Abstract
Viruses, now classified as type C RNA viruses (Bernhard, 1960), were first recognized in the early 1900s as the transmissible agents that gave rise to lymphomas and sarcomas in avian species (Ellerman and Bang, 1908; Rous, 1911). This early identification of cancer viruses sparked off the search for similar agents in many animal species including human. It took almost 50 years, however, before a mammalian virus with the same properties and morphology as the avian viruses was discovered. Ludwik Gross (1951), working with the AKR inbred strain of laboratory mice, transferred extracts of spontaneous lymphomas from these mice to newborn C3H/Bi mice and induced lymphatic leukemias. After several passages of these tumors, he isolated the Gross passage A virus. Soon after the discovery of the Gross virus, the Friend, Moloney, and Rauscher murine leukemia viruses, designated as subgroup FMR, were isolated from transplantable mouse tumors which had been used in research for many years (for review, see Gross, 1970). These laboratory strains of murine type C viruses shared common serologic properties and had a different type-specific envelope antigen than the Gross-AKR virus. Whether the FMR viruses exist in nature remains unclear; all mouse type C viruses subsequently recovered directly from laboratory strains of mice and passed in mouse cells have had the Gross-AKR type-specific envelope antigen (Hartley et al., 1969).
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Levy, J.A. (1978). Xenotropic Type C Viruses. In: Arber, W., et al. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 79. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-66853-1_4
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