Abstract
This review paper will describe research into the problem of whether specific signals or properties of the algal symbionts of green hydra elicit a response from the host digestive cells which may constitute discriminatory “recognition”. It will also address two paradoxes raised by attempting to compare reinfection of artificially produced aposymbiotic hydra in the laboratory with the life cycle and habitat of green hydra in nature. Firstly, although hydra have been successfully reinfected with a variety of Chlorella algae in the laboratory, including several which do not release maltose (Jolley and Smith 1980; Rahat and Reich 1985), hydra collected from nature invariably have been found to contain maltose-releasing algae. Secondly, there is the problem of the significance of discriminatory processes shown during reinfection of aposymbiotic hydra. Based on an original scheme given by Pardy and Muscatine (1973), McAuley and Smith (1982a) described four stages in the recolonization of digestive cells by symbiotic algae. These are: phagocytosis; sorting (avoidance of lysosomal attack); transport to base; and integration with the metabolic processes of the host cell.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Cooper, G. & Margulis, L. (1977). Delay in migration of symbiotic algae in Hydra viridis by inhibitors of microtubule polymerization. Cytobios 19, 7–19.
Douglas, A.E. & Smith, D.C. (1983). The cost of symbionts to their hosts in green hydra. In Endocytobiology II (eds. W. Schwemmler and H.E.A. Schenk) pp 631–648, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin.
Ellard, F.M. (1986). Growth in symbiotic hydra. Ph.D. thesis, Oxford University.
Galloway, C.J., Dean, G.E., Marsh, M., Rudnick, G. & Mellman, I. (1983). Acidification of macrophage and fibroblast endocytic vesicles in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80, 3334–3338.
Hohman, T.C., McNeil, P.L. & Muscatine, L. (1982). Phagosome-lysosome fusion inhibited by algal symbionts of Hydra viridis. J. Cell Biol. 94, 56–63.
Jolley, E. & Smith, D.C. (1980). The green hydra symbiosis. II. The biology of the re-establishment of the symbiosis. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 207, 311–333.
McAuley, P.J. (1986a). Isolation of viable uncontaminated Chlorella from green hydra. Linnol. Qceanogr. 31, 222–224.
McAuley, P.J. (1986b). Uptake of amino acids by cultured and freshly isolated symbiotic Chlorella. New Phyto1. 104, 415–427.
McAuley, P.J. Nitrogen limitation and amino acid metabolism of Chlorella symbiotic with green hydra. Planta, in the press.
McAuley, P.J. & Smith, D.C. (1982a). The green hydra symbiosis. V. Stages in the intracellular recognition of algal symbionts by digestive cells. Proc. R. Soc. B. 216, 7–23.
McAuley, P.J. & Smith, D.C. (1982b). The green hydra symbiosis. VII. Conservation of the host cell habitat by the symbiotic algae. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 216, 415–426.
McNeil, P.L. (1981). Mechanisms of nutritive endocytosis. I. Phagocytic versatility and cellular recognition in Chlorohydra digestive cells, a scanning electron microscopical study. J. Cell Sci. 49, 311–339.
McNeil, P.L. (1984). Mechanisms of nutritive endocytosis. III. A freeze-fracture study of phagocytosis by digestive cells of Chlorohydra. Tissue and Cell 16, 519–533.
McNeil, P.L., Hohman, T.C. & Muscatine, L. (1982). Mechanisms of nutritive endocytosis. II. The effect of charged agents on phagocytic recognition by digestive cells. J. Cell Sci. 52., 243–269.
McNeil, P.L. & Smith, D.C. (1982). The green hydra symbiosis. IV. Entry of symbionts into digestive cells. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 216, 1–6.
McNeil, P.L., Tanasugarn, L., Meigs, J.B. & Taylor, D.L. (1983). Acidification of phagosomes is detected before lysosomal enzyme activity is detected. J. Cell. Biol. 97, 692–702.
McNeil, P.L. & McAuley, P.J. (1984). Lysosomes fuse with one half of alga-bearing phagosomes during the re-establishment of the European green hydra symbiosis. J. Exp. Zool. 230, 377–385.
Meier, R., Reisser, W., Wiessner, W. & Le Fort-Tran, M. (1980). Freeze-fracture evidence of differences between membranes of perialgal and digestive vacuoles in Paramecium bursaria. Z. Naturf. 35c, 1107–1110.
Meier, R., Le Fort-Tran, M., Pouphile, M., Reisser, W. & Wiessner, W. (1984). Comparative freeze-fracture study of perialgal and digestive vacuoles in Paramecium bursaria. J. Cell Sci. 71, 121–140.
Meints, R.H. & Pardy, R.L. (1980). Quantitative demonstration of cell surface involvement in a plant-animal symbiosis: lectin inhibition of reassociation. J. Cell Sci. 43, 239–251.
Mews, L.K. (1980). The green hydra symbiosis. III. The bio-trophic transport of carbohydrate from alga to animal. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 209: 377–401.
Muscatine, L. & McAuley, P.J. (1982). Transmission of symbiotic algae to eggs of green hydra. Cytobios. 33, 111–124.
Neckelmann, N. & Muscatine, L. (1983). Regulatory mechanisms maintaining the Hydra-Chlorella symbiosis. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 219, 193–210.
O’Brien, T.L. (1982). Inhibition of vacuolar membrane fusion by intracellular symbiotic algae in Hydra viridis (Florida strain). J. Exp. Zool. 223, 211–218.
Pardy, R.L. & Muscatine, L. (1973). Recognition of symbiotic algae by Hydra viridis. A quantitative study of the uptake of living algae by aposymbiotic H. viridis. Biol. Bull. 145, 565–579.
Pool, R.R. Jr. (1979). The role of antigenic determinants in the recognition of potential algal symbionts by cells of Chlorohydra. J. Cell Sci. 35, 367–379.
Rahat, M. (1985). Competition between Chlorellae in chimeric infections of Hydra viridis: the evolution of a stable symbiosis. J. Cell Sci. 77, 87–92
Rahat, M. & Reich, V. (1984). Intracellular infection of aposymbiotic Hydra viridis by a foreign freeliving Chlorella sp.: Initiation of a stable symbiosis. J. Cell Sci. 65, 265–277.
Rahat, M. & Reich, V. (1985). Correlations between characteristics of some free-living Chlorella sp. and their ability to form stable symbioses with Hydra viridis. J. Cell Sci., 74, 257–266.
Rahat, M. & Reich, V. (1987). A re-evaluation of alleged requirements for the establishment of algal/hydra symbiosis and host/symbiont specificity: pre-adaption and vacuolar ecology. Endocyt. C. Res. 4, 13–23.
Rees, T.A.V. (1986). The green hydra symbiosis and ammonium. I. The role of the host in ammonium assimilation and its possible regulatory significance. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 229, 299–314.
Smith, D.C. (1980). The role of nutrition in the establishment of the green hydra symbiosis. In Nutrition in the lower Metazoa (Smith, D.C. & Tiffon, Y., eds.) pp 129–139. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1988 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this paper
Cite this paper
McAuley, P.J. (1988). Cell-to-cell interactions during the establishment of the Hydra-Chlorella symbiosis. In: Scannerini, S., Smith, D., Bonfante-Fasolo, P., Gianinazzi-Pearson, V. (eds) Cell to Cell Signals in Plant, Animal and Microbial Symbiosis. NATO ASI Series, vol 17. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73154-9_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73154-9_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-73156-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-73154-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive