Abstract
On a global basis, water is a paramount factor in determining the distribution of species, and the responses and adaptations of a species to water stress are critical for its success in any environmental niche. Numerous studies have reported a myriad of changes elicited by water stress. The changes observed are dependent on the species under study and on the severity, duration, and time course of the stress. Before reviewing the changes in detail, we will first present an overview of stress and responses using the stress-strain concept of physics. Next, we will discuss specific water-related parameters for quantifying plant water status and briefly consider how changes in the parameters may affect plant functions. This is followed by the main body which first reviews and analyzes selected responses to water stress and then examines the integrated adaptive behavior of whole plants.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Acevedo E, Hsiao TC, Henderson DW (1971) Immediate and subsequent growth responses of maize leaves to changes in water status. Plant Physiol 48:631–636
Acevedo E, Fereres E, Hsiao TC, Henderson DW (1979) Diurnal growth trends, water potential, and osmotic adjustment of maize and sorghum leaves in the field. Plant Physiol 64:476–480
Ackerson RC (1980) Stomatal response of cotton to water stress and abscisic acid as affected by water stress history. Plant Physiol 65:455–459
Ackerson RC, Hebert RR (1981) Osmoregulation in cotton in response to water stress. I. Alterations in photosynthesis, leaf conductance, translocation, and ultrastructure. Plant Physiol 67:484–488
Adams DO, Yang SF (1979) Ethylene biosynthesis: Identification of l-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid as an intermediate in the conversion of methionine to ethylene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 76:170–174
Adams PA, Montague MJ, Tepfer M, Rayle DL, Kuma HI, Kaufman PB (1975) Effect of gibberellic acid on the plasticity and elasticity of Avena stem segments. Plant Physiol 56:757–760
Aharoni N (1978) Relationship between leaf water status and endogenous ethylene in detached leaves. Plant Physiol 61:658–662
Aharoni N, Richmond AE (1978) Endogenous gibberellin and abscisic acid content as related to senescence of detached lettuce leaves. Plant Physiol 62:224–228
Aharoni N, Blumenfeld A, Richmond AE (1977) Hormonal activity in detached lettuce leaves as affected by leaf water content. Plant Physiol 59:1169–1173
Apelbaum A, Yang SF (1981) Biosynthesis of stress ethylene induced by water deficit. Plant Physiol 68:594–596
Arad S, Richmond AE (1976) Leaf cell water and enzyme activity. Plant Physiol 57:656–658
Arad S, Mizrahi, Richmond AE (1973) Leaf water content and hormone effects on ribonuclease activity. Plant Physiol 52:510–512
Aspinall D (1980) Role of abscisic acid and other hormones in adaptation to water stress. In: Turner NC, Kramer PJ (eds) Adaptation of plants to water and high temperature stress. Wiley and Sons, New York, pp 155–172
Baker DB, Ray PM (1965) Relation between effects of auxin on cell wall synthesis and cell elongation. Plant Physiol 40:360–368
Barlow EWR, Munns R, Scott NS, Reisner AH (1977) Water potential, growth and polyribosome content of the stressed wheat apex. J Exp Bot 28:909–916
Barlow EWR, Munns RE, Brady CJ (1980) Drought responses of apical meristems. In: Turner NC, Kramer PJ (eds) Adaptation of plants to water and high temperature stress. Wiley and Sons, New York, pp 191–205
Barnett NM, Naylor AW (1966) Amino acid and protein metabolism in Bermuda grass during water stress. Plant Physiol 41:1222–1230
Barr ML (1973) Biosynthesis of abscisic acid: Incorporation of radioactivity from 14C mevalonic acid by intact roots. Plant Physiol Suppl 51:47
Bates GW, Cleland RE (1979) Protein synthesis and auxin-induced growth: Inhibitor studies. Planta 145:437–442
Bates LM, Hall AE (1981) Stomatal closure with soil water depletion not associated with changes in bulk leaf water status. Oecologia 50:62–65
Bayley ST, Setterfield G (1957) The influence of mannitol and auxin on growth of cell walls in Avena coleoptiles. Ann Bot 21:633–641
Bataglia OC (1980) Effects of nitrogen-water-relations on maize productivity. Ph D Dissertation, Univ California, Davis
Beadle CL, Jarvis PG (1977) Effects of shoot water status on some photosynthetic partial processes in Sitka spruce. Physiol Plant 41:7–13
Beadle CL, Stevenson KR, Neumann HH, Thurtell GW, King KM (1973) Diffusive resistance, transpiration, and photosynthesis in single leaves of corn and sorghum in relation to leaf water potential. Can J Plant Sci 53:537–544
Beardsell MF, Cohen D (1975) Relationships between leaf water status, abscisic acid levels, and stomatal resistance in maize and sorghum. Plant Physiol 56:207–212
Begg JE (1980) Morphological adaptations of leaves to water stress. In: Turner NC, Kramer PJ (eds) Adaptation of plants to water and high temperature stress. Wiley and Sons, New York, pp 33–42
Begg JE, Turner NC (1976) Crop water deficits. Adv Agron 28:161–217
Bell DT, Koeppe DE, Miller RJ (1971) The effects of drought stress on respiration of isolated corn mitochondria. Plant Physiol 48:413–415
Bellandi PM, Dörffling K (1974) Transport of abscisic acid-2-14C in intact pea seedlings. Physiol Plant 32:365–368
Bengston C, Falk SD, Larsson S (1979) Effects of kinetin on transpiration rate and abscisic acid content of water stressed young wheat plants. Physiol Plant 45:183–188
Beyer EM, Morgan PW (1971) Abscission: The role of ethylene modification of auxin transport. Plant Physiol 48:208–212
Bisson MA, Gutknecht J (1980) Osmotic regulation in algae. In: Spanswick RM, Lucas WJ, Dainty J (eds) Plant membrane transport: Current conceptual issues. Elsevier/North Holland, Amsterdam, pp 131–146
Blackman VH (1919) The compound interest law and plant growth. Ann Bot 33:353–360
Boggess SF, Stewart CR, Aspinall D, Paleg LG (1976) Effect of water stress on proline synthesis from radioactive precursors. Plant Physiol 58:398–401
Boussiba S, Richmond AE (1976) Abscisic acid and the aftereffect of stress in tobacco plants. Planta 129:217–219
Boussiba S, Rikin A, Richmond AE (1975) The role of abscisic acid in cross-adaptation of tobacco plants. Plant Physiol 56:337–339
Boyer JS (1968) Relationship of water potential to growth of leaves. Plant Physiol 43:1056–1062
Boyer JS (1971) Nonstomatal inhibition of photosynthesis in sunflower at low leaf water potentials and high light intensities. Plant Physiol 48:532–536
Boyer JS (1976) Water deficits and photosynthesis. In: Kozlowski TT (ed) Water deficits and plant growth Vol IV. Soil water measurement, plant responses, and breeding for drought resistance. Academic Press, London New York, pp 153–190
Boyer JS, Bowen BL (1970) Inhibition of oxygen evolution in chloroplasts isolated from leaves with low water potentials. Plant Physiol 45:612–615
Boyer JS, McPherson HG (1975) Physiology of water deficits in cereal crops. Adv Agron 27:1–23
Boyer JS, Wu G (1978) Auxin increases the hydraulic conductivity of auxin-sensitive hypocotyl tissue. Planta 139:227–237
Bradford KJ, Yang SF (1980) Xylem transport of l-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid, an ethylene precursor, in waterlogged tomato plants. Plant Physiol 65:322–326
Bradford KJ, Yang SF (1981) Physiological responses of plants to waterlogging. Hort Science 16:25–30
Brady CJ, Scott NS, Munns R (1974) The interaction of water stress with the senescence pattern of leaves. In: Bieleski RL, Ferguson AR, Creswell MM (eds) Roy Soc N Z, Bull, 12:403–409
Bunce JA (1977) Leaf elongation in relation to leaf water potential in soybean. J Exp Bot 28:156–161
Caemmerer von S (1981) On the relationship between chloroplast biochemistry and gas exchange of leaves. Ph D Dissertation, Aust Natl Univ Canberra
Campbell LC, Raison JK, Brady CJ (1976) Response of plant mitochondria to media of high solute content. J Bioenerg 8:121–129
Catsky J (1974) Water content. In: Slavík B (ed) Methods of studying plant water relations. Ecol Stud Vol IX. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 121–156
Chinnici MF, Peterson DM (1979) Temperature and drought effects on blast and other characteristics in developing oats. Crop Sci 19:893–897
Cleland RE (1967a) A dual role of turgor pressure in auxin-induced cell elongation in Avena coleoptiles. Planta 77:182–191
Cleland RE (1967b) Extensibility of isolated cell walls: Measurement and changes during cell elongation. Planta 74:197–209
Cleland RE (1971) Instability of growth-limiting proteins of the Avena coleoptile and their pool size in relation to auxin. Planta 99:1–11
Cleland RE (1975) Auxin-induced hydrogen ion excretion: correlation with growth, and control by external pH and water stress. Planta 127:233–242
Cleland RE, Rayle DL (1978) Auxin, H+-excretion and cell elongation. Bot Mag Tokyo Spec Issue 1:125–139
Cole PJ, Alston AM (1974) Effect of transient dehydration on absorption of chloride by wheat roots. Plant Soil 40:243–247
Collatz GJ (1977) Influence of certain environmental factors on photosynthesis and photorespiration in Simmondsia chinensis. Planta 134:127–132
Collatz J, Ferrar PJ, Slatyer RO (1976) Effects of water stress and differential hardening treatments on photosynthetic characteristics of a xeromorphic shrub, Eucalyptus socialis F. Muell. Oecologia 23:95–105
Collins JC, Kerrigan AP (1974) The effect of kinetin and abscisic acid on water and ion transport in isolated maize roots. New Phytol 73:309–314
Cowan IR, Raven JA, Hartung W, Farquhar GD (1982) A possible role for abscisic acid in coupling stomatal conductance and photosynthetic carbon metabolism in leaves. Aust J Plant Physiol in press
Craker LE, Cookson C, Osborne DJ (1978) Control of proton extrusion and cell elongation by ethylene and auxin in the water-plant Ranunculus sceleratus. Plant Sci Lett 12:379–385
Cram WJ (1980) Chloride accumulation as a homeostatic system: Negative feedback signals for concentration and turgor maintenance differ in a glycophyte and a halophyte. Aust J Plant Physiol 7:237–249
Cram WJ, Pitman MA (1972) The action of abscisic acid on ion uptake and water flow in plant roots. Aust J Biol Sci 25:1125–1132
Cutler JM, Rains DW, Loomis RS (1977) The importance of cell size in the water relations of plants. Physiol Plant 40:255–260
Cutler JM, Shahan KW, Steponkus PL (1980 a) Influence of water deficits and osmotic adjustment on leaf elongation in rice. Crop Sci 20:314–318
Cutler JM, Steponkus PL, Wach MJ, Shahan KW (1980b) Dynamic aspects and enhancement of leaf elongation in rice. Plant Physiol 66:147–152
Darbyshire B (1971) Changes in indoleacetic acid oxidase activity associated with plant water potential. Physiol Plant 25:80–84
Davenport TL, Morgan PW, Jordan WR (1977) Auxin transport as related to leaf abscission during water stress in cotton. Plant Physiol 59:554–557
Davenport TL, Morgan PW, Jordan WR (1980) Reduction of auxin transport capacity with age and internal water deficits in cotton petioles. Plant Physiol 65:1023–1025
Davies FS, Lakso AN (1978) Water relations in apple seedlings: changes in water potential components, abscisic acid levels and stomatal conductances under irrigated and non-irrigated conditions. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 103:310–313
Davies WJ, Mansfield TA, Wellburn RR (1980) A role for abscisic acid in drought endurance and drought avoidance. In: Skoog F (ed) Plant growth substances 1979. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 242–253
Davies WJ, Wilson JA, Sharp RE, Osonubi O (1981) Control of stomatal behavior in water-stressed plants. In: Jarvis PG, Mansfield TA (eds) Stomatal physiology. Univ Press, Cambridge, pp 163–185
Dewdney SJ, McWha JA (1978) The metabolism and transport of abscisic acid during grain fill in wheat. J Exp Bot 29:1299–1308
Dhindsa RS, Cleland RE (1975a) Water stress and protein synthesis. I. Differential inhibition of protein synthesis. Plant Physiol 55:778–781
Dhindsa RS, Cleland RE (1975b) Water stress and protein synthesis. II. Interaction between water stress, hydrostatic pressure, and abscisic acid on the pattern of protein synthesis in Avena coleoptiles. Plant Physiol 55:782–785
Dhindsa RS, Baesley CA, Ting IP (1975) Osmoregulation in cotton fiber: Accumulation of potassium and malate during growth. Plant Physiol 56:394–398
Ehret DL, Boyer JS (1979) Potassium loss from stomatal guard cells at low water potential. J Exp Bot 30:225–234
El-Beltagy AS, Hall MA (1974) Effect of water stress upon endogenous ethylene levels in Vicia faba. New Phytol 73:47–60
Ellis FB, Elliot JG, Barnes BT, Howse KR (1977) Comparison of direct drilling, reduced cultivation and ploughing on the growth of cereals. II. Spring barley on a sandy loam soil: soil physical conditions and root growth. J Agric Sci 89:631–642
El Nadi AH, Brouwer R, Locher J Th (1969) Some responses of the root and the shoot of Vicia faba plants to water stress. Neth J Agric Sci 17:133–142
Evans LT (1966) Abscisin II: Inhibitory effect on flower induction in a long-day plant. Science 151:107–108
Farquhar GD, Sharkey TD (1982) Stomatal conductance and photosynthesis. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 33:317–345
Fereres E, Acevedo E, Henderson DW, Hsiao TC (1978) Seasonal changes in water potential and turgor maintenance in sorghum and maize under water stress. Physiol Plant 44:261–267
Fischer RA (1971) Role of potassium in stomatal opening in the leaf of Vicia faba. Plant Physiol 47:555–558
Fischer RA (1973) The effect of water stress at various stages of development on yield processes in wheat. In: Slatyer RO (ed) Plant response to climatic factors. Proc Uppsala Symp UNESCO, Paris
Fischer RA (1979) Growth and water limitation to dryland wheat yield in Australia: a physiological framework. J Aust Inst Agric Sci 45:83–93
Fischer RA (1980) Influence of water stress on crop yield in semiarid regions. In: Turner NC, Kramer PJ (eds) Adaptation of plants to water and high temperature stress. Wiley and Sons, New York, pp 323–340
Fischer RA, Hagan RM (1965) Plant water relations, irrigation management and crop yield. Exp Agric 1:161–177
Fischer RA, Kohn GD (1966) The relationship between evapotranspiration and growth in the wheat crop. Aust J Agric Res 17:255–267
Flowers TJ, Hanson JB (1969) The effect of reduced water potential on soybean mitochondria. Plant Physiol 44:939–945
Flowers TJ, Troke PF, Yeo AR (1977) The mechanism of salt tolerance in halophytes. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 28:89–121
Friedrich JW, Huffaker RC (1980) Photosynthesis, leaf resistance and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase degradation in senescing barley leaves. Plant Physiol 65:1103–1107
Frota JNE, Tucker TC (1978a) Absorption rates of ammonium and nitrate by red kidney beans under salt and water stress. Soil Sci Soc Am J 42:753–756
Frota JNE, Tucker TC (1978b) Salt and water stress influences nitrogen metabolism in red kidney beans. Soil Sci Soc Am J 42:743–746
Fry KE (1970) Some factors affecting the Hill reaction activity in cotton chloroplasts. Plant Physiol 45:465–469
Fry KE (1972) Inhibition of ferricyanide reduction in chloroplasts prepared from water-stressed cotton leaves. Crop Sci 12:698–701
Gimmler H, Heilmann B, Demmig B, Hartung W (1981) The permeability of the plasma-lemma and the chloroplast envelope of spinach mesophyll cells for phytohormones. Z Naturforsch 36 C: 672–678
Glinka Z (1977) Effects of abscisic acid and of hydrostatic pressure gradient on water movement through excised sunflower roots. Plant Physiol 59:933–935
Glinka Z (1980) Abscisic acid promotes both volume flow and ion release to the xylem in sunflower roots. Plant Physiol 65:537–540
Goldbach H, Goldbach E (1975) Abscisic acid translocation and influence of water stress on grain abscisic acid content. J Exp Bot 28:1342–1350
Göring H, Bleiss W, Kretschmer H (1978) Stimulated elongation growth of coleoptile segments as a consequence of activated H+ secretion after temporary turgor reduction. Biochem Physiol Pflanz 173:373–376
Govindjee, Downton WJS, Fork DC, Armond PA (1981) Chlorophyll a fluorescence transient as an indicator of water potential of leaves. Plant Sci Lett 20:191–194
Graziani Y, Livne A (1971) Dehydration, water fluxes, and permeability of tobacco leaf tissue. Plant Physiol 48:575–579
Greacen EL, Oh JS (1972) Physics of root growth. Nature (London) New Biol 235:24–25
Green PB (1968) Growth physics in Nitella: a method for continuous in vivo analysis of extensibility based on a micro-manometer technique for turgor pressure. Plant Physiol 43:1169–1184
Green PB, Erickson RO, Buggy J (1971) Metabolic and physical control of cell elongation rate — in vivo studies in Nitella. Plant Physiol 47:423–430
Green PB, Bauer K, Cummins WR (1977) Biophysical model for plant cell growth: auxin effects. In: Jungreis AM, Hodges TK, Kleinzeller A, Schultz SG (eds) Water relations in membrane transport in plants and animals. Academic Press, London New York, pp 30–45
Greenway H, Klepper B (1968) Phosphorus transport to the xylem and its regulation by water flow. Planta 83:119–136
Greenway H, Leahy M (1970) Effects of rapidly and slowly permeating osmotica on metabolism. Plant Physiol 46:259–262
Grenetz PS, List A JR (1973) A model for predicting growth response of plants to changes in external water potential: Zea mays primary root. J Theor Biol 39:29–45
Hall MA, Kapuya JA, Sivakumaran S, John A (1977) The role of ethylene in the response of plants to stress. Pestic Sci 8:217–223
Hanson AD, Hitz WD (1982) Water deficit and the nitrogen economy. In: Taylor H, Jordan W, Sinclair T (eds) Efficient water use in crop production. Am Soc Agron, Madison, Wisconsin, in press
Hanson AD, Nelsen CE (1978) Betaine accumulation and [14C] formate metabolism in water-stressed barley leaves. Plant Physiol 62:305–312
Hanson AD, Nelsen CE, Everson EH (1977) Evaluation of free proline accumulation as an index of drought resistance using two contrasting barley cultivars. Crop Sci 17:720–726
Hanson AD, Nelsen CE, Pedersen AR, Everson EH (1979) Capacity for proline accumulation during water stress in barley and its implications for breeding for drought resistance. Crop Sci 19:489–493
Harrison MA, Walton DC (1975) Abscisic acid metabolism in water stressed bean leaves. Plant Physiol 56:250–256
Hartung W (1976) Effect of water stress on transport of [2-14C] abscisic acid in intact plants of Phaseolus coccineus L. Oecologia 26:177–183
Hartung W, Witt J (1968) Über den Einfluß der Bodenfeuchtigkeit auf den Wuchsstoffgehalt von Anastatica hierochuntica und Helianthus annuus. Flora (Jena) Abt B 157:603–614
Hartung W, Heilmann B, Gimmler H (1981) Do chloroplasts play a role in abscisic acid synthesis? Plant Sci Lett 22:235–242
Haschke H-P, Lüttge U (1975 a) Interaction between IAA, potassium and malate accumulation, and growth in Avena coleoptile segments. Z Pflanzenphysiol 76:450–455
Haschke H-P, Lüttge U (1975b) Stoichiometric correlation of malate accumulation with auxin-dependent K+-H+ exchange and growth in Avena coleoptile segments. Plant Physiol 56:696–698
Haschke H-P, Lüttge U (1977) Action of auxin on CO2 dark fixation in Avena coleoptiles segments as related to elongation growth. Plant Sci Lett 8:53–58
Heilmann B, Hartung W, Gimmler H (1980) The distribution of abscisic acid between chloroplasts and cytoplasm of leaf cells and the permeability of the chloroplast envelope for abscisic acid. Z Pflanzenphysiol 97:67–78
Henson IE (1981) Changes in abscisic acid content during stomatal closure in pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke). Plant Sci Lett 21:121–127
Heuer B, Plaut Z, Federman E (1979) Nitrate and nitrite reduction in wheat leaves as affected by different types of water stress. Physiol Plant 46:318–323
Hewitt EB (1975) Assimilatory nitrate — nitrite reduction. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 26:73–100
Hiron RW, Wright STC (1973) The role of endogenous abscisic acid in the response of plants to stress. J Exp Bot 24:769–781
Hoad GV (1973) Effect of moisture stress on abscisic acid levels in Ricinus communis L. with particular reference to phloem exudate. Planta 113:367–372
Hoad GV (1975) Effect of osmotic stress on abscisic acid levels in xylem sap of sunflower. Planta 124:25–29
Hoad GV (1978) Effect of water stress on abscisic acid levels in white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) fruit, leaves and phloem exudate. Planta 142:287–290
Hsiao TC (1970) Rapid changes in levels of polyribosomes in Zea mays in response to water stress. Plant Physiol 46:281–285
Hsiao TC (1973a) Plant responses to water stress. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 24:519–570
Hsiao TC (1973b) Effects of water deficit on guard cell potassium and stomatal movement. Plant Physiol Suppl 51:9
Hsiao TC (1976) Stomatal ion transport. In: Lüttge U, Pitman MG (eds) Encyclopedia of plant physiology new ser vol II. Transport in plants II, Part B, tissues and organs. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 193–221
Hsiao TC, Acevedo E (1974) Plant responses to water deficits, water use efficiency and drought resistance. Agric Meteorol 14:59–84
Hsiao TC, Acevedo E, Fereres E, Henderson DW (1976a) Stress metabolism: water stress, growth, and osmotic adjustment. Philos Trans R Soc London Ser B 273:479–500
Hsiao TC, Fereres E, Acevedo E, Henderson DW (1976 b) Water stress and dynamics of growth and yield of crop plants. In: Lange, OL, Kappen L, Schulze E-D (eds) Water and plant life: problems and modern approaches. Ecol Stud Vol 19. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 281–305
Hsiao TC, Bradford KJ (1982) Physiological consequences of cellular water deficits. In: Taylor HM, Jordan WR, Sinclair TR (eds) Efficient water use in crop production. Am Soc Agron, Madison, Wisconsin, in press
Huang C-Y, Boyer JS, Vanderhoef LN (1975) Limitation of acetylene reduction (nitrogen fixation) by photosynthesis in soybean having low water potentials. Plant Physiol 56:228–232
Hüsken D, Steudle E, Zimmermann U (1978) Pressure probe technique for measuring water relations of cells in higher plants. Plant Physiol 61:158–163
Huffaker RC, Radin T, Kleinkopf GE, Cox EL (1970) Effects of mild water stress on enzymes of nitrate assimilation and of the carboxylative phase of photosynthesis in barley. Crop Sci 10:471–474
Itai C, Benzioni A (1976) Water stress and hormonal response. In: Lange OL, Kappen L, Schulze E-D (eds) Water and plant life: problems and modern approaches. Ecol Stud Vol 19. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 176–188
Itai C, Vaadia Y (1965) Kinetin-like activity in root exudate of water-stressed sunflower plants. Physiol Plant 18:941–944
Itai C, Vaadia Y (1971) Cytokinin activity in water-stressed shoots. Plant Physiol 47:87–90
Itai C, Richmond A, Vaadia Y (1968) The role of root cytokinins during water and salinity stress. Isr J Bot 17:187–195
Jackson MB, Hartley CB, Osborne DJ (1973) Timing abscission in Phaseolus vulgaris L. by controlling ethylene production and sensitivity to ethylene. New Phytol 72:1251–1260
Jarvis PG (1980) Stomatal response to water stress in conifers. In: Turner NC, Kramer PJ (eds) Adaptation of plants to water and high temperature stress. Wiley and Sons, New York, pp 105–122
Jewer PC, Incoll LD (1980) Promotion of stomatal opening in the grass Anthephora pubescens Nees by a range of natural and synthetic cytokinins. Planta 150:218–221
Johnson KD, Rayle DL (1976) Enhancement of CO2 uptake in Avena coleoptiles by fusicoccin. Plant Physiol 57:806–811
Johnson RR, Frey NM, Moss DN (1974) Effect of water stress on photosynthesis and transpiration of flag leaves and spikes of barley and wheat. Crop Sci 14:728–731
Jones HG (1973 a) Limiting factors in photosynthesis. New Phytol 72:1089–1094
Jones HG (1973 b) Moderate-term water stresses and associated changes in some photosynthetic parameters in cotton. New Phytol 72:1095–1105
Jones HG (1980) Interaction and integration of adaptive responses to water stress: The implications of an unpredictable environment. In: Turner NC, Kramer PJ (eds) Adaptation of plants to water and high temperature stress. Wiley and Sons, New York, pp 353–365
Jones MM, Rawson HM (1979) Influence of rate of development of leaf water deficits upon photosynthesis, leaf conductance, water use efficiency, and osmotic potential in sorghum. Physiol Plant 45:103–111
Jordan WR (1982) Whole plant response to water deficits: An overview. In: Taylor H, Jordan W, Sinclair T (eds) Limitations to efficient water use in crop production. Am Soc Agron, Madison, Wisconsin, in press
Jordan WR, Miller FR (1980) Genetic variability in sorghum root systems: implications for drought tolerance. In: Turner NC, Kramer PJ (eds) Adaptation of plants to water and high temperature stress. Wiley and Sons, New York, pp 383–400
Jordan WR, Morgan PW, Davenport TL (1972) Water stress enhances ethylene-mediated leaf abscission in cotton. Plant Physiol 50:756–758
Jordan WR, Brown KW, Thomas JC (1975) Leaf age as a determinant in stomatal control of water loss from cotton during water stress. Plant Physiol 56:595–599
Kaiser WM, Hartung W (1981) Uptake and release of abscisic acid by isolated photoautotrophic mesophyll cells, depending on pH gradients. Plant Physiol 68:202–206
Kaldewey H, Ginkel U, Wawczyniak G (1974) Auxin transport and water stress in pea (Pisum sativum L.). Ber Dtsch Bot Ges 87:563–576
Karmoker JL, Steveninck van RFM (1978) Stimulation of volume flow and ion flux by abscisic acid in excised root systems of Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Redland Pioneer. Planta 141:37–43
Katsumi M, Kazama H (1978) Gibberellin control of cell elongation in cucumber hypocotyls sections. Bot Mag Tokyo Spec Issue 1:141–158
Kauss H (1977) Biochemistry of osmotic regulation. In: Northcote DH (ed) Int Rev Biochem, Plant Biochem II, vol XIII. Univ Park Press, Baltimore, pp 119–140
Keck RW, Boyer JS (1974) Chloroplast response to low leaf water potentials. III. Differing inhibition of electron transport and photophosphorylation. Plant Physiol 53:474–479
King RW (1976) Abscisic acid in developing wheat grains and its relationship to grain growth and maturation. Planta 132:43–51
King RW, Evans LT (1977) Inhibition of flowering in Lolium temulentum L. by water stress: a role for abscisic acid. Aust J Plant Physiol 4:225–233
Klepper B, Taylor HM, Huck MG, Fiscus EL (1973) Water relations and growth of cotton in drying soil. Agron J 65:307–310
Koeppe DE, Miller RJ, Bell DT (1973) Drought-affected mitochondrial processes as related to tissue and whole plant response. Agron J 65:566–569
Kozlowski TT (1976) Water supply and leaf shedding. In: Kozlowski TT (ed) Water deficits and plant growth, vol IV. Academic Press, London New York, pp 191–231
Kramer PJ (1980) Drought, stress, and the origin of adaptations. In: Turner NC, Kramer PJ (eds) Adaptation of plants to water and high temperature stress. Wiley and Sons, New York, pp 7–20
Kuiper PJC (1972) Water transport across membranes. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 23:157–172
Labavitch JM (1981) Cell wall turnover in plant development. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 32:385–406
Labavitch JM, Ray PM (1974) Relationship between promotion of xyloglucan metabolism and induction of elongation by indoleacetic acid. Plant Physiol 54:499–502
Lado P, Rasi-Caldogno F, Colombo R (1977) Effect of cycloheximide on IAA- or FC-induced cell enlargement in pea internode segments. Plant Sci Lett 9:93–101
Ladyman JAR, Hitz WD, Hanson AD (1980) Translocation and metabolism of glycine betaine by barley plants in relation to water stress. Planta 150:191–196
Lahiri AN (1980) Interaction of water stress and mineral nutrition on growth and yield. In: Turner NC, Kramer PJ (eds) Adaptation of plants to water and high temperature stress. Wiley and Sons, New York, pp 341–352
Lee-Stadelmann OY, Stadelmann EJ (1976) Cell permeability and water stress. In: Lange OL, Kappen L, Schulze E-D (eds) Water and plant life: Problems and modern approaches. Ecol Stud Vol 19. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 268–280
Levitt J (1980) Stress and strain terminology. In: Levitt J (ed) Responses of plants to environmental stresses, Vol I, 2nd edn. Academic Press, London New York, pp 3–19
Lockhart JA (1965) An analysis of irreversible plant cell elongation. J Theor Biol 8:264–276
Loescher WA, Nevins DJ (1973) Turgor-dependent changes in Avena coleoptile cell wall composition. Plant Physiol 52:248–251
Lorimer GH, Andrews TJ (1980) The C2 photo- and chemorespiratory carbon oxidation cycle. In: Hatch MD, Boardman NK (eds) The biochemistry of plants, vol VIII. Academic Press, London New York, pp 329–374
Lösch R, Schenk B (1978) Humidity responses of stomata and the potassium content of guard cells. J Exp Bot 29:781–787
Loveys BR (1977) The intracellular location of abscisic acid in stressed and non-stressed leaf tissue. Physiol Plant 40:6–10
Loveys BR, Kriedemann PE (1973) Rapid changes in abscisic acid-like inhibitors following alterations in vine leaf water potential. Physiol Plant 28:476–479
Ludlow MM (1980) Adaptive significance of stomatal responses to water stress. In: Turner NC, Kramer PJ (eds) Adaptation of plants to water and high temperature stress. Wiley and Sons, New York, pp 123–138
Ludlow MM, Ng TT, Ford CW (1980) Recovery after water stress of leaf gas exchange in Panicum maximum var. trichoglume. Aust J Plant Physiol 7:299–313
Lürssen K, Naumann K, Schröder R (1979) l-Aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid — a new intermediate of ethylene biosynthesis. Naturwissenschaften 66:264–265
Luxmoore RJ, Millington RJ, Marcellos H (1971) Soybean canopy structure and some radiant energy relations. Agron J 63:111–114
MacDowall FDH (1963) Midday closure of stomata in aging tobacco leaves. Can J Bot 41:1289–1300
Mansfield TA, Wellburn AR, Moreira TJS (1978) The role of abscisic acid and farnesol in the alleviation of water stress. Philos Trans R Soc London Ser B 284:471–482
Maranville JW, Paulsen GM (1972) Alteration of protein composition of corn (Zea mays L.) seedlings during moisture stress. Crop Sci 12:660–663
Markhart AH III, Fiscus EL, Naylor AW, Kramer PJ (1979) Effect of abscisic acid on root hydraulic conductivity. Plant Physiol 64:611–614
Marré E, Lado P, Rasi Caldogno F, Colombo R (1973) Correlation between cell enlargement in pea internode segments and decrease in the pH of the medium of incubation. I. Effects of fusicoccin, natural and synthetic auxins and mannitol. Plant Sci Lett 1:179–184
Masuda Y (1978) Auxin-induced cell wall loosening. Bot Mag Tokyo Spec Issue 1:103–123
Masuda Y, Sakurai N, Tazawa M, Shimmen T (1978) Effects of osmotic shock on auxin-induced cell extension, cell wall changes and acidification in Avena coleoptile segments. Plant Cell Physiol 19:857–867
McMichael BL, Elmore CD (1977) Proline accumulation in water-stressed cotton leaves. Crop Sci 17:905–908
McMichael BL, Jordan WR, Powell RD (1972) An effect of water stress on ethylene production by intact cotton petioles. Plant Physiol 49:658–660
McMichael BL, Jordan WR, Powell RD (1973) Abscission processes in cotton: induction by plant water deficit. Agron J 65:202–204
McNeil DL (1976) The basis of osmotic pressure maintenance during expansion growth in Helianthus annuus hypocotyls. Aust J Plant Physiol 3:311–324
Mederski HJ, Chen LH, Curry RB (1975) Effect of leaf water deficit on stomatal and nonstomatal regulation of net carbon dioxide assimilation. Plant Physiol 55:589–593
Meidner H, Edwards M (1975) Direct measurement of turgor pressure potentials of guard cells. J Exp Bot 26:319–320
Meyer RF, Boyer JS (1972) Sensitivity of cell division and cell elongation to low water potentials in soybean hypocotyls. Planta 108:77–87
Michelena VA, Boyer JS (1980) Growth and osmotic adjustment in maize leaves having low water potentials. Plant Physiol Suppl 65:8
Milborrow BV (1974) The chemistry and physiology of abscisic acid. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 25:259–307
Milborrow BV (1978) The stability of conjugated abscisic acid during wilting. J Exp Bot 29:1059–1066
Milborrow BV (1979) Antitranspirants and the regulation of abscisic acid content. Aust J Plant Physiol 6:249–254
Milborrow BV, Robinson DR (1973) Factors affecting the biosynthesis of abscisic acid. J Exp Bot 24:537–548
Milburn JA (1979) Water flow in plants. Longman, London New York
Mizrahi Y, Richmond AE (1972) Hormonal modification of plant response to water stress. Aust J Biol Sci 25:437–442
Mizrahi Y, Blumenfeld A, Richmond AE (1972) The role of abscisic acid and salination in the adaptive response of plants to reduced root aeration. Plant Cell Physiol 13:15–21
Mohanty P, Boyer JS (1976) Chloroplast response to low leaf water potentials. IV. Quantum yield is reduced. Plant Physiol 57:704–709
Molz FJ, Boyer JS (1978) Growth-induced water potentials in plant cells and tissues. Plant Physiol 62:423–429
Mooney HA, Björkman O, Collatz GJ (1977) Photosynthetic acclimation to temperature and water stress in the desert shrub Larrea divaricata. Carnegie Inst Yearb 76:328–335
Morgan JM (1980) Possible role of abscisic acid in reducing seed set in water-stressed wheat plants. Nature (London) 285:655–657
Morilla CA, Boyer JS, Hageman RH (1973) Nitrate reductase activity and polyribosomal content of corn (Zea mays L.) having low leaf water potentials. Plant Physiol 51:817–824
Munns R, Brady CJ, Barlow EWR (1979) Solute accumulation in the apex and leaves of wheat during water stress. Aust J Plant Physiol 6:379–389
Mussell H, Staples RC (1979) Stress physiology in crop plants. Wiley-Interscience, New York, 510 p
Nulsen RA, Turtell GW, Stevenson FR (1975) Response of leaf water potential to pressure changes at the root surface of corn plants. Agron J 69:951–954
Nye PH, Tinker PB (1977) Solute movement in the soil-root system. Stud Ecol, vol IV Univ California Press, Berkeley, 342 p
Oliveira EC, Hsiao TC (1980) Osmotic adjustment of cotton to water stress: time course and associated changes in growth and assimilation. Plant Physiol Suppl 65:6
Osmond CB (1976) Ion absorption and carbon metabolism in cells of higher plants. In: Lüttge U, Pitman MG (eds) Transport in plants II. Encyclopedia of plant physiology new ser vol II, part A, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 347–372
Osmond CB, Winter K, Powles SB (1980) Adaptive significance of carbon dioxide cycling during photosynthesis in water-stressed plants. In: Turner NC, Kramer PJ (eds) Adaptation of plants to water and high temperature stress. Wiley and Sons, New York, pp 139–154
O’Toole JC, Cruz RT (1980) Response of leaf water potential, stomatal resistance and leaf rolling to water stress. Plant Physiol 31:44–53
O’Toole JC, Crookston RK, Treharne KJ, Ozbun JL (1976) Mesophyll resistance and carboxylase activity. A comparison under water stress conditions. Plant Physiol 57:465–468
O’Toole JC, Cruz RT, Singh TN (1979) Leaf rolling and transpiration. Plant Sci Lett 16:111–114
Paleg LG, Aspinall D (eds) (1981) Physiology and biochemistry of drought resistance in plants. Academic Press, Sydney, 492 p
Pallaghy CK, Raschke K (1972) No stomatal response to ethylene. Plant Physiol 49:275–276
Parrondo RT, Smith RC, Lazurick K (1975) Rubidium absorption by corn root tissue after a brief period of water stress and during recovery. Physiol Plant 35:34–38
Pate JS (1980) Transport and partitioning of nitrogenous solutes. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 31:313–340
Pearcy RW (1982) Non-stomatal inhibition of photosynthesis by water stress. In: Taylor HM, Jordan WR, Sinclair TR (eds) Efficient water use in crop production. Am Soc Agron, Madison, Wisconsin, in press
Pearson RW (1966) Soil environment and root development. In: Pierre WH, Kirkham D, Pesek J, Shaw R (eds) Plant environment and efficient water use. Am Soc Agron, Soil Sci Soc Am, Madison, Wisconsin, pp 95–126
Penny P (1971) Growth-limiting proteins in relation to auxin-induced cell elongation in lupin hypocotyls. Plant Physiol 48:720–723
Penny P, Penny D (1978) Rapid responses to phytohormones In: Letham DS, Goodwin PB, Higgins TJV (eds) Phytohormones and related compounds — a comprehensive treatise, vol II. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 537–597
Petrie AHK, Wood JG (1938) Studies on the nitrogen metabolism of plants. I. The relation between the content of proteins, amino acids, and water in the leaves. Ann Bot 2:33–60
Pheloung P, Barlow EWR (1981) Respiration and carbohydrate accumulation in the water-stressed wheat apex. J Exp Bot 32:921–931
Pierce M, Raschke K (1980) Correlation between loss of turgor and accumulation of abscisic acid in detached leaves. Planta 148:174–182
Pierce M, Raschke K (1981) Synthesis and metabolism of abscisic acid in detached leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris L. after loss and recovery of turgor. Planta 153:156–165
Pitman MG, Wellfare O (1978) Inhibition of ion transport in excised barley roots by abscisic acid; relation to water permeability of the roots. J Exp Bot 29:1125–1138
Pitman MG, Lüttge U, Läudili A, Ball E (1974a) Action of abscisic acid on ion transport as affected by root temperature and nutrient status. J Exp Bot 25:147–155
Pitman MG, Lüttge U, Läuchli A, Ball E (1974b) Effect of previous water stress on ion uptake and transport in barley seedlings. Aust J Plant Physiol 1:377–385
Plaut Z (1974) Nitrate reductase activity of wheat seedlings during exposure to and recovery from water stress and salinity. Physiol Plant 30:212–217
Premecz G, Olah T, Gulyas A, Nyitrai A, Palfi G, Farkas GL (1977) Is the increase in ribonuclease level in isolated tobacco protoplasts due to osmotic stress? Plant Sci Lett 9:195–200
Quarrie SA, Jones HG (1977) Effects of abscisic acid and water stress on development and morphology of wheat. J Exp Bot 28:192–203
Quebedeaux B, Sweetser PB, Rowell JC (1976) Abscisic acid levels in soybean reproductive structures during development. Plant Physiol 58:363–366
Radin JW, Ackerson RC (1981) Water relations of cotton plants under nitrogen deficiency III. Stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, and abscisic acid accumulation during drought. Plant Physiol 67:115–119
Raschke K (1975) Stomatal action. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 26:309–340
Raschke K (1979) Movements of stomata. In: Haupt W, Feinleib ME (eds) Physiology of movements. Encyclopedia of plant physiology new ser vol VII. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 383–441
Raschke K, Zeevaart JAD (1976) Abscisic acid content, transpiration, and stomatal conductance as related to leaf age in plants of Xanthium strumarium L. Plant Physiol 58:169–174
Rawson HM (1979) Vertical wilting and photosynthesis, transpiration, and water use efficiency of sunflower leaves. Aust J Plant Physiol 6:109–120
Ray PM (1962) Cell wall synthesis and cell elongation in oat coleoptile tissue. Am J Bot 49:928–939
Ray PM, Green PB, Cleland R (1972) Role of turgor in plant cell growth. Nature (London) 239:163–164
Rayle DL (1973) Auxin-induced hydrogen ion secretion in Avena coleoptiles and its implication. Planta 114:63–73
Reed NR, Bonner BA (1974) The effect of abscisic acid on the uptake of potassium and chloride into Avena coleoptile sections. Planta 116:173–185
Rehm MM, Cline MG (1973) Inhibition of low pH-induced elongation in Avena coleoptiles by abscisic acid. Plant Physiol 51:946–948
Rikin A, Richmond AE (1976) Amelioration of chilling injuries in cucumber seedlings by abscisic acid. Physiol Plant 38:95–97
Rikin A, Blumenfeld A, Richmond AE (1976) Chilling resistance as affected by stressing environment and ABA. Bot Gaz 137:307–312
Rubinstein B (1977) Osmotic shock inhibits auxin-stimulated acidification and growth. Plant Physiol 59:369–371
Sakurai W, Masuda Y (1977) Effect of indole-3-acetic acid on cell wall loosening: changes in mechanical properties and noncellulosic glucose content of Avena coleoptile cell wall. Plant Cell Physiol 18:587–594
Santarius KA, Ernst R (1967) Hill reaction and photophosphorylation of isolated chloroplasts in relation to water content. I. Removal of water by means of concentrated solutions. Planta 73:91–108
Saugier B (1976) Sunflower. In: Monteith JL (ed) Vegetation and the atmosphere, vol II. Case studies. Academic Press, London New York, pp 87–119
Scott NS, Munns R, Barlow EWR (1979) Polyribosome content in young and aged wheat leaves subjected to drought. J Exp Bot 30:905–911
Setter TL, Brun WA, Brenner ML (1980) Effect of obstructed translocation on leaf abscisic acid, and associated stomatal closure and photosynthesis decline. Plant Physiol 65:1111–1115
Shaner DL, Boyer JS (1976) Nitrate reductase activity in maize (Zea mays L.) leaves. II. Regulation by nitrate flux at low leaf water potential. Plant Physiol 58:505–509
Sharp RE, Davies WJ (1975) Solute regulation and growth by roots and shoots of water-stressed maize plants. Planta 147:43–49
Sharp RE, Osonubi O, Wood WA, Davies WJ (1979) A simple instrument for measuring leaf extension in grasses, and its application in the study of the effects of water stress on maize and sorghum. Ann Bot 44:35–45
Silk WK, Wagner KK (1980) Growth-sustaining water potential distributions in the primary corn root: A noncompartmental continuum model. Plant Physiol 66:859–863
Sinclair TR, Wit de CT (1975) Photosynthate and nitrogen requirements for seed production by various crops. Science 189:565–567
Singh TN, Paleg LG, Aspinall D (1973) Stress metabolism. III. Variations in response to water deficit in the barley plant. Aust J Biol Sci 26:65–76
Slatyer RO (1973) Effects of short periods of water stress on leaf photosynthesis. In: Slatyer RO (ed) Plant response to climatic factors. Proc Uppsala Symp 1970. UNESCO, Paris, pp 271–276
Smith FA, Raven JA (1979) Intracellular pH and its regulation. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 30:289–311
Sodek L, Wright STC (1969) The effect of kinetin on ribonuclease, acid phosphatase, lipase and esterase levels in detached wheat leaves. Phytochemistry 8:1629–1640
Sprent JI (1981) Nitrogen fixation. In: Paleg LG, Aspinall D (eds) Physiology and biochemistry of drought resistance in plants. Academic Press, Sydney, pp 131–143
Sojka RE, Stolzy LH (1980) Soil-oxygen effects on stomatal response. Soil Sci 130:350–358
Stâlfelt MG (1955) The stomata as a hydrophotic regulator of the water deficit of the plant. Physiol Plant 8:572–593
Staden van J, Davey JE (1979) The synthesis, transport and metabolism of endogenous cytokinins. Plant Cell Environ 2:93–106
Steudle E, Cosgrove D (1981) Water relations of growing pea epicotyl. Abstr XIII Int Bot Congr, Sydney, August 21–28, p 247
Stevenson TT, Cleland RE (1981) Osmoregulation in the Avena coleoptile in relation to auxin and growth. Plant Physiol 67:749–753
Stewart CR, Hanson AD (1980) Proline accumulation as a metabolic response to water stress. In: Turner NC, Kramer PJ (eds) Adaptation of plants to water and high temperature stress. Wiley and Sons, New York, pp 173–189
Stewart CR, Boggess SF, Aspinall D, Paleg LG (1977) Inhibition of proline oxidation by water stress. Plant Physiol 59:930–932
Storey R, Ahmad N, Wyn Jones RG (1977) Taxonomic and ecological aspects of the distribution of glycine betaine and related compounds in plants. Oecologia 27:319–332
Stout RG, Johnson KD, Rayle DC (1978) Rapid auxin and fusicoccin-enhanced Rb+ uptake and malate synthesis in Avena coleoptile sections. Planta 139:35–41
Stuart DA, Jones RL (1978a) Role of cation and anion uptake in salt-stimulated elongation of lettuce hypocotyl sections. Plant Physiol 61:180–183
Stuart DA, Jones RL (1978 b) The role of acidification in gibberellic acid- and fusicoccininduced elongation growth of lettuce hypocotyl sections. Planta 142:135–145
Tal M, Imber D (1971) Abnormal stomatal behavior and hormonal imbalance in fiacca, a wilty mutant of tomato III. Hormonal effects on the water status in the plant. Plant Physiol 47:849–850
Tal M, Imber D, Erez A, Epstein E (1979) Abnormal stomatal behavior and hormonal imbalance in flacca, a wilty mutant of tomato. V. Effect of abscisic acid on indoleacetic acid metabolism and ethylene evolution. Plant Physiol 63:1044–1048
Thomas H, Stoddart JL (1980) Leaf senescence. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 31:83–111
Todd GW (1972) Water deficits and enzymatic activity. In: Kozlowski TT (ed) Water deficits and plant growth. Vol III. Academic Press, London New York, pp 177–216
Torrey JA (1976) Root hormones and plant growth. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 27:435–484
Troughton JH, Slatyer RO (1969) Plant water status, leaf temperature, and the calculated mesophyll resistance to carbon dioxide of cotton leaves. Aust J Biol Sci 22:815–827
Tully RE, Hanson AD, Nelsen CE (1979) Proline accumulation in water-stressed barley leaves in relation to translocation and the nitrogen budget. Plant Physiol 63:518–523
Turner NC (1974) Stomatal behavior and water status of maize, sorghum and tobacco under field conditions. Plant Physiol 53:360–365
Turner NC (1979) Drought resistance and adaptation to water deficits in crop plants. In: Mussel H, Staples RC (eds) Stress physiology in crop plants. Wiley-Interscience, New York, pp 343–372
Turner NC, Jones MM (1980) Turgor maintenance by osmotic adjustment: A review and evaluation. In: Turner NC, Kramer PJ (eds) Adaptation of plants to water and high temperature stress. Wiley and Sons, New York, pp 87–103
Turner NC, Kramer PJ (eds) (1980) Adaptation of plants to water and high temperature stress. Wiley and Sons, New York, 382 p
Vaadia Y (1976) Plant hormones and water stress. Philos Trans R Soc London Ser B 273:513–522
Verasan V, Phillips RE (1978) Effects of soil water stress on growth and nutrient accumulation in corn. Agron J 70:613–618
Volkenburgh van E, Cleland RE (1980) Proton excretion and cell expansion in bean leaves. Planta 148:273–278
Walton DC (1980) Biochemistry and physiology of abscisic acid. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 31:453–489
Walton DC, Harrison MA, Cote P (1976) The effects of water stress on abscisic acid levels and metabolism in roots of Phaseolus vulgaris L. and other plants. Planta 131:141–144
Walton DC, Galson E, Harrison MA (1977) The relationship between stomatal resistance and abscisic acid levels in leaves of water-stressed bean plants. Planta 133:145–148
Weiler EW, Schnabl H, Hornberg C (1982) Stress-related levels of abscisic acid in guard cell protoplasts of Vicia fabe L. Planta 154:24–28
Williams RF (1975) The shoot apex and leaf growth. Univ Press, Cambridge, 256
Wittenbach VA, Ackerson RC, Giaquinta RT, Hebert RR (1980) Changes in photosynthesis, ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase, proteolytic activity and ultrastructure of soybean leaves during senescence. Crop Sci 20:225–231
Wright STC (1969) An increase in the “inhibitor-β” content of detached wheat leaves following a period of wilting. Planta 86:10–20
Wright STC (1977) The relationship between leaf water potential (Ψ leaf) and the levels of abscisic acid and ethylene in excised wheat leaves. Planta 134:183–189
Wright STC (1978) Phytohormones and stress phenomena. In: Letham DS, Goodwin PB, Higgins TJV (eds) Phytohormones and related compounds: A comprehensive treatise, vol II. Phytohormones and the development of higher plants. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 497–536
Wright STC (1979) The effect of 6-benzyladenine and leaf ageing treatment on the levels of stress-induced ethylene emanating from wilted wheat leaves. Planta 144:179–188
Wright STC (1980) The effect of plant growth regulator treatments on the levels of ethylene emanating from excised turgid and wilted wheat leaves. Planta 148:381–388
Yang SF (1980) Regulation of ethylene biosynthesis. Hort Science 15:238–243
Yang SF, Pratt HK (1978) The physiology of ethylene in wounded plant tissues. In: Kahl G (ed) Biochemistry of wounded plant tissues. De Gruyter, Berlin, pp 595–622
Younis HM, Boyer JS, Govindjee (1979) Conformation and activity of chloroplast coupling factor exposed to low chemical potential of water in cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 548:328–340
Zabadal TJ (1974) A water potential threshold for the increase of abscisic acid in leaves. Plant Physiol 53:125–127
Zeevaart J AD (1977) Sites of abscisic acid synthesis and metabolism in Ricinus communis L. Plant Physiol 59:788–791
Zeevaart JAD (1980) Changes in levels of abscisic acid and its metabolites in excised leaf blades of Xanthium strumarium during and after water stress. Plant Physiol 66:672–678
Zeroni M, Jerie PH, Hall MA (1977) Studies on the movement and distribution of ethylene in Vicia faba L. Planta 134:119–125
Zimmermann U (1978) Physics of turgor and osmoregulation. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 29:121–148
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1982 Springer-Verlag Berlin · Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bradford, K.J., Hsiao, T.C. (1982). Physiological Responses to Moderate Water Stress. In: Lange, O.L., Nobel, P.S., Osmond, C.B., Ziegler, H. (eds) Physiological Plant Ecology II. Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, vol 12 / B. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-68150-9_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-68150-9_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-68152-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-68150-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive