Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Female Gametophyte

  • Chapter
Embryology of Angiosperms

Abstract

The female gametophyte develops from the megaspore formed in the nucellar tissue of the ovule. The megaspore enlarges and after some mitotic divisions a small coenocyte differentiates. In general, a megagametophyte consists, after cytokinesis, of an egg apparatus, a central cell, and antipodal cells.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Agarwal S (1960) Embryology of Quinchamalium chilense Lam. In: Plant Embryology: A symposium. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, pp 162–169

    Google Scholar 

  • Bannikova VP (1971) Developmental features of female gametophyte of Nicotiana. Ann Univ ARERS 9:73–77

    Google Scholar 

  • Batygina TB (1971) Some peculiar features of macrosporogenesis and development of the female gametophyte in wheat. Ann Univ ARERS 9:46–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Berg RY (1978) Development of ovule, embryo sac and endosperm in Brodiaea (Liliales). Norw J Bot 25:1–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger Ch, Erdelská O (1973) Ultrastructural aspects of the embryo sac of Jasione montana L.: Cell walls. Caryologia 25:109–120

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouillot J (1969) Individualisation progressive des cellules du sac embryonnaire chez le Juglans regia L. Rev Cytol Biol Vég 32:203–208

    Google Scholar 

  • Buell KM (1952) Developmental morphology in Dianthus. II. Starch accumulation in ovule and seed. Am J Bot 39:458–467

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cass DD (1972a) Occurrence and development of a filiform apparatus in the egg of Plumbago capensis. Am J Bot 59:279–283

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cass DD (1972b) Ultrastructure of the egg ofPlumbago zeylanica. (Abstr). Am J Bot 59:648

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cass DD, Jensen WA (1970) Fertilization in barley. Am J Bot 57:62–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cass DD, Karas I (1974) Ultrastructural organization of the egg of Plumbago zeylanica. Protoplasma 81:49–62

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chao CY (1971) A periodic acid-schiff’s substance related to the directional growth of pollen tube into embryo sac in Paspalum ovules. Am J Bot 58:649–654

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chao CY (1977) Further cytological studies of a periodic acid-schiff’s substance in the ovules of Paspalum orbiculare and P. longifolium. Am J Bot 64:922–930

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheah CH, Stone BC (1975) Embryo sac and microsporangium development in Pandanus (Pandanaceae). Phytomorphology 25:228–238

    Google Scholar 

  • Chebotaru AA (1970) Maize embryology: Ultrastructure of embryo sac before and at the moment of fertilization. 7° Congrès Intl Micr électr 3:443–444

    Google Scholar 

  • Chennaveeraiah MS, Mahabale TS (1962) Morphological and embryological studies in Dipcadi. In: Plant Embryology: A symposium. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, pp 12–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Chikkannaiah PS (1962) Morphological and embryological studies in the Commelinaceae. In: Plant embryology: A symposium. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, pp 23–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Cocucci AE (1973) Some suggestions on the evolution of gametophytes of higher plants. Phytomorphology 23:109–124

    Google Scholar 

  • Cocucci AE, Jensen WA (1969) Orchid embryology: The mature megagametophyte of Epidendrum scutella. Kurtziana 5:23–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Coe GE (1954) Distribution of carbon-14 in ovules of Zephyranthes drummondi. Bot Gaz 115:342–346

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dahlgren KVO (1924) Studien über die Endospermbildung der Kompositen. Svensk Bot Tidskr 18:177–203

    Google Scholar 

  • D’Alascio-Deschamps R (1973) Modifications ultrastructurales liées à la fécondation chez le Lin. Bull Soc Bot Fr 122:137–146

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis GL (1971) The occurrence of synergid haustoria in Cotula australis (Less.) Hook. f. Aust J Sci 24:296

    Google Scholar 

  • De Boer-De Jeu M (1978) Megasporogenesis, a comparative study of the ultrastructural aspects of megasporogenesis inLilium, Allium, and Impatiens. Meded Landbouwhogesch Wageningen 16:1–128

    Google Scholar 

  • Dharamadhaj P, Prakash N (1978) Development of the anther and ovule in Capsicum. Aust J Bot 26:433–439

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diboll AG (1964) Electron microscopy of female gametophyte and early embryo development in Zea mays. Ph D dissertation, Univ Texas

    Google Scholar 

  • Diboll AG (1968) Fine structure development of the megagametophyte of Zea mays following fertilization. Am J Bot 55:787–806

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diboll AG, Larson DA (1966) An electron microscopic study of the mature megagametophyte in Zea mays. Am J Bot 53:391–402

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dumas A (1971) Au sujet des charactères ultrastructuraux de l’archespore et des très jeunes stades du sac embryonnaire de Conium maculatum. Ann Univ ARERS 9:51–57

    Google Scholar 

  • Dumas A (1978) Le développement du sac embryonnaire de Conium maculatum L. et les phénomènes sécrétoires au moment de la fécondation. Bull Soc Bot Fr 125:193–199

    Google Scholar 

  • Erdelská O (1975) Pre-fertilization development of ovule of Jasione montana L. Phytomorphology 25:76–81

    Google Scholar 

  • Erdelská O (1981) Embryológia Krytosemenných Rastlin. VEDA Vydavatel’stvo Slovenskej Akadémie Vied. Bratislava

    Google Scholar 

  • Erdelská O, Klasová A (1978) La region micropylaire du sac embryonnaire de Jasione montana L. avant et après la fécondation. Bull Soc Bot Fr 125:249–252

    Google Scholar 

  • Eymé J (1965) Recherches sur la constitution cytoplasmique de l’archespore et du sac embryonnaire de Lilium canditum L. Extrait Botanîste 48:99–155

    Google Scholar 

  • Fish RK (1970) Megagametogenesis in Clematis and its taxonomic and phytogenetic implications. Phytomorphology 20:317–327

    Google Scholar 

  • Fougère-Rifot M (1975) L’édification de l’appareil filiforme et l’évolution cytoplasmique des synergides du sac embryonnaire d’Aquilegia vulgaris. C R Acad Sci Paris 280(D):2445–2447

    Google Scholar 

  • Fougère-Rifot M (1978) La cellule centrale du sac embryonnaire d’Aquilegia vulgaris L.: Des noyaux polaires aux noyaux d’albumen laiteux. Bull Soc Bot Fr 125:207–213

    Google Scholar 

  • Fougère-Rifot M (1981) Intercellular relations and wall structures in mature embryo sacs of four species of angiosperms. Acta Soc Bot Pol 50:131–138

    Google Scholar 

  • Frisch B, Nagl W (1979) Patterns of endopolyploidy and 2C nuclear DNA content (Feulgen) in Scilla (Liliaceae). Plant Syst Evol 131:261–276

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Godineau JC (1966) Ultrastructure du sac embryonnaire du Crepis tectorum L.: Les cellules du pôle micropylaire. C R Acad Sci Paris 263:852–855

    Google Scholar 

  • Godineau JC (1969) Ultrastructure des synergides chez quelques composées. Rev Cytol Biol Vég 32:209–226

    Google Scholar 

  • Godineau JC (1971) Ultrastructure of the embryo sac of Crepis tectorum L. after cell formation and fusion of polar nuclei. Ann Univ ARERS 9:78–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Godineau JC (1973) Les sac embryonnaire des Angiospermes. Morphogénèse et infrastructure. Bull Soc Bot Fr 122:25–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Gori P (1971) Un aspect original des parois et du cytoplasme des cellules de l’ovule chez le Nerium oleander L. C R Acad Sci Paris 273:328–331

    Google Scholar 

  • Gori P (1977) Wall ingrowths in the embryo sac of Euphorbia helioscopia. Isr J Bot 26:202–208

    Google Scholar 

  • Greene CW (1978) A Nomarski interference study of megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis in Smelowskia calycine (Cruciferae). Am J Bot 65:353–358

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gunning BES, Pate JS (1969) “Transfer cells” - plant cells with wall ingrowth, specialized in relation to short distance transport of solutes: Their occurrence, structure, and development. Protoplasma 68:107–133

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jalouzot MF (1975) Aspects ultrastructuraux du sac embryonnaire d ’Oenothera lamarckiana. C R Acad Sci Paris 281:1305–1308

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen WA (1963) Cell development during plant embryogenesis. In: Meristems and differentiation. Brookhaven Symp Biol 16:179–202

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen WA (1964) Observations on the fusion of nuclei in plants. J Cell Biol 23:669–672

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen WA (1965a) The ultrastructure and histochemistry of the synergids of cotton. Am J Bot 52:238–256

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen WA (1965b) The ultrastructure and composition of the egg and central cell of cotton. Am J Bot 52:781–797

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen WA (1965c) The composition and ultrastructure of the nucellus in cotton. J Ultrastruct Res 13:112–128

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen WA (1972) The embryo sac and fertilization in angiosperms. Harold L Lyon Arbor Lect 3:1–32

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen WA, Fisher DB (1968) Cotton embryogenesis: The entrance and discharge of the pollen tube in the embryo sac. Planta 78:158–183

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen WA, Schulz P (1976) An ultrastructural study of early endosperm development and synergid changes in unfertilized ovules of cotton. J Cell Biol 70:87A

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen WA, Schulz P, Ashton ME (1977) An ultrastructural study of early endosperm development and synergid changes in unfertilized cotton ovules. Planta 133:179–189

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johri BM (1962) Nutrition of the embryo sac. In: Maheshwari P, Johri BM, Vasil IK (eds) Proc Summer School Botany, Darjeeling, pp 106–118

    Google Scholar 

  • Johri BM (1963) Female gametophyte. In: Maheshwari P (ed) Recent advances in the embryology of angiosperms. Intl Soc Plant Mophologists, Univ Delhi, pp 69–103

    Google Scholar 

  • Johri BM (Convener) (1970) Symposium on “Comparative embryology of angiosperms”. Indian Natl Sci Acad, New Delhi, Bull No. 41

    Google Scholar 

  • Johri BM (1981) Transfer cells, their role in reproductive structures of angiosperms. Abstr No. 042014 XIII Intl Bot Congr, Sydney, p 61

    Google Scholar 

  • Kapil RN (1974) Contemporary spectacle in angiosperm embryology. Acta Bot Indica 2:79–106

    Google Scholar 

  • Kapil RN, Bhatnagar AK (1981) Ultrastructure and biology of female gametophyte in flowering plants. Int Rev Cytol 70:291–341

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kapil RN, Tiwari SC (1978) Plant embryological investigations and fluorescence microscopy: An assessment of integration. Int Rev Cytol 53:291–331

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Korobova SN (1971) On the development of the “specific” cells during micro- and macrosporangium formation in Zea mays. Ann Univ ARERS 9:58–61

    Google Scholar 

  • Lammeren AAM van (1981) Embryogenesis of Zea mays, an ultrastructural approach. Acta Soc Bot Pol 50:283–284

    Google Scholar 

  • Linskens HF (1968) Egg-sperm interactions in higher plants. Acc Naz Lincei 104:47–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Maheshwari P (1950) An introduction to the embryology of angiosperms. MacGraw Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Maheshwari P (ed) (1963) Recent advances in the embryology of angiosperms. Intl Soc Plant Morphologists, Univ Delhi

    Google Scholar 

  • Maheshwari P, Kapil RN (1966) Some Indian contributions to the embryology of angiosperms. Phytomorphology 16:239–291

    Google Scholar 

  • Malik CP, Vermani S (1975) Physiology of sexual reproduction. I. A histochemical study of the embryo sac development inZephyranthes rosea and Lagenaria vulgaris. Acta Histochem 53:244–280

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Masand P, Kapil RN (1966) Nutrition of the embryo sac and embryo - A morphological approach. Phytomorphology 16:158–175

    Google Scholar 

  • Mascarenhas JP, Machlis L (1962a) Chemotropic response of Antirrhinum majus pollen to calcium. Nature 196:292–293

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mascarenhas JP, Machlis L (1962b) The pollen tube chemotropic factor from Antirrhinum majus: Bioassay, extraction, and partial purification. Am J Bot 49:482–489

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mascarenhas JP, Maehlis L (1962c) The hormonal control of directional growth of pollen tubes. Vitam Horm XX: 347–371

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maze J, Bohm LR (1973) Comparative embryology of Stipa elmeri (Gramineae). Can J Bot 51:235–247

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maze J, Bohm LR (1977) Embryology of Festuca microstachys. Can J Bot 55:1768–1782

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maze J, Lin SCh (1975) A study of the mature megagametophyte ofStipa elmeri. Can J Bot 53:2958–2977

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maze J, Bohm LR, Mehlenbacher LE Jr (1970) Embryo sac and early ovule development in Oryzopsis miliacea and Stipa tortilis. Can J Bot 48:27–41

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Medina FJ (1980) The occurrence of two different processes of cytoplasmic vacuolation in the megaspore formation in peas. Electron Microscopy 2:238–239

    Google Scholar 

  • Miki-Hirosige H (1964) Metabolism in the ovary tissue of Lilium longiflorum. In: Linskens HF (ed) Pollen physiology and fertilization. North-Holland Publ, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Mikulska E, Rodkiewicz B (1967) Ultrastructure of the maturating embryo sac of Lilium regale. Acta Soc Bot Pol 36:555–566

    Google Scholar 

  • Mogensen HL (1970) Megagametophyte development in Agaveparryi. Phytomorphology 20:16–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Mogensen HL (1972) Fine structure and composition of the egg apparatus before and after fertilization in Quercus gambelii: The functional ovule. Am J Bot 59:931–941

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mogensen HL (1973) Some histochemical, ultrastructural, and nutritional aspects of the ovule ofQuercus gambelii. Am J Bot 60:48–54

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mogensen HL (1975) Fine structure of the unfertilized abortive egg apparatus in Quercus gambelii. Phytomorphology 25:19–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Mogensen HL (1978) The effect of the pollen tube on synergid ultrastructure before and after penetration inProboscidea louisianica (Mill.) Thell. Bull Soc Bot Fr 125:237–241

    Google Scholar 

  • Mogensen HL, Suthar HK (1979) Ultrastructure of the egg apparatus ofNicotiana tabacum (Solanaceae) before and after fertilization. Bot Gaz 140:168–179

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Naumova TN (1978) Peculiarity of macrogametogenesis and post-fertilization development of Trillium camschatcense Kev-Gawl. Bull Soc Bot Fr 125:183–186

    Google Scholar 

  • Negi D (1972) Ultrastructure of the female gametophyte of Eschcholtzia californica before and after fertilization. Ph D Dissertation, Univ Calif Berkeley

    Google Scholar 

  • Newcomb W (1972) The development of the embryo sac of sunflower Helianthus annuus before and after fertilization. Ph D Dissertation, Univ Saskatchewan, Saskatoon Sas

    Google Scholar 

  • Newcomb W (1973) The development of the embryo sac of sunflower Helianthus annuus before fertilization. Can J Bot 51:863–878

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newcomb W, Steeves TA (1971) Helianthus annuus embryogenesis: Embryo sac wall projections before and after fertilization. Bot Gaz 132:367–371

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Noher de Halac I, Harte C (1975) Female gametophyte competence in relation to polarisation phenomena during the megagametogenesis and development of the embryo sac in the genus Oenothera. In: Mulcahy DL (ed) Gamete competition in plants and animals. North-Holland Publ Amsterdam, pp 43–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Pacini E, Sarfatti G (1978) The reproductive calendar of Lycopersicum peruvianum Mill. Bull Soc Bot Fr 125:295–299

    Google Scholar 

  • Panchaksharappa MG (1962) Embryological studies in the family Zingiberaceae. I. Costus speciosus Smith. Phytomorphology 12:418–430

    Google Scholar 

  • Panchaksharappa MG, Syamasundar J (1975) A cytochemical study of ovule development in Dipcadi montanum Dalz. Cytologia 40:141–149

    Google Scholar 

  • Philipson MN (1977) Haustorial synergids in Cortaderia (Gramineae). N Z J Bot 15:777–778

    Google Scholar 

  • Philipson MN (1981) The haustorial synergids of Cortaderia (Gramineae). Acta Soc Bot Pol 50:151-

    Google Scholar 

  • Plisko MA (1971) An electron microscopic investigation of the characteristic features of megagametogenesis in Calendula officinalis L. Bot Zh (Leningr) 56:582–597

    Google Scholar 

  • Plisko MA (1974) Ultrastructure of the integument in Calendula officinalis L. in the early period of embryogenesis. Bot Zh (Leningr) 59:246–251

    Google Scholar 

  • Plijm JE van der (1964) An electron microscopic investigation of the filiform apparatus in the embryo sac of Torenia fournieri. In: Linskens HF (ed) Pollen physiology and fertilization. North-Holland Publ, Amsterdam, pp 8–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Poddubnaya-Arnoldi VA, Zinger NV, Petrovskaya-Baranova TP (1964) A histochemical investigation of the ovules, embryo sacs, and seeds in some angiosperms. In: Linskens HF (ed) Pollen physiology and fertilization. North-Holland Publ, Amsterdam, pp 3–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Pritchard HA (1964) A cytochemical study of embryo sac development in Stellaria media. Am J Bot 51:371–378

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rembert DH (1977) Ovule ontogeny, megasporogenesis, and early gametogenesis in Trifolium repens (Papilionaceae). Am J Bot 64:438–488

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rifot M (1971) L’évolution ultrastructurale des parois en rapport avec les transformations ontogéniques du gametophyte femelle chez Aquilegia vulgaris L. Ann Univ ARERS 9:66–72

    Google Scholar 

  • Romanov JD (1971) Types of development of the embryo sac of angiosperms. (see Embryological problems. Scientific thoughts. Kiev) In: Poddubnaya-Arnoldi VA (ed) (1976) Cyto-embryology of angiosperm. Nauka, Moscov, p 174

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosen WG, Thomas HR (1970) Secretory cells of Lily pistils. 1. Fine structure and function. Am J Bot 57:1108–1114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Russell SD (1979) Fine structure of megagametophyte development in Zea mays. Can J Bot 57:1093–1110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Russell SD, Cass DD (1981) Ultrastructure of fertilization in Plumbago zeylanica. Acta Soc Bot Pol 50:185–190

    Google Scholar 

  • Rutishauser A (1969) Embryologie und Fortpflanzungsbiologie der Angiospermen. Eine Einführung. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Savina GI (1971) Development of the embryo sac in Ophrys insectifera L. Ann Univ ARERS 9:62–65

    Google Scholar 

  • Schnarf K (1929) Embryologie der Angiospermen. In: Linsbauer K (ed) Handbuch der Pflanzenanatomie. Abt II, Teil 2. Bornträger, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulz P, Jensen WA (1968a) Capsella embryogenesis: The synergids before and after fertilization. Am J Bot 55:541–552

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schulz P, Jensen WA (1968b) Capsella embryogenesis: The egg, zygote, and young embryo. Am J Bot 55:807–819

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schulz P, Jensen WA (1971) Capsella embryogenesis: The chalazal proliferating tissue. J Cell Sci 8:201–227

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schulz P, Jensen WA (1973) Capsella embryogenesis: The central cell. J Cell Sci 12:741–763

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sehgal CB, Gifford EM Jr (1979) Developmental and histochemical studies of the ovules of Nicotiana rustica L. Bot Gaz 140:180–188

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith BB (1973) Quantification in morphological studies with reference to the megagametophyte of angiosperms. ASB Bull 20:82

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith BB (1974) Floral ontogeny ofEupatorium perfoliatum L. (Compositae) with special reference to why angiosperm embryologists should employ the clearing fluid 4–1/2 (“Herr Fluid”). ASB Bull 21:84

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith BB, Herr JM Jr (1971) Ovule development, megagametogenesis, and early embryogeny in Ammannia coccinea Rothb. J Elisha Mitchell Sci Soc 87:192–199

    Google Scholar 

  • Steffen K (1951) Zur Kenntnis des Befruchtungsvorganges bei Impatiens glanduligera Lindl. Cytologische Studien am Embryosack der Balsamineen. Planta 39:175–244

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strasburger E (1877) Über Befruchtung und Zellteilung. Fischer, Jena

    Google Scholar 

  • Swamy BGL, Krishnamurty KV (1975) Embryo sac ontogenies in angiosperms. An elucidation. Phytomorphology 25:12–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Tilton VR (1974) Ultrastructure, histochemistry, and function of the ovule of Agave parryi. Ph D Dissertation, Northern Arizona Univ

    Google Scholar 

  • Tilton VR (1980) Aberrant ovules in angiosperms: A review of selected examples and new observations onOrnithogalum caudatum (Liliaceae). Proc Iowa Acad Sci 87:23–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsai AH, Harney PM, Peterson RL (1973) Megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis inPelargonium hortorum. Can J Bot 51:607–617

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vannereau A (1978) Etude ultrastructural du complex micropylaire du sac embryonnaire adulte de Plantago lanceolata L. Bull Soc Bot Fr 125:201–205

    Google Scholar 

  • Vazart B, Vazart J (1965) Infrastructure de l’ovule de Lin, Linum usitatissimum L.: Les cellules du sac embryonnaire. C R Acad Sci Paris 261:3447–3450

    Google Scholar 

  • Vazart B, Vazart J (1966) Infrastructure du sac embryonnaire du Lin (Linum usitatissimum L.). Rev Cytol Biol Vég 24:251–266

    Google Scholar 

  • Vazart J (1969) Organisation et ultrastructure du sac embryonnaire du Lin (Linum usitatissimum L.). Rev Cytol Biol Vég 32:227–240

    Google Scholar 

  • Vazart J (1971) Dégenerescence d’une synergide et pénétration du tube pollinique dans le sac embryonnaire deLinum usitatissimum L. Ann Univ ARERS 9:89–97

    Google Scholar 

  • Vijayaraghavan MR (1970) Ranunculaceae. In: Johri BM (Convener) Symposium on “Comparative embryology of angiosperms”. Indian Natl Sci Acad, New Delhi, Bull No. 41:45–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Vijayaraghavan MR, Jensen WA, Ashton ME (1972) Synergids ofAquilegia formosa: Their histochemistry and ultrastructure. Phytomorphology 22:144–159

    Google Scholar 

  • Went JL van (1970a) The ultrastructure of the synergids of Petunia. Acta Bot Neerl 19:121–132

    Google Scholar 

  • Went JL van (1970b) The ultrastructure of the egg and central cell of Petunia. Acta Bot Neerl 19:313–322

    Google Scholar 

  • Went JL van (1970c) The ultrastructure of the fertilized embryo sac of Petunia. Acta Bot Neerl 19:468–480

    Google Scholar 

  • Went JL van, Linskens HF (1967) Die Entwicklung des sogenannten „Fadenapparates” im Embryosack von Petunia hybrida. Gen Breed Res 37:51–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Willemse MTM, Bednara J (1979) Polarity during megasporogenesis in Gasteria verrucosa. Phytomorphology 29:156–165

    Google Scholar 

  • Willemse MTM, De Boer-De Jeu MJ (1981) Megasporogenesis and early megagametogenesis. Acta Soc Bot Pol 50:105–114

    Google Scholar 

  • Willemse MTM, Franssen-Verheijen MAW (1978) Cell organelle changes during megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis in Gasteria verrucosa (Mill.) Haw. Bull Soc Bot Fr 125:187–191

    Google Scholar 

  • Willemse MTM, Kapil RN (1981) On some anomalies during megasporogenesis in Gasteria. Acta Bot Neerl 30:439–447

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilms HJ (1980) Development and composition of the spinach ovule. Acta Bot Neerl 29:243–260

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilms HJ (1981a) Ultrastructure of the developing embryo sac of spinach. Acta Bot Neerl 30:75–99

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilms HJ (1981b) Pollen tube penetration and fertilization in spinach. Acta Bot Neerl 30:101–122

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu SH, Chao ChY (1979) Histochemical studies of ovary tissues during the embryo sac development in Paspalum longifolium Roxb. Caryologia 32:147–160

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. M. T. M. Willemse
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. J. L. van Went
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, University of Delhi, 110007, Delhi, India

    Brij Mohan Johri

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1984 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Willemse, M.T.M., van Went, J.L. (1984). The Female Gametophyte. In: Johri, B.M. (eds) Embryology of Angiosperms. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69302-1_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69302-1_4

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-69304-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-69302-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation