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Fallout Tephra Layers: Composition and Significance

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Sediments and Environmental Geochemistry

Abstract

Tephra layers differ in color, thickness, composition, and origin from their enclosing non-volcanic sediments. They record instant geologic events extending across marine and continental environments, reflect climatic and paleoenvironmental changes and geotectonic activities, and can provide an orthostratigraphic time frame for sedimentary sequences when numerically dated (Schmincke & Bogaard 1990).

Tephra layers reflect episodic volcanism on a global and regional scale and can be used to delineate the chronologic and compositional evolution of long-lived active volcanic centers and regions. Recent work in the North Atlantic has shown that tholeiitic basaltic ash layers can be distinguished by their Ti-concentrations and attributed to Icelandic volcanic centers. Similarly, rhyolitic ash layers can be distinguished by their K2O concentrations and reflect different source regions in Iceland (Neogene low-K rhyolites), E-Greenland continental margin (Oligocene-Miocene high-K rhyolites) and Jan Mayen high-K province (Quaternary high-K rhyodacites). Compositional differences also reflect source inhomogeneities and evolution of the erupted basaltic ash from N-MORB types to E/P-MORB types through the Neogene. The undisturbed and nearly complete recovery of Neogene ash layer sequences from the Vøring Plateau (ODP Leg 104) do not support the idea of episodic volcanic activity in the North Atlantic region but reflect relatively constant ash layer frequencies of five to ten layers per Ma through the Neogene. On a global scale, however, ash layer frequencies, magma discharge rates, and K-Ar dates may indicate peaks of Cenozoic volcanic activity in the Middle Miocene, Plio-Pleistocene, and Late Quaternary.

Tephra layers are also excellent tools for numerical calibration of the geologic time scale. Recent advances in the K-Ar method, applying single grain laser dating and 40Ar/39Ar-stepwise heating techniques, have evolved as powerful methods in tephrochronology and enable high-resolution calibration of the geologic time scale, bracketing of terrestrial ice ages, and correlation to the marine record.

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  1. Institut für Mineralogie RUB, Postfach 102148, D-4630, Bochum, Germany

    Hans-Ulrich Schmincke

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  1. Peter Rene Bitschene
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institut für Sedimentforschung, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 236, D-6900, Heidelberg, Germany

    Dietrich Heling

  2. Lehrstuhl für Geologie, Universität Mannheim, Postfach 10 34 62, D-6800, Mannheim 1, Germany

    Peter Rothe

  3. Arbeitsbereich Umweltschutztechnik, TU Hamburg-Harburg, Eißendorfer Str. 40, D-2100, Hamburg 90, Germany

    Ulrich Förstner

  4. Geologisch-Paläontologisches Institut, Universität Kiel, Ludwig-Meyn-Str. 10, D-2300, Kiel 1, Germany

    Peter Stoffers

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Bitschene, P.R., Schmincke, HU. (1990). Fallout Tephra Layers: Composition and Significance. In: Heling, D., Rothe, P., Förstner, U., Stoffers, P. (eds) Sediments and Environmental Geochemistry. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75097-7_4

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