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Penetration of Solutes, Viruses, and Cells Across the Blood-Brain Barrier

  • Chapter
HIV and Dementia

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology ((CT MICROBIOLOGY,volume 202))

Abstract

The endothelial barrier between the blood and interstitial or extracellular fluid of the central nervous system (CNS) closely regulates the composition of the immediate extracellular environment of brain cells. This regulation ensures that the ionic composition of the CNS interstitial fluid, so vital to the normal functioning of brain cells, remains stable in the face of fluctuations in the blood circulating through brain and cord (Bradbury 1979). The means by which the regulation is brought about is the endothelium’s restriction in the movement of solutes between blood and its selective transfer of certain solutes. When a bolus of the glycoprotein horseradish peroxidase (HRP, ~40 kDa) is infused into the systemic blood, the HRP is excluded from the brain’s interstitial fluid by a continuous belt of tight junctions between adjacent endothelial cells and by the paucity of endocytotic pits and vesicles (Reese and Karnovsky 1967). The junctions, being zonular, seal the intercellular cleft, thereby preventing movement of solutes from blood into CNS extracellular fluid and from interstitial fluid into blood (Bodenheimer and Brightman 1968). Smaller hydrophilic molecules such as heme-peptide, about 2 kDa in size, are also excluded from brain by the same mechanism (Brightman et al. 1970). The passive flooding of the interstitium with serum that would occur were the junctions patent is prevented by the junctional belts which thereby enable the endothelium to act on a solute. The endothelium can then selectively regulate a solute’s passage by, e.g., metabolizing it or by endocytosing it after it binds to its receptor on the luminal face of the endothelium.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Neurobiology, Bld. 36 Rm. 2A-21, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA

    M. W. Brightman, S. Ishihara & L. Chang

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  1. M. W. Brightman
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  2. S. Ishihara
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  3. L. Chang
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neuropharmacology, Division of Virology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10666 North Torrey Pines Road, 92037, La Jolla, CA, USA

    Michael B. A. Oldstone

  2. Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Research Branch, Division of Neuroscience and Behavioral Science, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Mental Health, 5600 Fishers Lane, Rm 11C-06, 20857, Rockville, MD, USA

    Ljubiša Vitković (Chief, Neuroimmunology/Neurovirology Program) (Chief, Neuroimmunology/Neurovirology Program)

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© 1995 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

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Brightman, M.W., Ishihara, S., Chang, L. (1995). Penetration of Solutes, Viruses, and Cells Across the Blood-Brain Barrier. In: Oldstone, M.B.A., Vitković, L. (eds) HIV and Dementia. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 202. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79657-9_5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79657-9_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-79659-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-79657-9

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