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The Last Two Glacial-Interglacial Cycles Simulated by the LLN Model

  • Conference paper
Long-Term Climatic Variations

Part of the book series: NATO ASI Series ((ASII,volume 22))

Abstract

A 2-dimensional model which links the atmosphere, the mixed layer of the ocean, the sea ice, the continents, the ice sheets and their underlying bedrock has been used to test the Milankovitch theory over the last two glacial-interglacial cycles. A series of sensitivity analyses have allowed us to better understand the internal mechanisms which drive the simulated climate system and in particular the feedbacks related to surface albedo and water vapour.

It was found that orbital variations alone can induce, in such a system, feedbacks sufficient to generate the low frequency part of the climatic variations over the last 122 kyr. These simulated variations at the astronomical time scale are broadly in agreement with reconstructions of ice-sheet volume and of sea level independently obtained from geological data. Imperfections in the simulated climate were the insufficient southward extent of the ice sheets and the too small hemispheric cooling at the last glacial maximum. These deficiencies were partly remedied in a further experiment by using the time-dependent atmospheric CO2 concentration given by the Vostok ice core in addition to the astronomical forcing. In this transient simulation, 70% of the northern hemisphere ice volume is related to the astronomical forcing and the related changes in the albedo, the remaining 30% being due to the CO2 changes. Analysis of the processes involved shows that variations of ablation are more important for the ice-sheet response than are variations of snow precipitation. A key mechanism in the deglaciation after the last glacial maximum appears to be the “ageing” of snow which significantly decreases its albedo. The other factors which play an important role are ice-sheet altitude, insolation, taiga cover, ice-albedo feedback, ice-sheet configuration (“continentality” and “desert” effect), isostatic rebound, CO2 changes and temperature-water vapour feedback.

Numerical experiments have also been carried out with a 1-D radiative-convective model in order to quantify the influence of the CO2 changes and of the water vapour feedback on the climate evolution of the northern hemisphere over the last 122 kyr. Results of these experiments indicate that 67% of the simulated cooling at the last glacial maximum can be attributed to the astronomical forcing and the subsequent surface albedo increase, the remaining 33% being associated with the reduced CO2 concentration. Moreover, the water vapour feedback explains 40% of the simulated cooling in all the experiments done.

The transient response of the climate system to both the astronomical and CO2 forcing was also simulated by the LLN (Louvain-la-Neuve) 2.5-D model over the two last glacial-interglacial cycles. It is particularly significant that spectral analysis of the simulated northern hemisphere global ice volume variations reproduces correctly the relative intensity of the peaks at the orbital frequencies. Except for variations with time scales shorter than 5 kyr, the simulated long term variations of total ice volume are comparable to that reconstructed from deep sea cores. For example, the model simulates glacial maxima of similar amplitudes at 134 kyr BP and 15 kyr BP, followed by abrupt deglaciations. The complete deglaciation of the three main northern hemisphere ice sheets, which is simulated around 122 kyr BP, is in partial disagreement with reconstructions indicating that the Greenland ice sheet survived during the Eemian interglacial. The continental ice volume variations during the last 122 kyr of the 200 kyr simulation are, however, not significantly affected by this shortcoming.

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  1. C. Tricot

    Present address: Institut Royal Météorologique, 3 av. Circulaire, B-1180, Bruxelles, Belgium

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  1. Institut d’Astronomie et de Géophysique G. Lemaître, Université Catholique de Louvain, 2 Chemin du Cyclotron, B-1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

    A. Berger, C. Tricot, H. Gallée, Th. Fichefet & M. F. Loutre

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Berger, A., Tricot, C., Gallée, H., Fichefet, T., Loutre, M.F. (1994). The Last Two Glacial-Interglacial Cycles Simulated by the LLN Model. In: Duplessy, JC., Spyridakis, MT. (eds) Long-Term Climatic Variations. NATO ASI Series, vol 22. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79066-9_20

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