82249-0_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82249-0_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-82251-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-82249-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation