Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Stimulus-Secretion Coupling in the Oxytocin System

  • Conference paper
Stimulus-Secretion Coupling in Neuroendocrine Systems

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Neuroendocrinology ((CT NEUROENDOCRI,volume 9))

Abstract

One of the fundamental processes in the functioning of magnocellular neurones is the mechanism of stimulus-secretion coupling, that is the translation of electrical activity of the neurones into the release of precise quantities of neurosecretory product, and we shall be addressing this concept in the oxytocin system in the present chapter. However, we shall broaden the definition to describe the types and modes of stimulation that are responsible for the secretion of oxytocin and its appearance in the blood. It is necessary to start the chapter with a brief review of the biochemistry, anatomy and physiology of the oxytocin system and to explain how it is possible to take recordings from identified oxytocin neurones in the hypothalamus.

Work presented in this chapter was financed by the Medical Research Council Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph NIG ZWI Ontario Canada

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Akil H, Watson SJ, Young E, Lewis ME, Khachaturian H, Walker JM (1984) Endogenous opioids: biology and function. Annu Rev Neurosci 7: 223–225.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alper RH, Moore KE (1982) Injection of hypertonic saline or mannitol accelerates the dehydration-induced activation of dopamine synthesis in the neurointermediate lobe of the rat hypophysis. Tineuroendocrinology 35: 469–474.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amara SG, David DN, Rosenfeld MG, Roos BA, Evans RM (1980) Characterization of rat calcitonin mRNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77: 4444–4448.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ambach G, Palkovits M (1979) The blood supply of the hypothalamus of the rat. In: Anatomy of the hypothalamus. Dekker, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson B, Larsson S, Pocchiari F (1961) Aspects on the glucose metabolism of the hypothalamus and the pituitary in goats. Acta Physiol Scand 51: 314–324.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrew RD, Dudek FE (1983) Burst discharge in mammalian neuroendocrine cells involves an intrinsic regenerative mechanism. Tiscience 221: 1050–1052.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andrew RD, Dudek FE (1984a) Analysis of intracellular recorded phasic bursting by mammalian neuroendocrine cells. J Neurophysiol 51: 552–566.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andrew RD, Dudek FE (1984b) Intrinsic inhibition in magnocellular neuroendocrine cells of rat hypothalamus. J Physiol (Lond) 353: 171–185.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baertschi AJ, Dreifuss JJ (1979) The antidromic compound action potential of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial tract, a tool for assessing posterior pituitary activity in vivo. Tibrain Res 171: 437–451.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker PF, Schlaeffer WW (1978) Uptake and binding of calcium by axoplasm isolated from giant axons of Loligo and Myxicola. J Physiol (Lond) 276: 103–125.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker PF, Meves H, Ridgway EB (1973) Calcium entry in response to maintained depolarization of squid axons. J Physiol (Lond) 231: 527–548.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barden N, Chevillard C, Saavedra JM (1982) Diurnal variations in rat posterior pituitary catecholamine levels. Neuroendocrinology 34: 148–150.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bargmann W, Scharrer E (1951) The site of origin of the hormones of the posterior pituitary. Tiam Sci 39: 255–259.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bargmann W, von Gaudecker B (1969) Über die Ultrastruktur sekretorischer Elementargranula. Z Zellforsch Mikrosk Anat 96: 495–504.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baumgarten HG, Bjorklund A, Holstein AF, Nobin A (1972) Organization and ultrastructural identification of the catecholamine nerve terminals in the neural lobe and pars intermedia of the rat pituitary. Z Zeilforsch Mikrosk Anat 126: 483–517.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beart PM, Kelly JS, Schon F (1974) γ-Aminobutyric acid in the rat peripheral nervous system pineal and posterior pituitary. Biochem Soc Trans 2: 266–268.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Belin V, Moos F (1986) Paired recordings from supraoptic and paraventricular oxytocin cells in suckled rats: recruitment and synchronization. Tij Physiol (Lond) 377: 369–390.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Belin V, Moos F, Richard P (1985) Synchronization of oxytocin cells in the hypothalamic and supraoptic nuclei in suckled rats: direct proof with paired extracellular recordings. Exp Brain Res 57: 201–203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bicknell RJ (1985) Endogenous opioid peptides and hypothalamic neuroendocrine neurones. J Endocrinol 107: 437–446.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bicknell RJ, Leng G (1982) Endogenous opiates regulate oxytocin but not vasopressin secretion from the neurohypophysis. Tinature 298: 161–162.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bicknell RJ, Brown D, Chapman C, Hancock PD, Leng G (1984) Reversible fatigue of stimulus-secretion coupling in the rat neurohypophysis. J Physiol (Lond) 348: 601–613.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bicknell RJ, Chapman C, Leng G (1985) Effects of opioid agonists on oxytocin and vasopressin release in vitro. Neuroendocrinology 41: 142–148.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Birkett SD, Swann RW, Gonzalez CB, Pickering BT (1983) Analysis of the neurohypo-physial components accumulating in the supraoptic nucleus of the rat after injection of colchicine. Arch Biochem Biophys 225[2]: 430–435.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bradbury AF, Finnie MDA, Smyth DG (1982) Mechanism of C-terminal amide formation by pituitary enzymes. Nature 298: 686–688.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bridges TE, Hillhouse EW, Jones MT (1976) The effect of dopamine on neurohypophysial hormone release in vivo and from the rat neural lobe and hypothalamus in vitro. J Physiol (Lond) 260: 647–666.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brownstein MJ (1983) Biosynthesis of vasopressin and oxytocin. Annu Rev Physiol 45: 129–135.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bunn SJ, Hanley MR, Wilkin GP (1985) Evidence for a kappa-opioid receptor on pituitary astrocytes: an autoradiographic study. Neurosci Lett 55: 317–323.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burns BD, Stean JPB, Webb AC (1979) The effects of sleep on neurones in isolated cerebral cortex. Proc R Soc London [Biol] 206: 281–291.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cajal Ramony S (1911) Histologie due système nerveux de l’homme et des vertébrés, vol II Maloine, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cannata MA, Morris JF (1973) Changes in the appearance of hypothalamo-neurohypo-physial neurosecretory granules associated with their maturation. J Endocrinol 57:531–538.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Casey RP, Njus D, Raooa GR, Sehr PA (1976) Adenosine triphosphate-evoked catecholamine release in chromaffin granules. Biochem J 158: 583–588.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cazalis M, Dayanithi G, Nordmann JJ (1985) The role of patterned burst and interburst interval on the excitation-coupling mechanism in the isolated rat neural lobe. J Physiol (Lond) 369: 45–60.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman DB, Theodosis DT, Montagnese C, Poulain DA, Morris JF (1986) Osmotic stimulation causes structural plasticity of neurone-glia relationship of the oxytocin-but not vasopressin-secreting neurones in the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus. Neuroscience 17: 679–686.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke G, Merrick LP (1985) Electrophysiological studies of magnocellular neurones. In: Ganten D, Pfaff DW (eds) Current topics in neuroendocrinology, vol 4. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 17–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke G, Patrick G (1983) Differential inhibitory action by morphine on the release of oxytocin and vasopressin from isolated neural lobe. Tineurosci Lett 39: 175–180.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke G, Wood P, Merrick LP, Lincoln DW (1979) Opiate inhibition of peptide release from the neurohumoral terminals of hypothalamic neurones. Nature 282: 746–748.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coghlan JP, Aldred P, Butkus A, Crawford RJ, Darby IA, Fernley RT, Haralambidis J, Hudson PJ, Mitri R, Niall HD, Penschow JD, Roche PJ, Scalon DB, Tregear GW (1984) Hybridization histochemistry. Excerpta Medical, vol 18. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coulter HD, Eide RP, Unverzagt SL (1981) Co-localization of neurophysin-and enkepha-lin-like immunoreactivity in cat pituitary. Peptides (Fayetteville) 2: 51–55.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cox BM (1982) Mini review. Endogenous opioid peptides: a guide to structures and terminology. Life Sci 31: 1645–1658.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cross BA, Dyer RG (1971a) Unit activity in diencephalic islands — the effects of anaesthetics. J Physiol (Lond) 212: 467–481.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cross BA, Dyer RG (1971b) Cyclic changes in neurones of the anterior hypothalamus during the estrous cycle and the effects of anaesthetics. In: Gorski R, Sawyer CH (eds) Steroid hormones and brain function. University of California Press, Los Angeles, pp 95–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cross BA, Dyer RG (1972) Ovarian modulation of unit activity in the anterior hypothalamus of the cyclic rat. J Physiol (Lond) 222: 5 P.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cross BA, Green JD (1959) Activity of single neurones in the hypothalamus: effect of osmotic and other stimuli. Tij Physiol (Lond) 148: 554–569.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cross BA, Kitay JI (1967) Unit activity in diencephalic islands. Tiexp Neurol 19: 316–330.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dayanithi G, Cazalis M, Nordmann JJ (1987) Relaxin affects the release of oxytocin and vasopressin from the neurohypophysis. Nature 325: 813–816.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dellmann HD, Rodriguez EM (1970) Herring bodies: an electron microscopic study of local degeneration and regeneration of neurosecretory axons. Tiz Zellforsch Mikrosk Anat 111: 293–315.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dierickx K (1980) Immunocytochemical localization of the vertebrate cyclic nonapeptide neurohypophyseal hormones and neurophysins. Int Rev Cytol 62: 119–185.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Douglas WW, Poisner AM (1964a) Stimulus-secretion coupling in a neurosecretory organ: the role of calcium in the release of vasopressin from the neurohypophysis. J Physiol (Lond) 172: 1–18.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Douglas WW, Poisner AM (1964b) Calcium movements in the neurohypophysis of the rat and its relation to the release of vasopressin. J Physiol (Lond) 172: 19–30.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Douglas WW, Rubin RP (1963) The mechanism of catecholamine release from the adrenal medulla and the role of calcium in stimulus-secretion coupling. Tij Physiol (Lond) 167: 288–310.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Douglas WW, Sorimachi M (1971) Electrically evoked release of vasopressin from isolated neurohypophyses in sodium-free media. Br J Pharmacol 42: 647P.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dreifuss JJ (1975) A review on neurosecretory granules: their contents and mechanisms of release. Ann NY Acad Sci 248: 184–201.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dreifuss JJ, Nordmann JJ (1974) Sodium dependent calcium efflux from the rat neurohypophysis. J Physiol (Lond) 240: 46–47 P.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dreifuss JJ, Kalnins I, Kelly JS, Ruf KB (1971) Action potentials and release of neurohy-pophysial hormones in vitro. J Physiol (Lond) 215: 805–817.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dreifuss JJ, Grau JD, Nordmann JJ (1973) Effects on isolated neurohypophysis of agents which affect the membrane permeability to calcium. J Physiol (Lond) 215: 805–817.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dreifuss JJ, Tribollet E, Baertschi AJ (1976) Excitation of supraoptic neurones by vaginal distention in lactating rats: correlation with neurohypophysial hormone release. Brain Res 113: 600–605.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dreifuss JJ, Tribollet E, Muhlethaler M (1981) Temporal patterns of neural activity and their relation to the secretion of posterior pituitary hormones. Biol Reprod 24: 51–72.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dyball REJ, Leng G (1986) Regulation of the milk ejection reflex in the rat. Tij Physiol (Lond) 380: 239–256.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dyball REJ, McPhaill CI (1974) Unit activity in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei — the effects of anaesthetics. Tibrain Res 67: 43–50.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dyball REJ, Nordmann JJ (1977) Reactivation by veratridine of hormone release from K +-depolarized rat neurohypophysis. J Physiol (Lond) 269: 65–66 P.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dyball REJ, Prilusky J (1981) Responses of supraoptic neurones in the intact and deafferented rat hypothalamus to injections of hypertonic sodium chloride. Tij Physiol (Lond) 311: 443–452.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dyer RG, Dyball REJ, Morris JF (1973) The effect of hypothalamic deafferentation upon the ultrastructure and hormone content of the paraventricular nucleus. J Endocrinol 57: 509–516.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ely F, Petersen WE (1941) Factors involved in the ejection of milk. Tij Dairy Sci 24: 211–223.

    Google Scholar 

  • Folley SJ (1969) The milk ejection reflex: a neuroendocrine theme in biology, myth and art. J Endocrinol 44: IX–XX.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feiten DL, Cashner KA (1979) Cytoarchitecture of the supraoptic nucleus: a Golgi study. Tineuroendocrinology 29: 221–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher AWF, Price PG, Burford GD, Lederis K (1979) A 3-dimensional reconstruction of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system of the rat. Cell Tissue Res 204: 343–354.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Furutani Y, Morimoto Y, Shibahara S, Noda M, Takahashi H, Hirose T, Asai M, Inayama S, Hayashida H, Miyata T, Numa S (1983) Cloning a sequence analysis of cDNA for ovine corticotropin-releasing factor precursor. Nature 301: 537–540.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gähweiler BH, Dreifuss JJ (1979) Phasically firing neurones in long-term cultures of the rat hypothalamic supraoptic area: pacemaker and follower cells. Brain Res 177: 95–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gainer H, Brownstein MJ (1978) Identification of the precursors of rat neurophysins. In: Vincent JD (ed) Biologie cellulaire des processus neurosecretoires hypothalamique..

    Google Scholar 

  • Gainer H, Sarne Y, Brownstein MJ (1977a) Neurophysin biosynthesis: conversion of a putative precursor during axonal transport. Tiscience 195: 1354–1356.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gainer H, Sarne Y, Brownstein MJ (1977b) Biosynthesis and axonal transport of rat neurohypophysial proteins and peptides. J Cell Biol 73: 366–381.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaines WL (1915) A contribution to the physiology of lactation. Am J Physiol 38: 285–312.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giraud P, Castanas E, Patey G, Oliver C, Rossier J (1983) Regional distribution of methi-onine-enkephalin-Arg6-Phe7 in the rat brain: comparative study with the distribution of other opioid peptides. J Neurochem 41: 154–160.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein A, Ghazarossian VE (1980) Immunoreactive dynorphin in pituitary and brain. tiProc Natl Acad Sci USA 77: 6207–6210.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gomez ET (1939) The relation of the posterior hypophysis in the maintenance of lactation in hypophysectomised rats. J Dairy Sci 22: 488.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gubler U, Monahan JJ, Lomedico PT, Bhatt RS, Collier KJ, Hoffman BJ, Bohlen P, Esch F, Ling N, Zeytin F, Brazeau P, Poonian MS, Gage LP (1983) Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA for the precursor of human growth hormone-releasing factor soma-tocrinin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80: 4311–4314.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haber S, Elde R (1981) The distribution of enkephalin immunoreactive fibers and terminals in the monkey central nervous system: an immunohistochemical study. Tineuroscience 7: 1049–1095.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haller EW, Sachs H, Sperelaks H, Share L (1965) Release of vasopressin from isolated guinea-pig pituitaries. Am J Physiol 209: 79–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harris MC (1979) Effects of chemoreceptor and baroreceptor stimulation on the discharge of hypothalamic supraoptic neurones in rats. J Endocrinol 82: 115–125.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hatton JD, Ellisman MH (1981) Distribution of orthogonal arrays and their relationship to intercellular functions in neuroglia of the freeze-fractured hypothalamo-neurohypo-physeal system. Ticell Tissue Res 215: 308–323.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hatton GI, Tweedle CD (1982) Magnocellular neuropeptidergic neurons in hypothalamus: increases in membrane apposition and number of specialized synapses from pregnancy to lactation. Tibrain Res Bull 8: 197–204.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hatton GI, Armstrong WE, Gregory WA (1978) Spontaneous and osmotically stimulated activity in slices of rat hypothalamus. Brain Res Bull 3: 497–508.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hatton GI, Perlmutter LS, Salm AK, Tweedle CD (1984) Dynamic neuronal-glial interactions in hypothalamus and pituitary: implications for control of hormone synthesis and release. Peptides 5[Suppl 1]: 121–138.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heap PF, Jones CW, Morris JF, Pickering BT (1975) Movement of neurosecretory product through the anatomical compartments of the rat neural lobe. Cell Tissue Res 156: 483–492.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hodgkin AL, Katz B (1949) The effect of calcium on the axoplasm of giant nerve fibres. Tibrain Res 79: 397–403.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollt V, Haarmann I, Bovermann K, Jerlicz M, Herz A (1980) Dynorphin-related immunoreactive peptides in rat brain and pituitary. Neurosci Lett 18: 149–153.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holzbauer M, Sharman DF, Godden U (1978) Observations on the function of the dopaminergic nerves innervating the pituitary gland. Neuroscience 3: 1251–1262.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holzbauer M, Muscholl E, Racke K, Sharman DF (1983) Evidence that dopamine is a neurotransmitter in the neurointermediate lobe of the hypophysis. In: Cross BA, Leng G (eds) The neurohypophysis: structure, function and control. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 357–364 (Progress in brain research, vol 6

    Google Scholar 

  • Ishida A (1967) The effect of tetrodotoxin on calcium-dependent link in stimulus-secretion coupling in neurohypophysis. Jpn J Physiol 17: 308–320.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ishida A (1970) The oxytocin release and the compound action potential evoked by electrical stimulation of the isolated neurohypophysis of the rat. Jpn J Physiol 20: 84–96.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ito S, Iwanaga T, Yui R, Yamaguchi K, Hama H, Kamoi K, Shibata A (1981) Presence of α-neo-endorphin-like immunoreactivity in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Life Sci 29: 1457–1461.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ivell R, Richter D (1984) Structure and comparison of the oxytocin and vasopressin genes from rat. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81: 2006–2010.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iversen LL, Kelly JS (1975) Uptake and metabolism of GABA by neurones and glial cells. Tibiochem Pharmacol 24: 933–958.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iversen LL, Iversen SD, Bloom FE (1980) Opiate receptors influence vasopressin release from nerve terminals in rat neurohypophysis. Nature 284: 350–351.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones CW, Pickering BT (1970) Rapid transport of neurohypophysial hormones in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial tract. J Physiol (Lond) 208: 73–74P.

    Google Scholar 

  • Juss TS, Wakerley JB (1981) Mesencephalic areas controlling pulsatile oxytocin release in the suckled rat. Tij Endocrinol 91: 233–244.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kalimo H (1975) Ultrastructural studies on the hypothalamic neurosecretory neurones of the rat: III. Parventricular and supraoptic neurones during lactation and dehydration. Cell Tissue Res 163: 151–168.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kanazawa I, Iversen LL, Kelly JS (1976) Glutamate decarboxylase activity in the rat posterior pituitary, pineal gland, dorsal root ganglion and superior cervial ganglion. J Neurochem 27: 1267–1269.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kandel ER (1964) Electrical properties of hypothalamic neuroendocrine cells. J Gen Physiol 47: 691–717.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karasek M, Traczyk WZ, Orlowska-Majdak M, Rubacha G (1980) Quantitative changes of the neurosecretory granules in the rat neurohypophysis after preganglionic stimulation of the superior cervical ganglion. Acta Med Pol 21: 351–352.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kostron J, Winkler H, Geissler D, König P (1977) Uptake of calcium by chromaffin granules in vitro. J Neurochem 28: 487–493.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kretzinger RH (1976) Calcium-binding proteins. Annu Rev Biochem 45: 239–266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar MSA, Chen CL, Muther TF (1979) Changes in the pituitary and hypothalamic content of methionine enkephalin during estrous cycle in rats. Life Sci 25: 1687–1696.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • La Bella FS, Sanwal M (1965) Isolation of nerve endings from the posterior pituitary gland. J Cell Biol 25: 179–191.

    Google Scholar 

  • La Bella F, Vivian S, Queen G (1968) Abundance of cystathionine in the pinal body. Free amino acids and related compounds of bovine pineal, anterior and posterior pituitary and brain. Biochem Biophys Acta 158: 286–288.

    Google Scholar 

  • Land H, Schutz G, Schmale H, Richter D (1982) Nucleotide sequence of cloned cDNA encoding bovine arginine vasopressin-neurophysin II precursor. Nature 295: 299–303.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lederis K (1961) Vasopressin and oxytocin in the mammalian hypothalamus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1: 80–89.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leng G, Mansfield S, Bicknell RJ, Dean ADP, Ingram CD, Marsh MIC, Yates JO, Dyer RG (1985) Central opioids: a possible role in parturition? J Endocrinol 106: 219–224.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Léránth CS, Zaborszky L, Marton J, Palkovits M (1975) Quantitative studies on the supraoptic nucleus in the rat: I. Synaptic organization. Exp Brain Res 22: 509–523.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lightman SL, Iversen LL, Forsling MI (1982) Dopamine and (D-Ala, D-Leu) enkephalin inhibit the electrically stimulated neurohypophyseal release of vasopressin in vitro: evidence for calcium-dependent opiate action. J Neurosci 2: 78–81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lincoln DW (1969) Correlation of unit activity in the hypothalamus with EEG patterns associated with the sleep cycle. Exp Neurol 24: 1–18.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lincoln DW, Russell JA (1986) Oxytocin and vasopressin secretion: new perspectives. In: Fink G, Harmar AJ, McKerns KW (eds) Neuroendocrine molecular biology. Plenum, New York, pp 185–2

    Google Scholar 

  • Lincoln DW, Wakerley JB (1974) Electrophysiological evidence for the activation of supraoptic neurones during the release of oxytocin. Tij Physiol (Lond) 242: 533–554.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lincoln DW, Hill A, Wakerley JB (1973) The milk-ejection reflex of the rat: an intermittent function not abolished by surgical levels of anaesthesia. J Endocrinol 57: 459–476.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lincoln DW, Clarke G, Mason CA, Dreifuss JJ (1976) Physiological mechanisms determining the release of oxytocin in milk ejection and labour. In: The Neurohypophysis. Karger, Basel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lincoln DW, Hentzen K, Hin HT, van der Schoot P, Clarke G, Summerlee AJS (1980) Sleep: a prerequisite for reflex milk ejection in the rat. Exp Brain Res 38: 151–162.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Linzeil JL (1952) The silver staining of myoepithelial cells, particularly in the mammary gland, and their relation to the ejection of milk. J Anat 86: 49–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Livingston A (1975) Morphology of the perivascular regions of the rat neural lobe in relation to hormone release. Cell Tissue Res 159: 551–561.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Livingston A, Lederis K (1971) Functional ultrastructure of the neurohypophysis. Mem Soc Endocrinol 19: 233.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luqui IJ, Fox CA (1976) The supraoptic nucleus and the supraoptico-neurohypophyseal tract in the monkey (Macaca mulatto). Tij Comp Neurol 168: 7–40.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mains RD, Eipper BA, Ling N (1977) Common precursor to corticotropins and endorphins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74: 3014–3018.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin R, Voigt KH (1981) Enkephalins co-exist with oxytocin and vasopressin in nerve terminals of rat neurohypophysis. Tinature 289: 502–504.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin R, Geis R, Holl R, Schäffer M, Voigt KH (1983) Co-existence of unrelated peptides in oxytocin and vasopressin terminals of rat neurohypophyses: immunoreactive methi-onine5-enkephalin-, leucine5-enkephalin-and cholecystokinin-like substances. Neuroscience 8: 213–227.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Micevych P, Eide R (1980) Relationship between enkephalinergic neurons and the vaso-pressin-oxytocin neuroendocrine system of the cat: an immunohistochemical study. Tij Comp Neurol 190: 135–146.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mikiten TM, Douglas WW (1965) Effect of calcium and other ions on vasopressin release from rat neurohypophyses stimulated electrically in vitro. Nature 207: 302.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Minchin MCW, Beart PM (1975) Compartmentation of amino acid metabolism in the rat posterior pituitary. Tij Neurochem 24: 881–884.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morris JF (1976) Distribution of neurosecretory granules among the anatomical compartments of the neurosecretory processes of the pituitary gland: a quantitative ultrastructural approach to hormone storage in the neural lobe. J Endocrinol 68: 225–234.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morris JF, Cannata MA (1973) Ultrastructural preservation of the dense core of the posterior pituitary granules and its implications for hormone release. Tij Endocrinol 57: 517–529.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morris JF, Dyball REJ (1974) A quantitative study of ultrastructural changes in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system during and after experimentally induced hypersecretion. Ticell Tissue Res 149: 525–535.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morris JF, Nordmann JJ (1980) Membrane recapture after hormone release from nerve endings in the neural lobe of the rat pituitary gland. Tineurscience 5: 639–649.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morris JF, Nordmann JJ, Shaw FP (1981) Granules, microvesicles, and vacuoles — their roles in the functional compartments of the neural lobe. In: Neurosecretion. Plenum, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagasawa J, Douglas WW, Schultz RA (1970) Micropinocytotic origin of coated and smooth microvesicles (“synaptic vesicles”) in neurosecretory terminals of posterior pituitary glands demonstrated by incorporation of horseradhish peroxidase. Nature 332: 341–342.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakao K, Yoshimasa T, Oki S, Tanaka I, Nakai Y, Wakimasu M, Fujino M, Imura H (1981) Presence of dynorphin-like immunoreactivity in rat pituitary gland and hypothalamus. Regul Pept 2: 201–208.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nordmann JJ (1977) Ultrastructural morphometry of the rat neurohypophysis. J Anat 123: 213–218.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nordmann JJ (1983) Stimulus-secretion coupling. In: Cross BA, Leng G (eds) The neurohypophysis: structure, function and control. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 281–304 (Progres in Brain Research, vol 6

    Google Scholar 

  • Nordmann JJ, Chevallier J (1980) The role of microvesicles in buffering (Ca) in the neurohypophysis. Tinature 287: 54–56.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nordmann JJ, Dreifuss JJ (1972) Hormone release evoked by electrical stimulation of rat neurohypophyses in the absence of action potentials. Tibrain Res 45: 604–607.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nordmann JJ, Morris JF (1976) Membrane retrieval at neurosecretory axon endings. Tinature 261: 723–725.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nordmann JJ, Stuenkel EL (1986) Electrical properties of axons and neurohypophysial nerve terminals and their relationship to secretion in the rat. Tij Physiol 380: 521–539.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nordmann JJ, Desmazes JP, Georgescault D (1982) The relationship between the membrane potential of neurosecretory nerve endings, as measured by voltage-sensitive dye, and the release of neurohypophysial hormones. Neuroscience 7: 731–737.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nordmann JJ, Dayanithi G, Cazalis M (1986) Do opioid peptides modulate, at the level of the nerve endings, the release of neurohypophysial hormones? Exp Brain Res 61: 560–566.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Byrne KT, Ring JPG, Summerlee AJS (1986) Plasma oxytocin and oxytocin neurone activity during delivery in rabbits. J Physiol (Lond) 370: 501–513.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Donohue TL, Dorsa DM (1982) The opiomelanotropinergic neuronal and endocrine system. Peptides (Fayetteville) 3: 353–395.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ott T, Scott JC (1910) The action of infundibulum upon the mammary secretions. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 8: 48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paisley AC, Summerlee AJS (1984) Activity of putative oxytocin neurones during reflex milk ejection in conscious rabbit. Tij Physiol (Lond) 347: 465–478.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palay SL (1955) An electron microscope study of the neurohypophysis in normal, hydrated and dehydrated rats. Anat Rec 121: 348–360.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parish DC, Rodriguez EM, Birkett SD, Pickering BT (1981) Effects of small doses of colchicine on the components of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system of the rat. Cell Tissue Res 220: 809–827.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perlman D, Halvorson HO (1983) A putative signal peptidase recognition site and sequence in eukaryotic and prokaryotic signal peptides. J Mol Biol 167: 391–409.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petersen WE, Ludwick TM (1942) The humoral nature of the factor causing the let-down of milk. Tifed Proc 1: 66–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pickering BT (1978) The neurohypophysial neurone: a model for the study of secretion. Essays Biochem 14: 45–81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pickering BT, Jones CW (1971) The biosynthesis and intraneuronal transport of neurohypophysial hormones. Preliminary studies in the rat. In: Heler H, Lederis K (eds) Sub-cellular organization and function in endocrine tissues. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 337–357.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pickering BT, Swann RW, Gonzalez CB (1983) Biosynthesis and processing of neurohypophysial hormones. Pharmacol Ther 22: 143–161.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pittman QJ (1983) Increase in antidromic latency of neurohypophysial neurons during sustained activation. Neurosci Lett 7: 773–808.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pittman QJ, Lawrence D, Lederis K (1983) Presynaptic interactions in the neurohypophysis: endogenous modulators of release. In: Cross BA, Leng G (eds) The neurohypophysis: structure, function and control. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 319–332 (Progress in Brain Research, vol 60).

    Google Scholar 

  • Porter DG (1979) Relaxin: old hormone, new prospects. Oxf Rev Reprod Biol 1: 1–67.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poulain DA, Dyer RG (1984) Reproducible increases in intramammary pressure after spinal cord stimulation in lactating rats. Tiexp Brain Res 55: 313–316.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poulain DA, Wakerley JB (1982) Electrophysiology of hypothalamic magnocellular neurones secreting oxytocin and vasopressin. Tineuroscience 7: 773–808.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poulain DA, Wakerley JB (1986) Afferent projections from the mammary glands to the spinal cord in the lactating rat: II. Electrophysiological responses of spinal neurons during stimulation of the nipples, including suckling. Tineuroscience 19: 511–521.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poulain DA, Wakerley JB, Dyball REJ (1977) Electrophysiological differentiation of oxytocin and vasopressin-secreting neurones. Proc R Soc Lond [Biol] 196: 367–384.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Racke K, Ritzel H, Trapp B, Muscholl E (1982a) Dopaminergic modulation evoked vasopressin release from the isolated neurohypophysis of the rat. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 319: 56–65.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Racke K, Rothländer M, Muscholl E (1982b) Ioprenaline and forskolin increase evoked vasopressin release from rat pituitary. Eur J Pharmacol 82: 97–100.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen AT (1940) Effects of hypophysectomy and hypophysial stalk resection on the hypothalamic nuclei of animals and man. Res Publ Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis 20: 245–269.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reaves TA, Hayward JN (1979) Immunocytochemical identification of enkephalinergic neurons in the hypothalamic magnocellular preoptic nucleus of the goldfish Carassius auratus. Cell Tissue Res 200: 147.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rhodes CH, Morrell JI, Pfaff DW (1981a) Immunohistochemical analysis of magnocellular elements in rat hypothalamus: distribution and numbers of cells containing neurophysin, oxytocin and vasopressin. J Comp Neurol 198: 45–64.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rhodes CH, Morrell JI, Pfaff DW (1981b) Distribution of estrogen-concentrating, neuro-physin-containing, magnocellular neurones in the rat hypothalamus as demonstrated by a technique combining steroid autoradiography and immunohistology in the same tissue. Neuroendocrinology 33: 18–23.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson KC (1949) Contractile tissue in the mammary gland, with specific reference to myoepithelium in the goat. Proc R Soc Lond [Biol] 136: 30–45.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richter D (1983) Synthesis, processing and gene structure of vasopressin and oxytocin. Prog Nuclei Acid Res Mol Biol 30: 245–266.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richter D, Schmale H (1984) Vasopressin expression in normal and diabetes insipidus (Brattleboro) rats. TITINS 7: 317–319.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson ICAF, Russell JT, Thorn NA (1976) Calcium and stimulus-secretion coupling in the neurohypophysis. V. The effects of the Ca2+ ionophores A23187 and X537A on vasopressin release and 45Ca2+ efflux: interactions with sodium and a verapamil analogue (D600). Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 83: 36–49.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rossier J, Vargo TM, Minick S, Ling L, Bloom F, Guillemin R (1977) Regional dissociation of ß-endorphin and enkephalin contents in rat brain and pituitary. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74: 5162–5165.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rossier J, Battenberg E, Pittman Q, Bayon A, Koda L, Miller R, Guillemin R, Bloom F (1979) Hypothalamic enkephalin neurones may regulate the neurohypophysis. Nature 277: 653–655.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruppert S, Scherer G, Schutz G (1984) Recent gene conversion involving bovine vasopressin and oxytocin precursor genes suggested by nucleotide sequence. Nature 308: 554–556.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Russell JT, Thorn NA (1973) Lack of inhibition by colchicine and vinblastine of vasopressin release and calcium efflux from isolated rat neurohypophyses. Acta Physiol Scand 87: 20–21A.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell JT, Thorn NA (1974) Calcium and stimulus-secretion coupling in the neurohypophysis: I. 4S-calcium transport and vasopressin release in slices from ox neurohypophyses stimulated electrically or by a high potassium concentration. Tiacta Endocrinol (Copenh) 76: 449–470.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Russell JT, Thorn NA (1975) Adenosine triphosphate dependent calcium uptake by subcellular fractions from bovine neurohypophyses. Tiacta Physiol Scand 93: 364–377.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Russell JT, Thorn NA (1977) Isolation and purification of calcium-binding proteins from the bovine neurohypophysis. Tibiochim Biophys Acta 491: 398–408.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Russell JT, Hansen EL, Thorn NA (1974) Calcium and stimulus-secretion coupling in the neurohypophysis. III. Ca2+ ionophore (A-23187)-induced release of vasopressin from isolated rat neurohypophyses. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 77: 443–450.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saavedra JM, Palkovits M, Kizer JS, Brownstein M, Zivin JA (1975) Distribution of biogenic amines and related enzymes in the rat pituitary gland. J Neurochem 25: 257–260.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sachs H, Takabatake Y (1964) Evidence for a precursor in vasopressin biosynthesis. Endocrinology 75:943–948.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sachs H, Saito S, Sunde D (1971) Biochemical studies on the neurosecretory and neuroglial cells of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial complex. Mem Soc Endocrinol 19: 325–336.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saper CB, Loewy AB, Swanson LW, Cowan WM (1976) Direct hypothalamo-autonomic connections. Brain Res 117: 305–312.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saper CB, Swanson LW, Cowan WM (1978) The efferent connections of the anterior hypothalamic area of the rat, cat and monkey. J Comp Neurol 182: 575–600.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sawchenko PE, Swanson LW (1982) Immunohistochemical identification of neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus that project to the medulla or to the spinal cord in the rat. Tij Comp Neurol 205: 260–272.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scharrer E, Scharrer B (1940) Secretory cells within the hypothalamus. Tires Publ Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis 20: 170–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scharrer E, Scharrer B (1945) Neurosecretion. Tiphysiol Rev 25: 171–181.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmale H, Heinsohn S, Richter D (1983) Structural organisation of the rat gene for the arginine vasopressin-neurophysin precursor. EMBO J 2: 763–767.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schon F, Iversen LL (1974) The use of autoradiographic techniques for the identification and mapping of transmitter specific neurones in the brain. Tilife Sci 15: 157–175.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seeburg PH, Adelman JP (1984) Characterization of cDNA for precursor of human luteinizing hormone releasing hormone. Tinature 311: 666–668.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharman DC, Holzer P, Holzbauer M (1982) In vitro release of endogenous catechol-amines from the neural and intermediate lobe of the hypophysis. Neuroendocrinology 34: 175–179.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw FD, Morris JF (1980) Calcium localization in the rat neurohypophysis. Tinature 287: 56–58.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw FJ, Bicknell RJ, Dyball REJ (1984) Facilitation of vasopressin release from the neurohypophysis by application of electrical stimuli in bursts. Neuroendocrinology 39: 371–376.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shen LP, Pictet RL, Rutter WJ (1982) Human somatostatin: I. Sequence of cDNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79: 4575–4579.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith V (1970) The origin of small vesicles in neurosecretory axons. Tissue Cell 2:427–433.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sofroniew MV (1983) Morphology of vasopressin and oxytocin neurones and their central and vascular projections. In: Cross BA, Leng G (eds) The neurohypophysis: structure, function and control, p 101-114 (Progress in Brain Research, vol 60).

    Google Scholar 

  • Steiner DF, Quinn PS, Chan SJ, Marsh J, Tager HS (1980) Processing mechanisms in the biosynthesis of proteins. Ann NY Acad Sci 343: 1–16.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sterba G, Hoffman E, Solecki R, Naumann W, Hoheisel G, Schober F (1979) The neurosecretory hypothalamo-hindbrain pathway and its possible significance for the regulation of blood pressure and the milk-ejection reflex. Cell Tissue Res 196: 321–336.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stoeckel ME, Hindelang-Gertner C, Dellmann HD, Parte A, Stutinsky F (1975) Subcellular localization of calcium in the mouse hyophysis: I. Calcium distribution in the adeno-and neurohypophysis under normal conditions. Cell Tissue Res 157: 307–322.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suchanek G, Kreil G, Hermodson MA (1978) Amino acid sequence of honey bee prepromelittin synthesized in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 75: 701–704.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Summerlee AJS (1981) Extracellular recordings from oxytocin neurones during the expulsive phase of birth in unanaesthetized rats. J Physiol (Lond) 321: 1–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Summerlee AJS (1982) Phasic patterns of discharge from putative oxytocin neurones in unanaesthetized rats. J Physiol (Lond) 327: 43P.

    Google Scholar 

  • Summerlee AJS (1983) Hypothalamic neurone activity: hormone release and behaviour in freely moving rats. Q J Exp Physiol 68: 505–515.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Summerlee AJS (1986) The neural control of luteinizing hormone release. Prog Neurobiol 26: 147–178.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Summerlee AJS (1988) Response of putative vasopressin neurones to phenylephrine in male and female rabbits. J Physiol (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Summerlee AJS, Lincoln DW (1981) Electrophysiological recordings from oxytocinergic neurones during suckling in the unanaesthetized lactating rat. J Endocrinol 90:255–265.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Summerlee AJS, Paisley AC (1982) The effects of behavioural arousal on the activity of hypothalamic neurons in unanaesthetized, freely moving rats and rabbits. Tiproc R Soc Lond [Biol] 214: 263–272.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Summerlee AJS, Paisley AC, O’Byrne KT, Fairhall KM, Robinson ICAF, Fletcher J (1986) Aspects of neuronal and endocrine components of reflex milk ejection in conscious rabbits. J Endocrinol 108: 143–149.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swaab DF, Nijveldt F, Pool CW (1975a) Distribution of oxytocin and vasopressin cells in the rat supraoptic and paraventricular nucleus. J Endocrinol 67: 461–462.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swaab DF, Pool CW, Nijveldt F (1975b) Immunofluorescence of vasopressin and oxytocin in the rat hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system. J Neural Transm 36: 195–215.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swanson LW (1977) Immunohistochemical evidence for a neurophysin-containing autonomic pathway arising in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Brain Res 128: 356–363.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swanson LW, Sawchenko PE (1980) Paraventricular nucleus: a site for the integration of neuroendocrine and autonomie mechanisms. Tineuroendocrinology 31: 410–417.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swanson LW, Sawchenko PE (1983) Hypothalamic integration: organization of the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. Tiannu Rev Neurosci 6: 269–324.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swanson LW, Sawchenko PE, Bérod A, Hartman BK, Helle KB, van Orden DE (1981) An immunohistochemical study of the organization of catecholaminergic cells and terminal fields in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus. J Comp Neurol 196: 271–285.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takabatake Y, Sachs H (1964) Vasopressin biosynthesis: III. In vitro studies. Tiendocrinology 75: 934–942.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Theodosis DT (1982) Secretion-related accumulation of horseradish peroxidase in magnocellular cell bodies of the rat supraoptic nucleus. Brain Res 233: 3–16.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Theodosis DT, Poulain DA (1984) Evidence for structural plasticity in the supraoptic nucleus of the rat hypothalamus in relation to gestation and lactation. Tineuroscience 11: 183–193.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Theodosis DT, Dreifuss JJ, Orci L (1977) Two classes of micro vesicles in the neurohypophysis. Brain Res 123: 159–163.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Theodosis DT, Poulain DA, Vincent JD (1981) Possible morphological bases for synchronization of neuronal firing in the rat supraoptic nucleus during lactation. Neuroscience 6: 919–929.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Theodosis DT, Chapman DB, Motagnese C, Poulain DA, Morris JF (1986a) Structural plasticity in the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus at lactation affects oxytocin-, but not vasopressin-secreting neurones. Neuroscience 17: 661–677.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Theodosis DT, Montagnese C, Rodriguez F, Vincent JD, Poulain DA (1986b) Oxytocin induces morphological plasticity in the adult hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system. Nature 322: 738–740.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thorn NA, Russell JT, Vilhardt H (1975) Hexosamine, calcium and neurophysin in secretory granules and the role of calcium in hormone release. Ann NY Acad Sci 248: 202–217.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tribollet E, Clarke G, Dreifuss JJ, Lincoln DW (1978) The role of central adrenergic receptors in the reflex release of oxytocin. Brain Res 142: 69–84.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tweedle CD (1983) Ultrastructural manifestations of increased hormone release in the neurohypophysis. In: Cross BA, Leng G (eds) The neurohypophysis: structure, function and control. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 259–272 (Progress in Brain Research, vol 60).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tweedle CD, Hatton GI (1980a) Evidence for dynamic interactions between pituicytes and neurosecretory endings in the neurohypophysis of the rat. Neuroscience 5: 661–667.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tweedle CD, Hatton GI (1980b) Glial cell enclosure of neurosecretory endings in the rat. Brain Res 192: 555–559.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tweedle CD, Hatton GI (1982) Magnocellular neuropeptidergic terminals in neurohypophysis: rapid glial release of enclosed axons during parturition. Tibrain Res Bull 8: 205–209.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vale MR, Hope DB (1982) Cyclic nucleotides and the release of vasopressin from the rat posterior pituitary gland. Tij Neurochem 39: 569–573.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vandesande F, Dierickx K (1975) Identification of the vasopressin producing and oxytocin producing neurons in the hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory system of the rat. Ticell Tissue Res 164: 153–162.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vandesande F, Dierickx K, de Mey J (1977) The origin of the vasopressinergic and oxytocinergic fibers of the external region of the median eminence of the rat hypophysis. Cell Tissue Res 180: 443–452.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van Leeuwen FW (1981) Light-and electron-microscopical demonstration of Leu-enke-phalin immunoreactivity in the rat neural lobe. Neurosci Lett [Suppl] 7: 182.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Leeuwen FW (1982) Enkephalin immunoreactivity in fibers terminating in a synaptoid fashion on pituicytes in the rat neural lobe. In: Costa E, Trabacchi M (eds) Regulatory peptides: from molecular biology to function. Raven, New York, pp 203–208.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Leeuwen FW, de Vries GJ (1983) Enkephalin-glial interaction and its consequence for vasopressin and oxytocin release from the rat neural lobe. Prog Brain Res 60: 343–350.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Leeuwen FW, Pool CW, Sluiter A (1983) Enkephalin immunoreactivity in synaptoid elements in glial cells in the rat neural lobe. Neuroscience 8: 229–241.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vilhardt H, Jørgensen O (1972) Free flow electrophoresis of isolated secretory granules from bovine neurohypophyses. Experientia 28: 852.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vizi ES, Volbekas V (1980) Inhibition by dopamine of oxytocin release from isolated posterior lobe of the hypophysis of the rat; disinhibitory effect of ß-endorphin/enkephalin. Tineuroendocrinology 31: 46–52.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vogt M (1953) Vasopressor, antidiuretic and oxytocic activities of extracts of dog’s hypothalamus. Br J Pharmacol 8: 193–196.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Voloschin LM, Tramezzani JH (1973) The neural input of the milk ejection reflex in the hypothalamus. Tiendocrinology 92: 973–983.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vorherr H, Kleeman CR, Lehman E (1967) Oxytocin induced stretch reaction in suckling mice and rats: a semi-quantitative bioassay for oxytocin. Endocrinology 81: 711–715.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wakerley JB (1986) Electrophysiology of the central vasopressin system. In: Gash DM, Boer GJ (eds) Vasopressin: principles and properties. Plenum, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wakerley JB, Lincoln DW (1971) Phasic discharge of antidromically identified units in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Tibrain Res 25: 192–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wakerley JB, Lincoln DW (1973) The milk ejection reflex of the rat: a 20-40 fold acceleration in the firing of paraventricular neurones during oxytocin release. Tij Endocrinol 57: 477–493.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wakerley JB, Noble R (1982) Electrophysiological behaviour of putative vasopressin neurones in intact brains and hypothalamic slices. In: Neuroendocrinology of vasopressin, corticolibenin and opiomelanocortins. Academic, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wakerley JB, Dyball REJ, Lincoln DW (1973) Milk ejection in the rat: the result of a selective release of oxytocin. J Endocrinol 57: 557–558.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wakerley JB, Poulain DA, Dyball REJ, Cross BA (1975) Activity of phasic neurosecretory cells during haemorrhage. Nature 258: 82–84.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wakerley JB, Poulain DA, Brown D (1978) Comparison of firing patterns in oxytocin-and vasopressin-releasing neurones during progressive dehydration. Brain Res 148: 425–440.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watson SJ, Akil H, Fischli W, Goldstin A, Zimmerman E, Nilaver G, van Wimersma-Grei-danus TB (1982) Dynorphin and vasopressin: common localization in magnocellular neurones. Science 216: 85–87.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weber E, Evans DJ, Barchas JD (1982) Predominance of the animo-terminal octapeptide fragment of dynorphin in rat brain regions. Nature 299: 77–79.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wittkowski W, Brinkmann H (1974) Changes of extent of neurovascular contacts and number of neuro-glial synaptoid contacts in the pituitary posterior lobe of dehydrated rats. Tianat Embryol (Berl) 146: 157–165.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yagi K, Iwasaki S (1977) Electrophysiology of the neurosecretory cell. Tiint Rev Cytol 48: 141–186.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yagi K, Azuma T, Matsuda K (1966) Neurosecretory cell: capable of conducting impulse in rats. Science 154: 778–779.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamashita H, Inenaga K, Kawata M, Sano Y (1983) Phasically firing neurones in the supraoptic nucleus of the rat hypothalamus: immunocytochemical and electrophysiological studies. Neurosci Lett 37: 87–92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zarrow MX, Denenberg VH, Anderson CO (1965) Rabbit: frequency of suckling in the pup. Science 150: 1835–1836.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zing HH, Baertschi AJ, Dreifuss JJ (1979) Action of γ-aminobutyric acid on hypothalamo-neurohypophysial axons. Brain Res 171: 453–459.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. A. J. S. Summerlee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. L. J. Parry
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Pharmakologisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 6900, Heidelberg, Germany

    Detlev Ganten M.D., Ph.D.

  2. Rockefeller University, York Avenue, and 66th Street, New York, NY, 10021, USA

    Donald Pfaff Ph. D.

  3. Department of Anatomy, Medical School, Bristol, BS8 1TD, England, UK

    Brian Pickering Ph. D.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1988 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this paper

Cite this paper

Summerlee, A.J.S., Parry, L.J. (1988). Stimulus-Secretion Coupling in the Oxytocin System. In: Ganten, D., Pfaff, D., Pickering, B. (eds) Stimulus-Secretion Coupling in Neuroendocrine Systems. Current Topics in Neuroendocrinology, vol 9. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73495-3_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73495-3_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-73497-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-73495-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation