Abstract
This chapter will discuss the immunological aspects of two clinically disparate disorders of the thyroid, namely, Graves’ disease and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (and its variants) (see Table 2.1). While the clinical expression of these two disorders may be markedly different, there are many genetic and pathogenetic elements which are similar if not common to them both, and indeed some workers (although not this author) consider that these two conditions are merely opposite ends of a spectrum of the same condition (Bastenie and Ermans 1972; Fisher and Beall 1976).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aarli JA, Thunold S, Heimann P (1978) Thyroiditis in myaesthenia gravis. Acta Neurol Scand 58: 121–127
Adams DD, Kennedy TH (1971) Evidence to suggest that LATS protector stimulates the human thyroid gland. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 33: 47–51
Adams DD, Purves HD (1956) Abnormal responses in the assay of thyrotrophin. Univ Otaga Med School Proc 34: 11–12
Adams DD, Dirmikis S, Doniach D, El Kabir DJ, Hall R, Ibbertson HK, Irvine WJ, Kendall-Taylor P, Manley SW, Mehdi SQ, Munro DS, Purves HD, Smith BR, Stewart RDH (1975) Nomenclature of thyroid stimulating antibodies. Lancet 1: 1201
Adlkofer F, Schleusener H, Uher L, Ananos A (1973) Heterogenity of long-acting thyroid stimulating ( LATS) activity, thyroglobulin antibodies and thyroid microsomal antibodies. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 73: 483–488
Alexander WD, Harden R McG, Shimmins J (1968) Emotion and non-specific infection as possible aetiological factors in Graves’ disease. Their relation to thyroid suppressibility. Lancet 2: 196–197
Allison AC (1976) Self-tolerance and autoimmunity in the thyroid. N Engl J Med 295: 821–827
Amino N, DeGroot LJ (1975) Insoluble particulate antigens in cell–mediated immunity of autoimmune thyroid disease. Metabolism 24: 45–46
Amino N, Miyai K, Onishi T, Hashimoto T, Arai K, Ishibashi K, Kumahara Y (1976) Transient hypothyroidism after delivery in autoimmune thyroiditis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 42: 296–301
Amino N, Miyai K, Kuro R, Tanizawa O, Azukizawa M, Takai S, Tanaka F, Nishi K, Kawashima M, Kumahara Y (1977 a) Transient post-partum hypothyroidism: fourteen cases with autoimmune thyroiditis. Ann Intern Med 87: 155–159
Amino N, Miyai K, Yamamoto T, Kuro R, Tanaka F, Tanizawa O, Kumahara Y (1977 b) Transient recurrence of hyperthyroidism after delivery in Graves’ disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 44: 130–136
Amino N, Kuro R, Tanizawa F, Tanaka F, Hayashi C, Kotani K, Kwashima M, Miyai K, Kumahara Y (1978) Changes of serum anti-thyroid antibodies during and after pregnancy in autoimmune thyroid diseases. Clin Exp Immunol 31: 30–37
Amino N, Mori H, Yabu Y, Kuro R, Yamada T, Hisa Y, Tanizawa O, Miyai (1980) Mechanisms of occurrence of transient post-partum hypothyroidism in autoimmune thyroiditis. In: Stockigt JR, Nagataki S (eds) Thyroid research VIII. Austral Acad Sci Canberra, pp 551–554
Amkraut A, Solomon GF (1974) From the symbolic stimulus to the pathophysiologic response immune mechanisms. Int J Psychiatry Med 5: 541–563
Aoki N, DeGroot LJ (1979) Lymphocyte blastogenic response to human thyroglobulin in Graves’ disease, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, and metastatic thyroid cancer. Clin Exp Immunol 38: 523–530
Aoki N. Pinnamaneni KM, DeGroot LJ (1979) Studies on suppressor cell function in thyroid diseases. J. Clin Endocrinol Metab 48: 803–810
Asamer H, Riccabona G, Holthaus N, Gabl F (1968) Immunohistologic findings in thyroid disease in an endemic goiter area. Arch Klin Med 215: 270–272
Bacon LD, Kite RH Jr, Rose NR (1973) Immunogenetic detection of B locus genotypes in chickens with autoimmune thyroiditis. Transplantation 16: 591–598
Balázs CS, Stenszky V, Kozma L, Leövey A (1978) The possible influence of HLA-1, B8 antigens on the course of Graves’ disease. Biomedicine 29: 263–264
Balázs CS, Stenszky V, Kozma L, Szerze P, Leövey A (1979 a) Connection between HLA B8 antigen and suppressor T cell activity in Graves’ disease. Transplant Proc 11: 1314
Balázs CS, Leövey A, Borden L (1979 b) Decrease of concanavalin-A activated and short-livedsuppressor T cell function in thyrotoxicosis. Biomedicine 30: 143–147
Balázs CS, Leövey A, Szabo M, Bako G (1980) Stimulating effect of triiodothyronine on cell-mediated immunity. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 17: 19–24
Bartels EC (1941) Twin examinations: heredity in Graves’ disease. Munksgaard, Copenhagen, pp 32–36
Bartels EC, Irie M (1961) Thyroid function in patients with progressive exophthalmos; study of 117 cases requiring orbital decompression. In: Pitt-Rivers R (ed) Advances in thyroid research. Pergamon, New York, pp 163–170
Bartrop RW, Luckhurst E, Lazarus L, Kiloh LG, Penny R (1977) Depressed lymphocyte function after bereavement. Lancet 1: 834–836
Bastenie PA, Ermans AM (1972) Thyroiditis and thyroid function: clinical, morphological and physiopathological studies. Pergamon, Oxford ( International series of monographs on pure and applied biology, modern trends in physiological sciences, Vol 36 )
Bastenie PA, Neve P, Bonnyns M, Van Haelst L, Chailly M (1967) Clinical and pathological significance of asymptomatic atrophic thyroiditis; a condition of latent hypothyroidism. Lancet 1: 915–919
Bayer MF, Kriss JP (1979 a) Immunoradiometric assay for serum thyroglobulin: semiquantitative measurement of thyroglobulin in antithyroglobulin-positive sera. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 49: 557–564
Bayer MF, Kriss JP (1979 b) A solid phase sandwich type radioimmunoassay for antithyroglobulin elimination of false positive results and semiquantitative measurement of antithyroglobulin in the presence of elevated thyroglobulin. J. Clin Endocrinol Metab 49: 565–571
Beall GN, Kruger SR (1979) Antithyroglobulin ( ATG) production by peripheral blood leukocytes in vitro. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 48: 712–714
Bech K, Madsen SN (1979) Thyroid adenylate cyclase stimulating immunoglobulin in thyroid diseases. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 11: 47–58
Bech K, Nerup J, Larsen JH (1977a) Yersinia enterocolitica infection and thyroid diseases. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 84: 87–92
Bech K, Clemmensen O, Larsen JH, Bendixen G (1977 b) Thyroid disease and Yersinia. Lancet 1: 1060–1061
Bech K, Lumholtz B, Nerup J, Thomsen M, Platz P, Ryder LP, Svejgaard A, Siersbaek-Nielsen K, Hansen JM, Larsen JH (1977 c) HLA antigens in Graves’ disease. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 86: 510–516
Bech K, Nerup J, Thomsen M, Platz P, Ryder LP, Svejgaard A, Siersbaek-Neilsen K, Molholm Hansen JE (1977 d) Subacute thyroiditis DeQervain: a disease associated with an HLA-B antigen. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 86: 504–509
Beck JS (to be published) Pathology of Graves’ disease and the effect of treatment. Ann Coll Phys Surg Canada
Beierwaltes WH (1969) Iodine and lymphocytic thyroiditis. Bull All-India Inst Med Sci 3: 145–152
Beierwaltes WH, Nishiyama RH (1968) Dog thyroiditis. Occurrence and similarity to Hashimoto’s struma. Endocrinology 83: 501–508
Benoit FL, Greenspan FS (1967) Corticosteroid therapy for pretibial myxoedema, observations on the long-acting thyroid stimulator. Ann Intern Med 66: 711–720
Blackett PR, Seely JR, Altmiller DH (1978) Neonatal thyrotoxicosis following maternal hypothyroidism. J Pediatr 92: 159–160
Blizzard RM, Hung W, Chandler RW, Aceto T Jr, Kyle M, Winship T (1962) Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Clinical and laboratory response to prolonged cortisone therapy. N Engl J Med 267: 1015–1020
Bolk JH, Elte JWF, Bussemaker JK, Haak A, Van der Heide D (1979) Thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins do not cause non-autonomous, autonomous or toxic multinodular goitres. Lancet 2: 61–63
Bonnyns M, Cano P, Osterland CK, and McKenzie JM (1978) Immune reactions in patients with Graves’ disease. Am J Med 65: 971–977
Braley-Mullen H, Sharp GC, Kyriakos M, Jepsen P (1978) Cellular and genetic control of susceptibility to experimental autoimmune thyroiditis in guinea pigs. In: Rose NR, Bigazzi PE, Warner NL (eds) Genetic control of autoimmune disease. Elsevier/North Holland, New York, pp 401–413
Braverman LE (1978) Therapeutic considerations. Clin Endocrinol Metab 7: 221–240
Braverman LE, Ingbar SH, Vagenakis AG, Adams L, Maloof F (1971) Enhanced susceptibility to iodide myxedema in patients with Hashimoto’s disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 32: 515–521
Bremner WJ, Griep RJ (1976) Graves’ thyrotoxicosis following primary thyroid failure. JAMA 235: 1361
Brohee D, Delespesse G, Debisschop MJ, Bonnyns M (1979) Detection of circulating immune complexes in thyroid disease. Clin Exp Immunol 36: 379–383
Brown DM, Lowman JT (1964) Thyrotoxicosis occurring in two patients on prolonged high doses of steroids. N Engl J Med 270: 278–281
Brown RS, Jackson IMB, Pohl SL, Reichlin S (1978) Do thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins cause non-toxic and toxic multinodular goitres? Lancet 1: 904–906
Brownlie BEW, Newton OAG, Singh SP (1975) Ophthalmopathy associated with primary hypothyroidism. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 79: 691–699
Buerklin EM, Schimmel M, Utiger RD (1976) Pituitary-thyroid regulation in euthyroid patients with Graves’ disease previously treated with antithyroid drugs. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 43: 419–427
Burch PRJ (1963 a) A genetic theory of inflammatory polyarthritis. Lancet 2:636–637
Burch PRJ (1963 b) A genetic theory of inflammatory polyarthritis. Lancet 2:836–837
Burch PRJ (1966 a) Spontaneous auto-immunity: equation for age-specific prevalence and initiation rates. J Theor Biol 12:397–409
Burch PRJ (1966 b) Age and sex distributions from some idiographic non-malignant conditions in man. Some possible implications for growth control and natural and radiation induced ageing. In: Lindop PJ, Sacher GA (eds) Radiation and ageing. Taylor & Francis, London, pp 117–155
Burch PRJ (1968) An inquiry concerning growth, disease and ageing. The sex and age distribution of autoaggressive disease. Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh, pp 34–69
Burch PRJ, Rowell NR (1963) Autoimmunity: aetiological aspects of chronic discoid and systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: some immunological complications. Lancet 2: 507–515
Burke JS, Butler JJ, Fuller LM (1977) Malignant lymphoma of the thyroid. A clinical pathological study of 35 patients including ultrastructural observations. Cancer 39: 1587–1602
Calder EA, Penhale WJ, Barnes EW, Irvine WJ (1974 a) Evidence for circulating immune complexes in thyroid disease. Br Med J 2: 30–31
Calder EA, Urbaniak SJ, Penhale WJ, Irvine WJ ( 1974 b) Characterization of human lymphoid cell-mediated antibody-dependent cytotoxicity ( LDAC ). Clin Exp Immunol 18: 597–593
Calder EA, Irvine WJ, Davidson NM, Wu F (1976) T, B and K cells in autoimmune thyroid disease. Clin Exp Immunol 25: 17–22
Cano PO, Chertman MM, Jerry LM, and McKenzie JM (1976) Circulating immune complexes in Graves’ disease. Endocr Res Commun 3: 307–317
Canonica G, Bagnasco M, Moretta L, Cocco R, Ferrini O, Giordano G (1981) Human T lymphocyte subpopulations in Hashimoto’s disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 52: 553–556
Carayon P, Guibou TM, Lissitzsky S (1978) Thyrotropin receptor adenylate cyclase system in plasma membranes from normal and diseased human thyroid glands. J Endocrinol Invest 1: 321–328
Carey C, Skosey C, Pinnamaneni KM, Barsano CP, DeGroot LJ (1980) Thyroid abnormalities in children of parents who have Graves’ disease — possible pre-Graves’ disease. Metabolism 29: 369–376
Cathelineau G, Fribourg-Desi M (1974) Ophtalmopathie de type basedowien et hypothyroidie primitive. Nouv Presse Med 3 32: 1995–1998
Catz B, Perzik SL (1965) Subtotal vs. total surgical ablation of the thyroid, malignant exophthalmos and its relation to remnant thyroid. In: Cassano C, Andreoli M (eds) Current topics in thyroid research. Academic Press, New York, pp 1183–1199
Chan SH, Yeo PPB, Lui, KF, Wee GB, Woo KT, Lim P, Cheah JS (1978) HLA and thyrotoxicosis ( Graves’ disease) in Chinese. Tissue Antigens 12: 109–114
Chandler RW, Kyle MA, Hung W, Blizzard RM (1962) Experimentally induced autoimmunization disease of the thyroid. I. The failure of transplacental transfer of anti-thyroid antibodies to produce cretinism. Paediatrics 29: 961–967
Chen H, Hoffman WH, Chang CH, Hart Z, Kaplan J (1978) Lymphocytic thyroiditis, myasthenia gravis, and Turner syndrome. Birth Defects 14/6A: 137–147
Chertow BS, Fidler WJ, Fariss BL ( 1973 Graves’ disease and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis in monozygous twins. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 72: 18–24
Cheung HS, Nicoloff JT, Kamiel MB, Spolter L, Nimni ME (1978) Stimulation of fibroblast biosynthetic activity by serum of patients with pretibial myxedema. J Invest Dermatol 71: 12–17
Chopra IJ, Solomon DH, Chopra U, Yoshihara E, Terasaki PI, Smith F (1977) Abnormalities in thyroid function in relatives of patients with Graves’ disease and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 45: 45–54
Christadoss P, Kong YCM, Elrehewy M, Rose NR, David GS (1978) Genetic control of T lymphocyte proliferative autoimmune response to thyroglobulin in mice. In: Rose NR, Bigazzi PE, Warner EL (eds) Genetic control of autoimmune disease. Elsevier/North Holland, New York, pp 445–54
Christy JH, Morse RS (1977) Hypothyroid Graves’ disease. Am J Med 62: 291–296
Claman HN (1972) Corticosteroids and lymphoid cells. N Engl J Med 287: 388–397
Clinton BA, Weigle WO (1972) Cellular events during the induction of experimental thyroiditis in the rabbit. J Exp Med 136: 1605–1615
Cole RK, Kite JH Jr, Witebsky E (1968) Hereditary autoimmune thyroiditis in the fowl. Science 160: 1357–1358
Cooper DS, Ridgway EC, Maloof F (1978) Unusual types of hyperthyroidism. Clin Endocrinol Metab 7: 199–220
Cunliffe WJ, Hall R, Newell DJ, Stevenson CJ (1968) Vitiligo, thyroid disease and autoimmunity. Br J Dermatol 80: 135–139
Cunningham JAK, Krai F (1959) Thyrotoxicosis in identical twins. NZ Med J 58: 600–603
Dandona P, Marshall MJ, Bidey SP, Nathan A, Harvard CWH (1979) Successful treatment of exophthalmos and pretibial myxoedema with plasmapheresis. Br Med J 1: 374–376
Davies TF, Yeo PPB, Evered DC, Clark F, Smith BR, Hall R (1977) Value of thyroid stimulating antibody determinations in predicting short-term thyrotoxic relapse in Graves’ disease. Lancet 1: 1181–1182
Dirmikis SM, Munro DS, Hiller EJ, Crawford MJ, Wynn EJ, Purcell M (1974) Placental transmission of LATS-protector. Lancet 2: 1579–1580
Dirmikis SM, Munro DS (1975) Placental transmission of thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin. Br Med J 2: 665–666
Dirmikis SM, Kendall-Taylor P, Munro DS (1976) The nature and significance of LATS-protector. In: Robbins J, Braverman LE (eds) Thyroid research. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, pp 403–406
Docter R, Bos G, Visser TJ, Hennemann G (1980) Thyrotrophin binding inhibiting immunoglobulins in Graves’ disease before, during and after therapy, and its relation to long-acting thyroid stimulator. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 12: 143–153
Doniach D (1975) Humoral and genetic aspects of thyroid autoimmunity. Clin Endocrinol Metab 4: 267–285
Doniach D, Florin-Christensen A (1975) Autoimmunity in the pathogenesis of endocrine exophthalmos. Clin Endocrinol Metab 4: 341–350
Doniach D, Roitt IM, Taylor KB (1965) Autoimmunity in pernicious anemia and thyroiditis: a family study. Ann NY Acad Sci 124: 605–625
Doniach D, Botazzo GF, Russell RCG (1979) Goitrous autoimmune thyroiditis ( Hashimoto’s thyroiditis ). Clin Endocrinol Metab 8: 63–80
Dorfman SG, Cooperman MT, Nelson RL, Depuy H, Peake RL, Young RL (1977) Painless thyroiditis and transient hyperthyroidism without goiter. Ann Intern Med 86: 24–28
Drachman DB (1978) Myaesthenia gravis. N Engl J Med 298: 136–142, 186–193
Drexhage HA, Bottazzo GF, Bitemsky L, Chayen J, Doniach D (1980) Evidence for thyroid growth stimulating immunoglobulins in some goitrous thyroid diseases. Lancet 2: 281–292,62 nd Meeting, Endocrinol Soc, Washington, DC, June 18–20, 1980, Abstract 514
Dunlap DB, McFarland KF, Lutcher CL (1974) Graves’ disease and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Am J Med Sci 268: 107–111
Dymling JF, Becker DV (1967) Occurrence of hyperthyroidism in patients receiving thyroid hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 27: 1487–1491
Edmonds M, Lamki L, Killinger DW, Volpe R (1973) Autoimmune thyroiditis, adrenalitis and cophoritis. Am J Med 54: 782–787
Ehrenfeld EN, Levy M (1972) Thyrotoxicosis in identical twins and in their mother. Isr J Med Sci 8: 620–622
Elling P, Ranlov P, Bildsoe P (1966) A genetic approach to the pathogenesis of hepatic cirrhosis — a clinical and serological study. Acta Med Scand 179: 527–533
Endo K, Kasagi T, Konishi J, Ikekubo K, Okuno T, Takeda Y, Mori T, Torizuka K (1978) Detection and properties of TSH binding inhibitor immunoglobulins in patients with Graves’ disease and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 46: 734–739
Etienne J, Kohn LD, Winand RJ (1976) Studies on the mechanism of experimental exophthalmos. In: Robbins J, Braverman LE (eds) Thyroid research. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, pp 380–382
Evans TC, Beierwaltes WH, Nishiyama RH (1969) Experimental canine Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Endocrinology 84: 641–646
Faber J, Cohn D, Kirkegaard C, Christy M, Siersbaek-Nielsen K, Friis T, Nerup J (1979) Subclinical hypothyroidism in Addison’s disease. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 91: 674–679
Fabris N (1973) Immunodepression in thyroid–deprived animals. Clin Immunol 15: 601–611
Fagraeus A, Jonsson J (1970) Distribution of organ antigens over the surface of thyroid cells as examined by the immunofluorescence test. Immunology 18: 413–116
Fagraeus A, Jonsson J, El Kabir DJ (1970) What is the antibody specificity of LATS ? J. Clin Endocrinol Metab 31: 445–447
Fahey JL, Goodman H (1964) Antibody activity in six classes of human immunoglobulin. Science 143: 588–590
Fakhri O, Hobbs JR (1972) Detection of antibodies which can cooperate with lymphocytes. Lancet 2: 403–406
Farid NR, Bear JC (1981) The human major histocompatibility complex and endocrine disease. Endocrine Rev 2: 50–86
Farid NR, Munro RE, Row VV, Volpe R (1973) Rosette inhibition test for the demonstration of thymus-dependent lymphocyte sensitization in Graves’ disease and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. N Engl J Med 289: 1111–1117
Farid NR, Barnard JM, Marshall WH (1976) The association of HLA with autoimmune thyroid disease in Newfoundland. The influence of HLA homozygosity in Graves’ disease. Tissue Antigens 8: 181–190
Farid NR, Newton RM, Noel EP, Barnard JM, Marshall WH (1978) The operation of immunological networks in Graves’ disease. Tissue Antigens 12: 205–211
Farid NR, Sampson J, Noel EP, Barnard JM, Mandeville R, Larsen B, Marshall WH (1979) A study of human leukocyte D locus-related antigens in Graves’ disease. J Clin Invest 63: 108–113
Farid NR, Larsen B, Payne R, Noel EP, Sampson L Immunogenetics of polyglandular autoimmune disease. 62nd Meeting, Endocrinol Soc, Washington, DC, June 18–20, 1980, Abstract 82 (to be published)
Fatourechi V, McConahey WM, Woolner LB (1971) Hyperthyroidism associated with histologic Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Mayo Clin Proc 46: 682–689
Feldt-Rasmussen U, Hyltoft Petersen P, Date J, Madsen CM (1980) Sequential changes in serum thyroglobulin (Tg) and its autoantibodies ( TgAb) following subtotal thyroidectomy of patients with preoperatively detectable TgAb. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 12: 29–38
Fenzi GF, Hashizume K, Roudebush CB, DeGroot LJ (1979) Changes in thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin during antithyroid therapy. J. Clin Endocrinol Metab 48: 572–576
Fenzi GF, Pinchera A, Bartalena I, Monzani F, Macchia E, Mammoli C, Baschieri L (1980) Thyroid plasma membrane antigens and TSH receptor. In: Stockigt JR, Nagataki S (eds) Thyroid research VIII. Austral Acad Sci Canberra, pp 703–706
Ferrari E, Bossolo P, Vailati A (1974) The ACTH-secreting system in hyperthyroid patients: chronoregulation and dynamic behavior. Chronobiologia 1: 179–192
Fialkow PJ, Zavala C, Nielsen R (1975) Thyroid autoimmunity: increased frequency in relatives of insulin-dependent diabetes patients. Ann Intern Med 83: 170–176
Fisher D, Beall GN (1976) Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Pharmacol Ther. [C] 1: 445–458
Flier JS, Bar RS, Muggeo M, Kahn CR, Roth J, Gorden P (1978) The evolving clinical course of patients with insulin receptor antibodies: spontaneous remission or receptor proliferation with hypoglycemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 47: 985–995
Flier JS, Kahn CR, Roth J (1979) Receptors, antireceptor antibodies and mechanisms of insulin resistance. N Engl J Med 300: 413–419
Folb PI, Bank H (1974) Activated lymphocytes in the peripheral blood in acute hyperthyroidism ( Graves’ disease ). Isr J Med Sci 10: 785–877
Folb PI, Bank H (1976) Evidence for an active immune response in acute hyperthyroidism ( Graves’ disease ). Am J Med Sci 272: 269–276
Forrester JV, Sutherland GR, McDougall IR (1977) Dysthyroid ophthalmopathy: orbital evaluation with B-scan ultrasonography. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 45: 221–224
Fragu P, Mariotti S, Lucero Y, DeGroot LJ (to be published) Indomethacin inhibited suppressor cells in thyroid disease. 62nd Meeting, Endocrinol Soc, Washington, DC, June 8–10, 1980 Abstract 14
Friedman JM, Fialkow PJ (1978) The genetics of Graves’ disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 7: 47–65
Fritz TE, Norris WP, Kretz ND (1970) Influence of lymphocytic thyroiditis on iodine metabolism in the beagle. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 134: 450–458
Fujita K, Yamada N, Sanbe T, Yudo T, Tsuchiya K, Shimabukuru K, Ito K, Saito M (1970) Haemagglutination test using antigen from thyroid epithelial cells. Clin Pathol (Jap) 18: 213–217
Furth ED, Becker DV, Ray BS, Kane JW (1962) Appearance of unilateral infiltrative exophthalmos of Graves’ disease after the successful treatment of the same process in the contralateral eye by apparently total surgical hypophysectomy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 22: 518–524
Gallagher TF, Hellman L, Finkelstein J, Yoshida K, Weitzman ED, Roffwarg H, Fukushima DK (1972) Hyperthyroidism and Cortisol secretion in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 34: 919–927
Galluzzo A, Giordano C, Andronico F, Filardo C, Andronico G, Bompiano G (1980) Leukocyte migration test in subacute thyroiditis: hypothetical role of cell-mediated immunity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 50: 1038–1041
Gavras I, Thomson JA (1972) Late thyrotoxicosis complicating autoimmune thyroiditis. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 69: 41–46
Gharib H, Hodgson SF, Gastineau CF, Scholz PA, Smith LA (1972) Reversible hypothyroidism in Addison’s disease. Lancet 2: 734–737
Ginsberg J, Segal D, Ehrlich RM, Walfish PG (1978) Inappropriate triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine ( T4) radioimmunoassay levels secondary to circulating thyroid hormone autoantibodies. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 8: 133–139
Glatstein E, McHardy-Young S, Brast N, Eltringham JR, Kriss JP (1971) Alterations in serum thyrotropin ( TSH) and thyroid function following radiotherapy in patients with malignant lymphoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 32: 833–841
Glover EL, Rueber MD (1968) Chronic thyroiditis in buffalo strain rats ingesting methylcholanthrene. Arch Pathol 86: 542–544
Gluck FB, Nusynowitz ML, Plymate S (1975) Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, thyrotoxicrosis and low radioactive iodine uptake; report of four cases. N Engl J Med 293: 624–628
Goolden AWG, Davidson M, Hoffenberg R (1971) Myxoedema preceding hyperthyroidism. Lancet 2: 268
Gordin A, Lamberg BA (1975) Natural course of symptomless autoimmune thyroiditis.Lancet 2: 1234–1238
Gordin A, Maenpaa J, Makinen T, Totterman TH, Tiilikainen A (1979) Immunological and genetic markers in a family with Hashimoto’s disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 11: 425–435
Gorman GA (1978) Endocrine ophthalmopathy. Clin Endocrinol Metab 7: 67–96
Goust JM, Moulias R, Reinert P, Devillechabrolle A, Berthaux P (1972) L’immunité cellulaire envers les antigens d’organe au cours des affections endocriniennes étude par le test de migration des leucocytes. Rev Fr Endocrinol Clin 13: 401–411
Grabar P (1974) “Self” and “not self” in immunology. Lancet 1:1320–1322
Graves RJ (1835) Clinical lectures. London Med Surg 7: 516–517
Gray RS, Borsey DQ, Seth J, Herd R, Brown NS, Clarke BF (1980) Prevalence of subclinical thyroid failure in insulin-dependent diabetes. J. Clin Endocrinol Metab 50: 1034–1037
Greaves M, Janossy G, Doenhoff M (1974) Selective triggering of human T and B lymphocytes in vitro by polyclonal mitogens. J Exp Med 140: 1–18
Greer M (1980) Antithyroid drugs in the treatment of thyrotoxicosis. In: Oppenheimer JH (ed) Thyroid today, vol 3, no 1. Travenol, Deerfield, pp 1–5
Grinblatt J, Shohat B, Lewitus Z, Joshua H (1979) Quantitative and functional assessment of peripheral T lymphocytes in thyroid disease. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 90: 52–61
Grob D (1958) Myaesthenia gravis: current status of pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and management. J Chronic Dis 8: 536–566
Grumet FC, Payne RO, Konishi J, Kriss JP (1974) HL-A antigens as markers for disease susceptibility and autoimmunity in Graves’ disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 39: 1115–1119
Grumet FC, Konishi J, Payne RO, Kriss, JP (1976) Association in Japanese of Graves’ disease with the HLA specificity W5. In: Robbins J, Braverman LE (eds) Thyroid research. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, pp 376–379
Hadden DR, McDevitt DG (1974) Environmental stress and thyrotoxicosis: absence of association. Lancet 2: 577–578
Hahn HB, Hayles AB, Woolner LB (1965) Lymphocytic thyroiditis in children. J Pediatr 66: 73–78
Hall ND (1978) Leukocyte migration inhibition with IgG-IgG complexes and rabbit IgG fragments in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Immunol 34: 219–225
Hall R (1980) Thyroid stimulators. In: Cumming IA, Funden JW, Mendelsohn FAO (eds) Endocrinology. Austral Acad Sci Canberra; Elsevier/North Holland, Amsterdam, New York, pp 9–12
Hall R, Stanbury JB (1967) Family studies of autoimmune thyroiditis. Clin Exp Immunol [Suppl] 2: 719–725
Hall R, Owen SG, Smart GA (1960) Evidence for genetic predisposition to formation of thyroid antibodies. Lancet 2: 187–188
Hall R, Doniach D, Kirkham K, El Kabir D (1970) Ophthalmic Graves’ disease: diagnosis and pathogenesis. Lancet 1: 375–378
Hall R, Smith BR, Mukhtar ED (1975) Thyroid stimulators in health and disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 4: 213–230
Hallengren B, Forsgren A, Melander A (1980) Immunologic effects of methimazole and propylthiouracil in vitro. In: Stockigt JR, Nagataki S (eds) Thyroid research VIII. Austral Acad Sei Canberra, pp 625–628
Hart IR, McKenzie JM (1971) Comparison of the effects of thyrotrophin and long acting thyroid stimulator on guinea pig adipose tissue. Endocrinology 88: 26–30
Harvald B, Hauge M (1956) A catamnestic investigation of Danish twins: a preliminary report. Dan Med Bull 3: 150–158
Hashimoto H (1912) Zur Kenntnis der lymphomatosen Veränderung der Schilddrüse (Struma lymphomatosa). Arch Klin Chir 97: 219–248
Hashizume K, Roudebush C, Fenzi G, DeGroot LJ (1977) The effect of antithyroid therapy on thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI) in Graves’ disease. 53rd Meeting, Am Thyroid Assoc, Cleveland, Ohio, September 7–10, 1980, Abstract p. T-7 (to be published)
Hassan THA, Greig WR, Boyle JA, Boyle IT, Wallace TJ (1966) Toxic diffuse goitre in monozygotic twins. Lancet 2: 306–308
Hay FC, Torrigiani G (1973) The distribution of antithyroglobulin antibodies in the immunoglobulin G subclasses. Clin Exp Immunol 15: 517–521
Hazard JB (1955) Thyroiditis: a review. Am J Clin Pathol 25:289–298, 399–426
Headington JT, Tantajumroom T (1967) Surgical thyroid disease in Northern Thailand; a study in geographic pathology. Arch Surg 95: 157–161
Hearn MTW, Stanton P, Adams DD, Prestidge RL (1980) The application of several new methods for the isolation of glycoprotein antigens involved in thyroid autoimmunity. 6th Internat Congr Endocrinol, Melbourne, Australia, February 10–16, 1980, Abstract 531 (to be published)
Hedley AJ, Ross IP, Beck JS, Donald D, Albert-Recht F, Michie W, Crooks J (1971) Recurrent thyrotoxicosis after subtotal thyroidectomy. Br Med J 4: 258–261
Helmke J, Federlin K (1974) Humorale Antikörper und cellulare Immunmechanismen bei verschiedenen Schilddrüsenerkrankungen sowie ihre Beziehungen zum klinischen Erscheinungsbild. Klin Wochenschr 52: 578–588
Hershman JM, Pittman JA (1971) Utility of the radioimmunoassay of serum thyrotrophin in man. Ann Intern Med 74: 481–490
Hochstein MA, Nair V, Nevins M (1977) Hypothyroidism followed by hyperthyroidism: occurrence in a patient with elevated antithyroid antibody titer. JAMA 237: 2222
Hopf U, Hutteroth TH, Meyer zum Büschenfelde KH (1978) Detection of circulating immune complexes in patients with Graves’ disease (Abstract 34). Ann Endocrinol (Paris) t 39: 20A
How J, Bewsher PD (1980) Autoimmune thyroid disease and the polymyalgia rheumatic-giant cell arteritis syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 12: 209–210
How J, Khir ASM, Bewsher PD (1980) Some observations on the natural history of autoimmune ( Hashimoto’s) thyroiditis. Scott Med J 25: 80
Hsu CCS, Chen Y, Patterson R (1976) Peripheral blood B-lymphocyte abnormalities associated with hyperthyroidism of Graves’ disease. Clin Exp Immunol 26: 431–440
Hung W, Chandra R, August GP, Altman PR (1973) Clinical, laboratory and histologic observations in euthyroid children and adolescents with goiters. J Pediatr 82: 10–16
Inada M, Nishikawa M, Naito K, Oishi M, Kurata S, Imura H (1980 a) Triiodothyronine-binding immunoglobulin in a patient with Graves’ disease and its effect on metabolism and radioimmunoassay of triiodothyronine. Am J Med 68: 787–792
Inada M, Nishikawa M, Naito K, Ishii H, Tanaka K, Imura H ( 1980 b) Correlation of the histological abnormalities of the thyroid with the stage of transient thyrotoxicosis associated with painless thyroiditis. In: Stockigt JR, Nagataki S (eds) Thyroid research VIII. Austral Acad Sci Canberra, pp 563–566
Irvine WJ (1975) Autoimmunity in endocrine disease. Clin Endocrinol Metab 4: 227–499
Irvine WJ (1978) The immunology and genetics of autoimmune endocrine disease. In: Rose NR, Bigazzi PE, Warner NL (eds) Genetic control of autoimmune disease. Elsevier/North Holland, New York, pp 77–100
Irvine WJ (1980) Polyglandular autoimmune diseases. In: Cumming IA, Funden JW, Mendelsohn FAO (eds) Endocrinology. Austral Acad Sci Canberra; Elsevier/North Holland, Amsterdam, New York pp 100–105
Irvine WJ, MacGregor AG, Stuart AE, Hall GH (1961) Hashimoto’s disease in uniovular twins. Lancet 2: 850–853
Irvine WJ, Gray RS, Morris PJ, Ting A (1977 a) Correlation of HLA and thyroid antibodies with the clinical course of thyrotoxicosis treated with antithyroid drugs. Lancet 2: 898–900
Irvine WJ, Wu FCW, Urbaniak SJ, Toolis F ( 1977 b) Peripheral blood leucocytes in thyrotoxicosis ( Graves’ disease) as studied by conventional light microscopy. Clin Exp Immunol 27: 216–221
Ito S, Tamura T, Nishikawa M (1968) Effects of desiscated thyroid, prednisolone and chloroquine on goiter and antibody titer in chronic thyroiditis. Metabolism 17: 317–325
Iverson K (1948) Temporary rise in the frequency of thyrotoxicosis in Denmark, 1941–1945. Rosenhilde & Bagger, Copenhagen
Jackson R, Rosenberg C, Kleinmann R, Vagenakis AG, Braverman LE (1979) Ophthalmopathy after neck irradiation therapy for Hodgkin’s disease. Cancer Treat Rep 63: 1392–1395
James KW (1971) Myxodema preceding hyperthyroidism. Lancet 2: 156
Jayson MIV, Doniach D, Benhamou-Glynn N, Roitt IM, El Kabir DJ (1967) Thyrotoxicosis and Hashimoto goitre in a pair of monozygotic twins with serum long acting thyroid stimulator. Lancet 2: 15–18
Jeevanram RK, Narkar AA, Shah DH, Ganatra RD (1977) Effect of thyroxine on lymphocyte stimulation. Indian J Cancer 14: 361–363
Jepson PL, Kyriakos M, Sharp GD, Braley-Muller H (1979) Effect of neonatal thyroidectomy on experimental autoimmune thyroiditis in guinea pigs. Cell Immunol 45: 356–363
Joasoo A, Robertson P, Murray IPC (1975) Viral antibodies in thyrotoxicosis. Lancet 2: 125
Jonsson J, Fagraeus A (1969) On the mechanism of the ring zone effect obtained with the mixed haemadsorption technique: studies with human antithyroid sera reacting with thyroid monolayer culture. Immunology 17: 387–411
Jordan SC, Buckingham B, Sakai R, Olson D (1981) Studies of immune complex glomerulonephritis mediated by human thyroglobulin. New Engl J Med 304: 1212–1215
Kahn LD, Dale J (1973) Virus-like particles in Hashimoto’s disease and a variety of other tissues. Lab Invest 29: 350–351
Kalderon AE, Bogaars HA (1977) Immune complex deposits in Graves’ disease and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Am J Med 63: 729–734
Katz DH, Benacerraf B (1976) The Role of products of the histocompatibility gene complex in immune responses. Academic Press, New York
Kawa A, Nakamura S, Nakazawa M, Sakaguchi S, Kawabata T, Maeda Y, Kanehisa T (1978) HLA Bw35 and B5 in Japanese patients with Graves’ disease. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 86: 754–757
Kendall-Taylor P (1975) LATS and human specific thyroid stimulator; their relation to Graves’ disease. Clin Endocrinol Metab 4: 319–339
Kenny FM, Iturzaeta N, Preeyasombat C, Taylor FH, Migeon CJ (1967) Cortisol production rate. VII. Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism in infants and children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 27: 1616–1622
Kidd A, Silverberg J, Sugenoya A, Row VV, Volpe R (1978) Attempted experimental production of Graves’ disease (Abstract 40). Ann Endocrinol (Paris) t 38: 23A
Kidd A, Okita N, Row VV, Volpe R (1980) Immunologic aspects of Graves’ and Hashimoto’s diseases. Metabolism 29: 80–99
Kingery FAJ (1965) Myxedema in hyperthyroidism. JAMA 194: 663
Kishihara M, Nakao Y, Baba Y, Matsukura S, Kuma K, Fujita T (1979) Interaction between thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins and thyrotropin receptors in fat cell membrane. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 49: 706–711
Klein J (1975) Biology of the mouse histocompatibility-2 complex: principles of immunogenetics applied to a single system. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Knight A, Adams DD (1980) Lack of allotypic variation in the autoantigen for the thyroid stimulating antibodies. 6th Internat Congr Endocrinol, Melbourne, Australia, February 10–16, 1980, Abstract 536 (to be published)
Knox AJS, von Westarp C, Row VV, Volpe R ( 1976 a) Demonstration of the production of human thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins (HTSI) by Graves’ lymphocytes cultured in vitro with phytohaemagglutinin ( PHA ). Metabolism 25: 1217–1223
Knox WJS, von Westarp C, Row VV, Volpe R ( 1976 b) Thyroid antigen stimulates lymphocytes from patients with Graves’ disease to produce thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin ( TSI ). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 43: 330–337
Kobayasi T, Danielsen L, Asboe-Hensen G (1976) Ultrastructure of localized myxoedema. Acta Derm Venerol (Stockh) 56: 173–185
Kohn LD, Winand RJ (1971) Relationship of thyrotrophin to exophthalmos-producing substance. Formation of an exophthalmos-producing substance by pepsin digestion of pituitary glycoprotein containing both thyrotropic and exophthalmogenic activity. J Biol Chem 246: 6570–6575
Kojima A, Tanaka-Kojima Y, Sakakura T, Nishizuka Y (1976 a) Spontaneous development of autoimmune thyroiditis in neonatally thymectomized mice. Lab Invest 34: 550–557
Kojima A, Tanaka-Kojima Y, Sakakura T, Nishizuka Y (1976 b) Prevention of post-thymectomy autoimmune thyroiditis in mice. Lab Invest 34: 601–605
Kolsch E, Heuer J (1979) Tolerance and autoimmunity — an introductory survey. In: Klein E, Hoster FA (eds) Autoimmunity in thyroid diseases. Schattauer, Stuttgart, pp 3–16
Komaromi I (1965) The effect of thyroxine derivatives on oxygen consumption and adrenal weight in the rat. Acta Physiol Acad Sci Hung 27: 213–219
Kong YCM, David SC, Giraldo AA, Elrehewy M, Rose NR (1978) Fine structure of genetic control of autoimmune response to mouse thyroglobulin. In: Rose NR, Bigazzi PE, Warner NL (eds) Genetic control of autoimmune disease. Elsevier/North Holland, New York, pp 433–444
Konishi J, Herman MM, Kriss JP (1974) Binding of thyroglobulin and thyroglobulin-antihyroglobulin immune complex to extraocular muscle membrane. Endocrinology 95: 434–446
Konishi J, Kasagi K, Endo K, Mori T, Torizuka K, Yamada Y, Nohara Y, Matsuura N, Kajiama H (1980) TSH binding inhibitor immunoglobulins in Hashimoto’s disease and neonatal transient hypothyroidism. In: Stockigt JR, Nagataki S (eds) Thyroid research VIII. Austral Acad Sci Canberra, pp 555–558
Kotkes P, Pick E (1975) Studies of the inhibition of macrophage migration induced by soluble antigen-antibody complexes. Clin Exp Immunol 19: 105–120
Kourides IA, Weintraub BD, Ridgway EC, Maloof F (1975) Pituitary secretion of free alpha and beta subunits of human thyrotropin in patients with thyroid disorders. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 40: 872–885
Kowalczyk D, Zembala M (1978) Migration inhibition of T lymphocytes from human peripheral blood by specific antigen and lymphokines. Clin Exp Immunol 32: 333–338
Kriss JP (1968) Inactivation of long acting thyroid stimulator (LATS) by anti-kappa and anti-lambda antisera. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 28: 1440–1444
Kriss JP (1970) Radioisotopic thyroidolymphography in patients which Graves’ disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 31: 315–324
Kriss JP, Mehdi SQ (1979) Cell-mediated lysis of lipid vesicles containing eye muscle protein. Implications regarding pathogenesis of Graves’ opthalmopathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 76: 2003–2007
Kriss JP, Pleshakov V, Chien JR (1964) Isolation and identification of the long acting thyroid stimulator and its relation to hyperthyroidism and circumscribed pretibial myxoedema. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 24: 1005–1028
Kriss JP, Pleshakov V, Rosenblum AL, Holderness M, Sharp G, Utiger R (1967) Studies on the pathogenesis of the ophthalmopathy of Graves’ disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 27: 582–594
Kroll AJ, Kuwabara T (1966) Dysthyroid ocular myopathy. Anatomy, histology and electronmicros-copy. Arch Ophthalmol 76: 244–257
Kuzuya N, Chiu SC, Ikeda H, Uchimura H, Ito K, Nagataki S (1979) Correlation between thyroid stimulators and 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine suppressibility in patients during treatment for hyperthyroidism with thionamide drugs. Comparison of assays by thyroid-stimulating and thyrotropin-displacement activities. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 48: 706–711
Lamberg BA (1964) Cushing’s syndrome co-existing with hyperthyroidism. Report of a case and some metabolic observations. Acta Med Scand [Suppl 412] 175: 159–171
Lamberg BA (1979) Aetiology of hypothyroidism. Clin Endocrinol Metab 8: 3–19
Lamki L, Row VV, Volpe R (1973) Cell-mediated immunity in Graves’ disease and in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis as shown by the demonstration of migration inhibition factor ( MIF ). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 36: 358–364
Laryea E, Row VV, Volpe R (1973) The effect of blood leukocytes from patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis on human thyroid cells in monolayer culture. Clin Endocrinol (Oxi) 2: 23–35
Lee G, Grollman EF, Aloj SM, Kohn LD, Winand RJ (1977) Abnormal adenylate cyclase activity and altered membrane gangliosides in thyroid cells from patients with Graves’ disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 77: 139–146
Lehmann W (1964) Zwillings- und Familienuntersuchungen zur Erbpathologie der Hyperthyreose. In: Becker PE (ed) Humangenetik: Ein kurzes Handbuch in fünf Bänden, volume 3, part 1. Thieme, Stuttgart, pp 182–223
Levey GS (1979) The adrenergic nervous system in hyperthyroidism: therapeutic role of beta adrenergic blocking drugs. In: Hershman JM, Bray GA (eds) The thyroid, physiology and treatment of disease. Pergamon, New York (International encyclopaedia of pharmacology and therapeutics, sect 101, pp 193–208 )
Liddle GW, Heyssel RM, McKenzie JM (1965) Graves’ disease without hyperthyroidism. Am J Med 39: 845–848
Lidz R, Cohn GL (1971) Emotional factors. In: Werner SC, Ingbar SH (eds) The thyroid, 3rd ed. Harper & Row, New York, pp 511–514
Ling SM, Kaplan SA, Weitzman JJ, Reed GB, Costin G, Landing BH (1969) Euthyroid goiters in children: correlation of needle biopsy with other clinical and laboratory findings in chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis and simple goiter. Pediatrics 44: 695–708
Loeb PB, Drash AL, Kenny FM (1973) Prevalence of low titer and “negative” antithyroglobulin antibodies in biopsy-proved juvenile Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. J Pediatr 82: 17–21
Lowenstein JM (1961) Hyperthyroidism in identical twins: report of cases, one treated by surgery, the other by I131. JAMA 176: 377–378
Ludwig H, Schernthaner G, Richter E, Zambelis N, Wick G (1978) Thyroglobulin binding cells–a diagnostic marker for Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Acta Endocrinol [Suppl 215] (Copenh) 87 78–79
Lundell G, Jonsson J (1973) Thyroid antibodies and hypothyroidism in 131I therapy for hyper-thyroidism. Acta Radiol (Stockh) 12: 443–453
Madsen SN, Bech K (1979) TSH and thyroid stimulating antibodies ( TSAb) activate thyroid adenylate cyclase through different pathways. Acta Med Scand [Suppl] 624: 35–42
Major PW, Munro DS (1962) Observations on the stimulation of thyroid function in mice by the injection of serum from normal subjects and from patients with thyroid disorders. Clin Sci 23: 463–475
Makinen T, Wagar G, Apter L, Von Willebrand E, Pekonen F (1978) Evidence that the TSH receptor acts as a mitogenic antigen in Graves’ disease. Nature 275: 314–315
Malone JF, Cullen MJ (1976) Two mechanisms for hypothyroidism after 131I therapy. Lancet 2: 73–75
Marchant B, Lees JFH, Alexander WD (1979) Antithyroid drugs. In: Hershman JM, Bray GA (eds) The thyroid, physiology and treatment of disease. Pergamon, New York (International encyclopaedia of pharmacology and therapeutics, sect 101, pp 209–252 )
Mariotti S, DeGroot LJ, Scarborough, D, Medof ME (1979) Study of circulating immune complexes in thyroid diseases: comparison of the Raji cell radioimmunoassay and specific thyroglobulin-antithyroglobulin radioassay. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 49: 679–686
Martinez-Lavin M, Vaghan JH, Tan EM (1979) Autoantibodies and the spectrum of Sjogren’s syndrome. Ann Intern Med 91: 185–190
Mather BA, Roberts DF, Scanion MF, Mukhtar ED, Davies TF, Smith BR, Hall R (1980) HLA antigens and thyroid autoantibodies in patients with Graves’ disease and their first-degree relatives. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 12: 155–163
Matsui Y, Beall GN, Chopra IJ, Solomon DH, Kruger S, Beall M (1977) Assay for antigen-stimulated lymphocyte-derived migration enhancement and inhibition factors from patients with thyroid disease and their relatives. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 86: 733–741
Maynard-Smith J, Maynard-Smith S (1963 a) A genetic theory of inflammatory polyarthritis. Lancet 2: 357–359
Maynard-Smith S, Maynard-Smith J (1963 b) A genetic theory of inflammatory polyarthritis. Lancet 2: 738
McBurney EI (1979) Vitiligo: clinical picture and pathogenesis. Arch Intern Med 139: 1295–1297
McConahey WM, Keating FR Jr, Butt HR, Owen CA Jr (1961) Comparison of certain laboratory tests in the diagnosis of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 21: 879–886
McDougall IR, Kriss JP (1979) Management of the eye manifestations of thyroid disease. In: Hershman JM, Bray GA (eds) The thyroid, physiology and treatment of disease. Pergamon, New York (Internat encyclopaed pharmacol therapeut, sect 101, pp 309–328
McDougall IR, Grieg WR, Gray WH, Smith JFB (1971) Thyrotoxicosis developing during cyclophosphamide therapy. Br Med J 4: 275–276
McEachern D, Parnell JL (1948) Relationship of hyperthyroidism to myaesthenia gravis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 8: 842–850
McGregor A, McLachlan S, Clark F, Rees Smith B, Hall R (1979 a) Thyroglobulin and microsomal autoantibody production by cultures of Hashimoto peripheral blood lymphocytes. Immunology 36: 81–85
McGregor AM, McLachlan SM, Rees Smith B, Hall R (1979 b) Effect of irradiation on thyroid autoantibody production. Lancet 2: 442–444
McGregor AM, Petersen MM, Capiferri R, Evered DC, Rees Smith B, Hall R (1979 c) Effects of radioiodine on thyrotrophin binding inhibiting immunoglobulins in Graves’ disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 11: 437–444
McGregor AM, McLachlan SM, Brook EP, Rees Smith B, Hall R ( 1980 a) The influence of methimazole on the thyroidal autoimmune response in vitro. In: Stockigt JR, Nagataki S (eds) Thyroid research VIII. Austral Acad Sci Canberra, pp 629–632
McGregor AM, Dewar PJ, Petersen MM, Miller M, Rees Smith B, Hall R (1980 b) Prediction of relapse in hyperthyroid Graves’ disease. Lancet 2: 1101–1103
McKenzie JM (1960) Further evidence for a thyroid activator in hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 20: 380–388
McKenzie JM (1968) Humoral factors in the pathogenesis of Graves’ disease. Physiol Rev 48: 252–310
McKenzie JM, Gordon J (1965) The origin of the long-acting thyroid stimulator. In: Cassano C, Andreoli M (eds) Current topics in thyroid research. Academic Press, New York, pp 445–454
McKenzie JM, Zakarija M ( 1976 a) The role of the immune system in Graves’ disease. In: James VHT (ed) Proc Vth Internat Congr, Endocrinol, vol II. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, pp 474–478
McKenzie JM, Zakarija M (1976 b) A reconsideration of the thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin as the cause of hyperthyroidism in Graves’ disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 42: 778–784
McKenzie JM, Zakarija M (1977) LATS in Graves’ disease. Recent Prog Horm Res 33: 29–57
McKenzie JM, Zakarija M (1978) The pathogenesis of neonatal Graves’ disease. J Endocrinol Invest 2: 183–189
McKenzie JM, Zakarija M (1979) Factors and concepts in autoimmune stimulation of the thyroid. In: Klein E, Hörster FA (eds) Autoimmunity in thyroid disease. Schattauer, Stuttgart, pp 107–115
McKenzie JM, Zakarija M, Sato A (1978) Humoral immunity in Graves’ disease. Clin Endocrinol Metab 7: 31–45
McLachlan SM, Rees Smith B, Petersen VB, Davies TF, Hall R (1977) Thyroid-stimulating autoantibody production in vitro. Nature 270: 447–449
McLachlan SM, McGregor A, Rees Smith B, Hall R (1979) Thyroid autoantibody synthesis by Hashimoto thyroid lymphocytes. Lancet 1: 162–163
McLachlan SM, Wee SL, McGregor AM, Rees Smith B, Hall R (1980) In vitro studies on the control of thyroid autoantibody synthesis. J Clin Lab Immunol 3: 15–21
McLarty DG, Brownlie BEW, Alexander WD, Papapetrou PD, Horton P (1973) Remission of thyrotoxicosis during treatment with propranolol. Br Med J 2: 332–334
McMaster PRB, Lerner EM (1967) The transfer of allergic thyroiditis in histocompatible guinea pigs by lymph node cells. J Immunol 99: 208–213
McMichael A, Sazuki R, Payne RO, Grumet FC, McDevitt H, Kriss J (1975) An HLA associated LD antigen in patients with Graves’ disease. In: Dausset J, Svejgaard A (eds) Histocompatibility testing. Munksgaard, Copenhagen, pp 769–772
Michie W, Gunn A (1966) The thyroid, the thymus and autoimmunity. Br J Clin Pract 20: 9–13
Michie W, Pegg CAS, Bewsher PD (1972) Prediction of hypothyroidism after partial thyroidectomy for thyrotoxicosis. Br Med J 1: 13–14
Milgrom F, Witebsky E (1962) Autoantibodies and autoimmune diseases. JAMA 181: 706–716
Miller K, MacLean D, Brown R (1979) Suppressor cell function in autoimmune thyroid disease. 61st Annual Meeting, Endocrinol Soc, June 13–14, 1979, Anaheim, California, Abstract 494 (to be published)
Millikan CH, Haines SF (1953) Thyroid gland in relation to neuromuscular disease. Arch Intern Med 92: 5–39
Miyai K, Fukuchi M, Kumahara Y, Abe H (1967) LATS production by lymphocyte culture in patients with Graves’ disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 27: 855–860
Moens H, Farid NR (1978) Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is associated with HLA-DRw3. N Engl J Med 299: 133–135
Moens H, Barnard JM, Bear J, Farid NR (1979) The association of HLA B8 with atrophic thyroiditis. Tissue Antigens 13: 342–348
Möller G (1978) Role of macrophages in the immune response. Immunol Rev 30: 1–255
Monroe RT (1935) Chronic arthritis in hyperthyroidism and myxedema. N Engl J Med 212: 1074–1077
Mori T, Kriss JP (1971) Measurements by competitive binding radioassay of serum anti-microsomal and anti-thyroglobulin antibodies in Graves’ disease and other thyroid disorders. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 33: 688–698
Mori H, Amino N, Iwatani Y, Kabutomori O, Asari S, Motoi S, Miyai K, Kumahara Y (1980) Increase of peripheral B lymphocytes in Graves’ disease. Clin Exp Immunol 41: 33–40
Mornex R, Fournier G, Berthezene F (1975) Ophthalmic Graves’ disease. Mod Probl Ophthalmol 14: 426–431
Moulias R, Goust JM, Devillechabrolle A, Buffet C, Muller-Berat CN (1970). Le test de migration des leucocytes du sang périphérique (TML) un nouveau test d’hypersensibilité retardée “in vitro” chez l’homme. II. Utilisation dans les affections autoimmunes humaines. Résultats préliminaires et interprétation. Presse Med 78: 2315–2318
Mujtaba Q, Burrow GN (1975) Treatment of hyperthyroidism in pregnancy with propylthiouracil and methimazole. Obstet Gynecol 46: 282–286
Mukhtar ED, Smith BR, Pyle GA, Hall R, Vice R (1975) Relationship of thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins to thyroid function and effects of surgery, radioiodine and antithyroid drugs. Lancet 1: 713–715
Mulaisho C, Abdou NI, Utiger RD (1975) Lack of T-cell immune abnormalities in peripheral blood lymphocytes in patients with Graves’ disease or hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 41: 266–270
Mullin BR, Levinson RE, Friedman A, Henson DE, Winand RJ, Cohn LD (1977) Delayed hypersensitivity in Graves’ disease and exophthalmos: identification of thyroglobulin in normal human orbital muscle. Endocrinology 100: 351–366
Munck A, Crabtree GR, Smith KA (1979) Glucocorticoid receptors and actions in rat thymocytes and immunologically stimulated human peripheral lymphocytes. In: Baxter JD, Rousseau GG (eds) Glucocorticoid hormone action. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York (Monographs on endocrinology, vol 12, pp 341–355 )
Munro RE, Lamki L, Row VV, Volpé R (1973) Cell-mediated immunity in the exophthalmos of Graves’ disease as demonstrated by the migration inhibition factor ( MIF) test. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 37: 286–292
Nagataki S (1979) Iodine induced goiter: effects of high iodine intake on thyroid function. In: Hershman JM, Bray GA (eds) The thyroid, physiology and treatment of disease. Pergamon, Oxford, pp 453–464
Nakamura RM, Weigle WO (1967) Passive transfer of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis from donor rabbits injected with soluble thyroglobulin without adjuvant. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 32: 506–520
Neff FC (1932) Exophthalmic goiter in identical twin girls. J Pediatr 1: 239–243
Nikolai TF (1979) Lymphocytic thyroiditis with spontaneously resolving hyperthyroidism. In: Oppenheimer JH (ed) Thyroid today, vol 2, no 5. Travenol, Deerfield pp 1–51
Nikolai TF, Brosseau J, Kettrick MA, Roberts R, Beltaos E (1980) Lymphocytic thyroiditis with spontaneously resolving hyperthyroidism (silent thyroiditis).). Arch Intern Med 140: 478–482
Nofal MM, Beierwaltes WH, Patuo ME (1966) Treatment of hyperthyroidism with sodium iodide I131; a 16 year experience. JAMA 197: 605–610
Noguchi S (1978) Autoantibodies to thyroid plasma membrane. 6th Asia and Oceania Congr Endocrinol, Singapore, January 25–27, 1978, Abstract 213 (to be published)
Nyulassy S, Hnilica P, Bue M, Buman M, Hirschova V, Stefanovic J (1977) Subacute (deQuervain’s) thyroiditis: association with HLA-Bw35 antigen and abnormalities of the complement system, immunoglobulins and other serum proteins. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 45: 270–274
Ochi Y, DeGroot LJ (1969) Vitiligo in Graves’ disease. Ann Intern Med 71: 935–940
O’Donnell J, Trokoudes K, Silverberg J, Row VV, Volpé R (1978) Thyrotropin displacement activity ( TDA) of serum immunoglobulins from patients with Graves’ disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 46: 770–777
Okamura K, Inoue K, Omae T (1978) A case of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis with thyroid immunological abnormality manifested after habitual ingestion of seaweed. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 88: 703–712
Okita N, Kidd A, Row VV, Volpé R (1980 a) Sensitization of T lymphocytes in Graves’ and Hashimoto’s diseases. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 51: 316–320
Okita N, Topliss D, Lewis M, Row VV, Volpe R (1980 b) Studies of allosuppressor effect on the immunopathology of Graves’ disease and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (Abstr). Meeting Canadian Soc Clin Invest, Ottawa, Ontario, October 3–5, 1980 Clin Res 28: 674 A
Okita N, Kidd A, Row VV, Volpé R (1981 a) Suppressor T lymphocyte deficiency in Graves’ disease and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 52: 528–533
Okita N, Kidd A, Row VV, Volpe R ( 1981 b) T lymphocyte sensitization in Graves’ and Hashimoto’s diseases confirmed by an indirect migration inhibition factor ( MIF) test using normal T lymphocytes as indicator cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 52: 523–527
Onaya T, Kotani M, Yamada T, Ochi Y (1973) New in vitro tests to detect the thyroid stimulator in sera from hyperthyroid patients by measuring colloid droplet formation and cyclic AMP in human thyroid slices. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 36: 859–866
Ong M, Malkin DG, Tay SK, Malkin A (1976) Activation of thyroid adenyl cyclase by antisera to thyroid plasma membrane preaprations. Endocrinology 98: 880–885
Orgiazzi JDE, Chopra IJ, Solomon DH (1976) Human thyroid adenyl cyclase stimulator in immunoglobulin G (IgG) in patients with Graves’ disease. In: Robbins J, Braverman LE (eds) Thyroid research. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, pp 407–410
Osband M, Parkman R (1978) The control of autoreactivity. I. Lack of autoreactivity in murine spleens is due to concomitant presence of suppressor and autocytotoxic lymphocytes. J Immunol 121: 179–185
Owen CA Jr (1958) A review of auto-immunization in Hashimoto’s disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 18: 1015–1023
Packalén T, Wasserman J (1971) Inhibition of migration of normal guinea pig blood leukocytes by homologous immune gammaglobulin in the presence of specific antigen. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 41: 790–796
Paget SA, McMaster PRB, Van Boxel JA (1976) Experimental autoimmune thyroiditis in the guinea pig: characterization of infiltrating lymphocyte populations. J Immunol 117: 2267–2269
Parker RH, Beierwaltes WH (1961) Thyroid antibodies during pregnancy and in the newborn. J Clin Endocrinol 21: 792–798
Parry CH (1825) Collections from the unpublished medical writings of the late Caleb Hillier Parry, vol 2. Underwood, London, pp 111–128
Peake RL, Willis DB, Asimakis GK Jr, Deiss WP Jr (1974) Radioimmunologic assay for anti-thyroglobulin antibodies. J Lab Clin Med 84: 907–919
Peilion F, Metzger J, Garnier H, Gilbert-Dreyfus R (1974) Cushing’s syndrome due to primary adrenal tumor with hypothyroidism of autoimmune origin. Ann Med Intern (Paris) 125: 169–175
Penhale WJ, Irvine WJ, Inglis JR, Farmer A (1976) Thyroiditis in T cell depleted rats: suppression of the autoallergic response by reconsitution with normal lymphoid cells. Clin Exp Immunol 25: 6–16
Perlman LV (1961) Familial incidence of diabetes in hyperthyroidism. Ann Intern Med 55: 796–799
Perloff WH (1956) Thyrotoxicosis following acute thyroiditis: a report of five cases. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 16: 542–546
Pilepich MV, Jackson I, Munzenrider JE, Brown RS (1978) Graves’ disease following irradiation for Hodgkin’s disease. JAMA 240: 1381–1382
Pimstone BL, Hoffenberg R, Black E (1964) Parallel assay of thyrotrophin, long-acting thyroid stimulator and exophthalmos producing substance in endocrine exophthalmos and pretibial myxoedema. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 24: 976–982
Pinchera A, Pinchera MG, Stanbury JB (1965) Thyrotropin and long-acting thyroid stimulator assays in thyroid disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 25: 189–208
Pinchera A, Liberti P, Martino E, Fenzi GF, Grasso L, Rovis L, Baschieri L (1969) Effect of antithyroid drug therapy on the long-acting thyroid stimulator and the antithyroglobulin antibodies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 29: 231–238
Pinchera A, Fenzi GF, Bartalena L, Chiovato L, Marcocci C, Pacini F (1979) Thyroid antigens involved in autoimmune thyroid disorders. In: Klein E, Horster FA (eds) Autoimmunity in thyroid diseases. Schattauer, Stuttgart New York, pp 49–67
Pinchera A, Fenzi GF, Bartalena L, Chiovato L, Marcocci C, Toccafondi R, Rotella ACM, Zonefrati R (1980) Thyroid cell surface and thyroid stimulating antibody in patients with thyroid autoimmune disease. In: Stockigt JR, Nagataki S (eds) Thyroid research VIII. Austral Acad Sci Canberra, pp 707–710
Podleski WK (1972) Cytotoxic lymphocytes in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Clin Exp Immunol 11: 543–548
Pulvertaft RJV, Doniach D, Roitt IM (1959) Cytotoxic effects of Hashimoto serum on human thyroid cells in tissue culture. Lancet 2: 214–216
Rallison ML, Dobyns BM, Keating FR, Rail JE, Tyler FH (1975) Occurrence and natural history of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis in childhood. J Pediatr 86: 675–682
Ramsay I (1974) Thyroid disease and muscle dysfunction. Heinemann, London
Rapaport B, Pillarisetty RJ, Herman EA, Clark OH, Conga EG (1978) Production of a non-immunoglobulin thyroid stimulator by human lymphocytes during mixed culture with human thyroid cells. J Biol Chem 253: 631–640
Richter E, Wick G, Zambelis N, Ludwig H, Schernthaner G (1978) Demonstration and characterization of thyroglobulin binding peripheral blood cells in Hashimoto patients by fluoroimmunocytoadherence. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 11: 178–189
Riley FC (1972) Orbital pathology in Graves’ disease. Mayo Clin Proc 47: 975–979
Roberts IM, Whittingham S, MacKay IR (1973) Tolerance to an autoantigen — thyroglobulin. Antigen binding lymphocytes in thymus and blood in health and autoimmune disease. Lancet 2:936– 940
Robinson RG, Guttler RB, Rhea TH, Nicoloff JT (1974) Delayed hypersensitivity in Graves’ disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 38: 322–324
Rocklin RE, McDermott RP, Coress L, Schlossman SP, David JR (1974) Studies on mediator production by highly purified human T and B lymphocytes. J Exp Med 140: 1303–1316
Roitt IM, Torrigiani G (1967) Identification and estimation of undegraded thyroglobulin in human serum. Endocrinology 81: 421–429
Roitt IM, Doniach D, Campbell RN, Hudson RV (1956) Auto-antibodies in Hashimoto’s disease (lymphadenoid goitre). Lancet 2: 820–821
Roitt IM, Ling NR, Doniach D, Couchman KG (1964) The cytoplasmic auto-antigen of the human thyroid. I. Immunological and biochemical characteristics. Immunology 7: 375–393
Rose NR, Witebsky E (1956) Studies on organ specificity. V. Changes in the thyroid glands of rabbits following active immunization with rabbit thyroid extracts. J Immunol 76: 417–427
Rose NR, Witebsky E (1971) Experimental thyroiditis. In: Samter M, Talmage DW, Rose B, Sherman WB, Vaughan JH (eds) Immunological diseases. Little Brown, Boston, pp 1179–1197
Rundle FF, Pochin EE (1944) The orbital tissues in thyrotoxicosis: a quantitative analysis relating to exophthalmos. Clin Sci 5: 51–74
Saenger EL, Thoma GE, Tompkins EA (1968) Incidence of leukaemia following treatment of hyperthyroidism. JAMA 205: 855–862
Salabe GB, Salabe H, Dominici R, Daroli C, Andreoli M (1974) Radioimmunoassay for human antithyroglobulin antibodies. II. Determination of antigen-binding capacity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 39: 1125–1132
Salabe GB, Salabe H, Accinni L, Dominici R (1978) Receptors for fluoresceinated human thyroglobulin in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Clin Exp Immunol 32: 159–168
Salisbury S, Embril JA (1978) Graves’ disease following congenital cytomegalovirus infection. J Pediatr 92: 954–955
Sasazuki P, Kohno Y, Iwamoto I, Kosaka K, Okimoto K, Maruyama H, Ishiba S, Konishi J, Takeda Y, Naito S (1978) HLA and Graves’ disease or diabetes mellitus in Japan. N Engl J Med 298: 630–631
Sattler H (1952) Basedow’s disease. Grune & Stratton, New York
Saxon A, Stevens RH, Ramer SJ, Clements PJ, Yu DTY (1978) Glucocorticoids administered in vivo inhibit human suppressor T lymphocyte function and diminish B lymphocyte responsiveness in in vitro immunoglobulin synthesis. J Clin Invest 61: 922–930
Schatz DL, Volpe R, Higgins HP, Steiner G (1979) Primary thyroid failure followed by thyrotoxicosis. Program of the 61st Annual Meeting, Endocrinol Soc, June 13–15, 1979, Anaheim, California, Abstract 889 (to be published)
Scherbaum W, Rosenau KO, Seif FJ (1978) Rheumatoid factors and thyroid antibodies in Graves’-Basedow disease. Acta Endocrinol [Suppl 215] (Copenh) 89: 77–78
Schermer DR, Roenigk HH, Schumacher OP, McKenzie JM (1970) Relation of long-acting thyroid stimulator to pretibial myxedema. Arch Dermatol 102: 62–67
Schernthaner G, Schleusener H, Fink ER, Kotulla P, Ludwig H, Mayr WR (1978) Thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin and HLA type in patients with ophthalmic Graves’ disease, thyrotoxicosis and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Acta Endocrinol [Suppl 215] (Copenh) 87: 79
Schimpff SC, Diggs CH, Wiswell JG, Salvatore PC Wiernik PH (1980) Radiation related thyroid dysfunction: implications for the treatment of Hodgkin’s disease. Ann Intern Med 92: 91–98
Schleusener H, Kotulla P, Kruck I, Kruck G, Geissler D, Adlkofer F (1976) Comparison and evaluation of radioligand receptor assay and the mouse bioassay for the protection of human thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins. In: Robbins J, Braverman LE (eds) Thyroid research. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, pp 414–416
Schleusener H, Wenzel B, Kotulla P, Wenzel KW (1979) Specific binding of blood lymphocytes and humoral antibodies from patients with Graves’ disease to the solubilized TSH receptor. In: Klein E, Horster FA (eds) Autoimmunity in thyroid diseases. Schattauer, Stuttgart, pp 117–124
Schmidt MB (1926) Eine biglandulare Erkrankung (Nebennieren und Schilddriise) bei morbus Addisonii. Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol 21: 212–221
Schultz RO, Van Allen MW, Blodi FC (1960) Endocrine ophthalmoplegia, with an electromyographic study of paretic extraocular muscles. Arch Ophthal mol 63: 217–225
Schwartz WL (1973) Hypothyroidism and Addison’s disease totally corrected by adrenal replacement. Calif Med 118: 57–61
Shearn MA (1971) Sjogren’s syndrome. Saunders, Philadelphia (Major problems in internal medicine, vol 2 )
Sheets RF (1955) The sequential occurrence of actue thyroiditis and thyrotoxicosis. JAMA 157: 139–140
Shenkman L, Bottone EJ (1976) Antibodies to Yersinia enterocolitica in thyroid disease. Ann Intern Med 85: 735–739
Silverberg J, Trokoudes K, Sugenoya A, Row VV, Volpé R (1978 a) Leukocyte adherence inhibition in thyroid disease. Clin Invest Med 1: 93–96
Silverberg J, Row VV, Volpé R (1978 b) Rheumatoid factors in Graves’ disease. Ann Intern Med 88: 216
Simpson J A (1968) The correlation between myaesthenia gravis and disorders of the thyroid gland. In: Muscular Dystrophy Committee (ed) Research in muscular dystrophy. Proc 4th symposium on current research in muscular dystrophy, National Hospital, Queen’s Square, London, January 11–12, 1968. Pitman, London
Skoldstam L, Anderberg B, Norrby K (1978) B and T lymphocytes in toxic diffuse goitre. Clin Exp Immunol 31: 524–528
Smith BR (1976) Immunology of the thyrotropin receptor. Immunol Commun 5: 345–360
Smith BR, Hall R (1980) The interaction of Graves’ immunoglobulin with the TSH receptor. In: Stockigt JR, Nagataki S (eds) Thyroid research VIII. Austral Acad Sci Canberra, pp 715–716
Smith BR, Hall R (1974) Thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins in Graves’ disease. Lancet 2: 427–431
Smith BR, Pyle GA, Peterson VB, Hall R (1977) Interaction of thyroid stimulating antibodies with the human thyrotropin receptor. J Endocrinol 75: 401–407
Solomon DH, Chopra IJ (1972) Graves’ disease. Mayo Clin Proc 47: 803–813
Solomon DH, Chopra IJ, Chopra U, Smith FJ (1977) Identification of subgroups of euthyroid ophthalmic Graves’ ophthalmopathy. N Engl J Med 296: 181–185
Sorkin E, Desodovsky H (1976) Hormonal control of immune processes. In: Proc Vth Internat Congr Endocrinol, July 18–24, 1976, Hamburg, West Germany. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, Abstract
Staeheli V, Vallotton MB, Burger A (1975) Detection of human anti-thyroxine and anti-triiodothyronine antibodies in different thyroid conditions. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 41: 669–675
Strakosch CR, Joyner D, Wall JR (1978) Thyroid stimulating antibodies in patients with subacute thyroiditis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 46: 345–348
Sugenoya A, Trokoudes K, Row VV, Volpé R (1978) The production of thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin ( TSI) by lymphocytes from patients with Graves’ disease cultured with human thyroid subcellular fractions. J Endocrinol Invest 1: 245–251
Sugenoya A, Silverberg J, Trokoudes K, Row VV, Volpé R (1979 a) Macrophage-lymphocyte interaction in Graves’ disease and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 91: 99–108
Sugenoya A, Kidd A, Trokoudes K, Row VV, Volpé R ( 1979 b) Correlation between thyrotropin displacing activity (TDA) and human thyroid stimulating activity ( TSA) by immunoglobulins from patients with Graves’ disease and other thyroid disorders. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 48: 398–402
Sung LC, McDougall IR (1978) Graves’ hyperthyroidism: spontaneous occurrence after autoimmune hypothyroidism with persistent infiltrative ophthalmopathy. Arch Intern Med 138: 1009–1010
Takahashi H, Bardy MD, Sharma V, Grunt JA (1979) Hyperthyroidism in patients with Down’s syndrome. Clin Pediatr 18: 273–275
Takeda Y, Kriss JP (1977) Radiometric measurement of thyroglobulin-antithyroglobulin immune complex in human serum. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 44: 46–55
Talal N, Roubinian JR (1978) Sex hormones and autoimmunity. In: Rose NR, Bigazzi PE (eds) Genetic control of autoimmune disease. Elsevier/North Holland, New York, pp 163–176
Teng CS, Yeung RTT (1980) Changes in thyroid stimulating antibody activity in Graves’ disease treated with antithyroid drug and its relationship to relapse: a prospective study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 50: 144–147
Teng CS, Smith BR, Clayton B, Evered DC, Clark F, Hall R (1977) Thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins in ophthalmic Graves’ disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 6: 207–211
Teng CS, Yeung RTT, Khoo RKK, Alagaratnam TT (1980) A prospective study of the changes in thyrotropin binding inhibitory immunoglobulins in Graves’ disease treated by subtotal thyroidectomy or radioactive iodine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 50: 1005–1010
Thorsby E, Svejgaard E, Solem JH, Kornstad L (1975) The frequency of major histocompatibility antigens ( SD and LD) in thyrotoxicosis. Tissue Antigens 6: 54–55
Topliss DJ, White EL, Stockigt JR (1980) Significance of thyrotropin excess in untreated primary adrenal insufficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 50: 52–56
Totterman TH (1978) Distribution of T, B and thyroglobulin-binding lymphocytes infiltrating the thyroid gland in Graves’ disease, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and DeQuervain’s thyroiditis. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 10: 270–277
Totterman TH, Gordin A, Hayry P, Andersson LC, Makinen T (1978) Accumulation of thyroid antigen-reactive T lymphocytes in the gland of patients with subacute thyroiditis. Clin Exp Immunol 32: 153–158
Totterman TH, Andersson LC, Hayry P (1979) Evidence for thyroid antigen-reactive T lymphocytes infiltrating the thyroid gland in Graves’ disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 11: 59–68
Trokoudes KM, Sugenoya A, Hazani E, Row VV, Volpe R (1979) Thyroid stimulating hormone binding to extrathyroidal human tissues. TSH and thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin effects on adenosine 3′, 5′ monophosphate in testicular and adrenal tissue. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 48: 919–923
Tunbridge WMG (1979) The epidemiology of hypothyroidism. Clin Endocrinol Metab 8: 21–27
Ungar B, Mathews JD, Tait BD, Cowling DC (1977) HLA patterns in pernicious anaemia. Br Med J 1: 798–800
Van Boxel JA, Paul WE, Frank MM, Green I (1973) Antibody-dependent lymphoid cell-mediated cytotoxicity: role of lymphocytes bearing a receptor for complement. J Immunol 110: 1027–1036
Van der Heide D, Daha MR, Bolk JH, Bussemaker JK, DeBruin TWA, Goslings BM, van Es LA (1980) Circulating immune complexes and thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins before, during and after antithyroid drug therapy in patients with Graves’ disease Lancet 1: 1376–1379
Van Herle AJ, Uller RP, Matthews NL, Brown J (1973) Radioimmunoassay for measurement of thyroglobulin in human serum. J Clin Invest 52: 1320–1327
Van Herle AJ, Vassart G, Dumont JE (1979) Control of thyroglobulin synthesis and secretion. N Engl J Med 301:239–249; 307–314
Van Welsum M, Feltkamp TEW, DeVries MJ, Docter R, Van Zijl J, Henneman G (1974) Hypothyroidism after thyroidectomy for Graves’ disease: a search for an explanation. Br Med J 4: 755–756
Verhoeven RP, Visser TJ, Docter R, Henneman G, Schalekamp MADH (1974) Plasma thyroxine, 3,3′,5-triiodothyronine and 3,3′,5′-triiodothyronine during beta adrenergic blockade in hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 44: 1002–1005
Vickery AL, Hamlin E Jr (1961) Struma lymphomatosa (Hashimoto’s thyroiditis): observations on repeated biopsies in 16 patients. N Engl J Med 264: 226–229
Vladutiu AO, Rose NR (1971) Transfer of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis of the mouse by serum. J Immunol 106: 1139–1142
Vladutiu AO, Rose NR (1972) Murine thyroiditis. III. Influence of syngeneic and allogeneic thyroid antigen on induction of the disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2: 242–254
Vladutiu AO, Rose NR (1975) Cellular basis of the genetic control of immune responsiveness to murine thyroglobulin in mice. Cell Immunol 17: 106–113
Vogel F (1959) Moderne Probleme der Humangenetik. Ergeb Inn Med Kinderheilkd 12: 52–125
Volpé R (1976) Acute and subacute thyroiditis. Pharmacol Ther [C] 1: 171–181
Volpé R (1977) The role of autoimmunity in hypoendocrine and hyperendocrine function, with special emphasis on autoimmune thyroid disease. Ann Intern Med 87: 86–99
Volpé R (1978 a) The pathogenesis of Graves’ disease: an overview. Clin Endocrinol Metab 7:3–29
Volpé R ( 1978 b) The genetics and immunology of Graves’ and Hashimoto’s diseases. In: Rose NR, Bigazzi PE, Warner NL (eds) Genetic control of autoimmune disease. Elsevier/North Holland, New York, pp 43–56
Volpé R (1978c) Lymphocytic (Hashimoto’s) thyroiditis. In: Werner SC, and Ingbar SH (eds) The thyroid, a fundamental and clinical text, 4th ed. Harper & Row, New York, pp 996–1008
Volpé R (1979 a) Subacute (DeQuervain’s) thyroiditis. Clin Endocrinol Metab 8:81–96
Volpé R ( 1979 b) Autoimmunity in chronic thyroiditis. In: Klein E, Horster FA (eds) Autoimmunity in thyroid diseases. Schattauer, Stuttgart, pp 33–18
Volpé R, Row VV (1975) Proportion of E rosettes normal in Graves’ and Hashimoto’s diseases: a retraction. N Engl J Med 293: 44
Volpé R, Vale J, Johnston MW (1960) The effect of certain physical and emotional tensions and strains on fluctuations in the level of serum protein bound iodine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 20: 415–528
Volpé R, Row VV, Ezrin C (1967) Circulating viral and thyroid antibodies in subacute thyroiditis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 27: 1275–1284
Volpé R, Desbarats-Schonbaum ML, Schonbaum E, Row VV, Ezrin C (1969) The effect of radioablation of the thyroid gland in Graves’ disease with high levels of long acting thyroid stimulator ( LATS ). Am J Med 46: 217–226
Volpé R, Edmonds MW, Clarke PV, Row VV (1970) A viewpoint regarding the nature of the emergence of long-acting thyroid stimulator of Graves’ disease. Acta Endocrinol Panam 1: 155–170
Volpé R, Edmonds MW, Lamki L, Clarke PV, Row VV (1972) The pathogenesis of Graves’ disease: a disorder of delayed hypersensitivity? Mayo Clin Proc 47: 824–834
Volpé R, Clarke PV, Row VV (1973) The relationship of age-specific incidence rates to immunological aspects of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Can Med Assoc J 109: 898–901
Volpé R, Farid NR, von Westarp C, Row VV (1974) The pathogenesis of Graves’ disease and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 3: 239–261
Volpé R, Row VV (1975) Proportion of E rosettes normal in Graves’ and Hashimoto’s diseases: a retraction. N Engl J Med 293: 44
Von Basedow CA (1840) Exophthalmos durch Hypertrophie des Zellgewebes in der Augenhöhle. Wochensch Gesamte Heilkd 13: 198–228
von Westarp C, Knox AJS, Row VV, Volpé R (1977) Comparison of thyroid antigens by the experimental production of precipitating antibodies to human thyroid fractions and the identification of an antibody which competes with long acting thyroid stimulator for thyroid binding. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 84: 759–769
von Westarp C, Garcia A, Wilkins J (1980) Human thyrotropin receptor purification by affinity chromatography. 62nd Meeting, Endocrinol Soc, Washington, DC, June 18–20,1980, Abstract 307 (to be published)
Walfish PG, Green N (1980) Post-partum recurrence of the transient thyrotoxicosis and painless thyroiditis syndrome. 62nd Meeting, Endocrinol Soc, Washington, DC, June 18–20, 1980, Abstract 513 (to be published)
Wall JR, Ryan EA (1980) Leukocyte migration inhibition factor (LMIF) production in response to bacterial and fungal antigens in patients with Graves’ hyperthyroidism: suppression by concanavalin-A induced suppressor cells. In: Pinchera A (ed) Autoimmune aspects of endocrine disorders. Academic Press, New York, pp 235–240
Wall JR, Fang SL, Ingbar SH, Braverman LE (1976 a) Lymphocyte transformation in response to human thyroid extract in patients with subacute thyroiditis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 43: 587–590
Wall JR, Manwar GL, Greenwood DM, Walters BA (1976 b) The in vitro suppression of lectin induced 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA of peripheral blood lymphocytes after the addition of propylthiouracil. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 43: 1406–1409
Wall JR, Gray B, Greenwood DM (1977) Total and “activated” peripheral blood T lymphocytes in patients with thyroid disorders. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 85: 753–759
Wall JR, Trewin A, Fang SL, Ingbar SH, Braverman LE (1978) Studies of immunoreactivity to human lacrimal gland fractions in patients with ophthalmic Graves’ disease. J Endocrinol Invest 1: 253–258
Wall JR, Joyner DM, Ryan EA (1979 a) In: Pinchera A (ed) Effect of experimental hyper- and hypothyroidism on B and T lymphocyte reactivity to bacterial, fungal and tissue antigens. In: Autoimmune aspects of endocrine disorders, Pisa, Italy, 19–21 April 1979. Academic Press, New York, 1980, pp 215–220
Wall JR, Strakosch CR, Fang SL, Ingbar SH, Braverman LE ( 1979 b) Thyroid binding antibodies and other immunological abnormalities in patients with Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Effect of treatment with cyclophosphamide. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 10: 79–91
Wall JR, Henderson J, Strakosch CR, Joyner DM (1981) Graves’ ophthalmopathy — a review. Can Med Assoc J 124: 855–866
Wartenberg J, Doniach D, Brostoff J, Roitt IM (1973) Leukocyte migration inhibition in human autoimmune thyroid disease. Clin Exp Immunol 14: 203–212
Wasnich RD, Grumet FC, Payne RO, Kriss JP (1973) Graves’ ophthalmopathy following external neck irradiation for nonthyroidal neoplastic disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 37: 703–713
Weigle WO, Romball CG (1975) Humoral and cell-mediated immunity in experimental progressive thyroiditis in rabbits. Clin Exp Immunol 21: 351–361
Weissel M, Höfer R, Zasmeta H, Mayr WR (1980) HLA-DR and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Tissue Antigens 16: 256–257
Wekerle H, Begemann M (1978) In vitro induction of experimental autoimmune orchitis. Characterization of a primary T-lymphocyte response against testicular self-antigens. Eur J Immunol 8: 294–302
Wenzel KW, Schleusener H, Weise W (1974) Durch externe Schilddrüsenbestrahlung ausgelöste Hyperthyreose und endokrine Ophthalmopathie. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 99: 2036–2039
Wenzel B, Kotulla P, Schleusener H (1978) Binding of solubilized human TSH receptor by peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with Graves’ disease (Abstract 37). Ann Endocrinol (Paris) t 39:22 A
Werner SC (1979) Graves’ disease following acute (subacute) thyroiditis. Arch Intern Med 139: 1313–1315
Werner SC, Fierer JA (1972) Cell-mediated immunity in Graves’ disease? N Engl J Med 287: 1251
Werner SC, Ingbar SH (1978) The thyroid, a fundamental and clinical text, 4th ed. Harper & Row, New York
Werner SC, Wegelius O, Fierer JA, Hsu (1972) Immunoglobulins ( EMG) and complement in the connective tissues of the thyroid in Graves’ disease. N Engl J Med 287: 421–425
Werner SC, Platman SR (1965) Remission of hyperthyroidism ( Graves’ disease) and altered pattern of serum thyroxine binding induced by prednisone. Lancet 2: 751–756
Whaley K, Webb J, McAvoy BA, Hughes GRV, Lee P, MacSween RNM, Buchanan WW (1973) Sjogren’s syndrome. II. Clinical associations and immunological phenomena. Q J Med 42: 513–548
Wick G (1975) Experimental animal models in autoimmune thyroid disease. Clin Endocrinol Metab 4: 241–266
Wick G, Boyd R (1979) Effector mechanisms in thyroid autoimmune diseases. In: Klein K, Horster FA (eds) Autoimmunity in thyroid diseases. Schattauer, Stuttgart, pp 23–29
Wick G, Graf J (1972) Electron-microscopic studies in chickens of the obese strain with spontaneous hereditary autoimmune thyroiditis. Lab Invest 27: 400–411
Wick G, Sundick RS, Albini B (1974) The Obese strain (OS) of chickens: an animal model with spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 3: 272–300
Wick G, Kofler R, Gundolf R, Muller PU, Boyd R (1979) The nature of effector cells in experimental and spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis. In: Milgrom F, Albini S (eds) Immunopathology. Karger, Basel, pp 101–106
Wigzell H, Binz H, Frischknecht H, Peterson P, Sege K (1978) Possible roles of auto–antiidiotypic immunity in auto-immune disease. In: Rose NR, Bigazzi PE, Warner NL (eds) Genetic control of autoimmune disease. Elsevier/North Holland, New York, pp 327–342
Wilkin TJ, Beck JS, Gunn A, Al Moussah M, Isles TE, Crooks J (1980) Autoantibodies in thyrotoxicosis: a quantitative study of their behaviour in relation to the course and outcome of the disease. J Endocrinol Invest 3: 5–14
Witebsky E, Rose NR (1956) Studies on organ specificity. IV. Production of rabbit thyroid antibodies in the rabbit. J Immunol 76: 408–416
Wood LC, Maloof F (1975) Thyroid failure after potassium iodide treatment of diffuse toxic goiter. Trans Assoc Am Physicians 88: 235–247
Wood LD, Ingbar SH (1979) Hypothyroidism as a late sequela in patients with Graves’ disease treated with antithyroid agents. J Clin Invest 64: 1429–1436
Wyse EP, McConahey WM, Woolner LB, Scholz DA, Kearns TP (1968) Ophthalmopathy without hyperthyroidism in patients with histologic Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 28: 1623–1629
Yamamoto T, Sakamoto H (1978) Spontaneous remission from primary hypothyroidism. Ann Intern Med 88: 808–809
Yamamoto M, Rapaport B, Clark OH (1978) Evidence for increased production of prostaglandin E by the thyroid in Graves’ disease. 54th Meeting, Am Thyroid Assoc, Portland, Oregon, 13–16 September 1978, Abstract T2 (to be published)
Yeo PPB, Cheah JS, Sinriah R ( 1978 a) Pretibial myxoedema. A clinical and pathological study. Aust NZ J Med 8: 60–62
Yeo PPB, Chan SH, Lui KF, Wee GB, Lim P, Cheah JS (1978 b) HLA and thyrotoxic periodic paralysis. Br Med J 2: 930–932
Yoshida T, Sonozaki H, Cohen S (1973) The production of macrophage migration inhibition factor by B and T cells of the guinea pig. J Exp Med 138: 784–797
Yoshida H, Amino N, Yagawa K, Uemura K, Satoh M, Miyai K, Kumahara Y (1978) Association of serum antithyroid antibodies with lymphocytic infiltration of the thyroid gland: study of 70 autopsied cases. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 46: 859–862
Zakarija M, McKenzie JM ( 1978 a) Adsorption of thyroid stimulating antibody ( TSAb) of Graves’ disease by homologous and heterologous thyroid tissue. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 47: 906–908
Zakarija M, McKenzie JM (1978 b) Zoological specificity of human thyroid stimulating antibody. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 47: 249–254
Zakarija M, McKenzie JM (1980) Immunochemical characterization of thyroid stimulating antibody (TSAb). In: Stockigt JR, Nagataki S (eds) Thyroid research VIII. Austral Acad Sci Canberra, pp 669–672
Zakarija M (1980) The thyroid stimulating antibody (TSAb) of Graves’ disease: evidence for restricted heterogeneity. Horm Res 13: 1–15
Ziring PR, Fedun BH, Cooper LA (1975) Thyrotoxicosis in congenital rubella. J Pediatr 87: 1002
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1981 Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Volpé, R. (1981). Auto-immunity in Thyroid Disease. In: Auto-immunity in the Endocrine System. Monographs on Endocrinology, vol 20. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-81624-6_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-81624-6_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-81626-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-81624-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive