Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Morphology of Muscle Receptors

  • Chapter
Muscle Receptors

Part of the book series: Handbook of Sensory Physiology ((1729,volume 3 / 2))

Abstract

A skeletal muscle is such an obvious example of an effector organ that it generally comes as a surprise to learn that most of the nerve fibres innervating it are sensory. Studies of the composition of cat hindlimb muscle nerves (Boyd and Davey, 1968; Stacey, 1969) have shown that sensory axons account for about two thirds of the total somatic component; most of them are non-myelinated. All the non-myelinated sensory axons, as well as some of the myelinated ones, terminate as free endings on blood vessels and in fat and connective tissue (Stacey, 1969). Some of these function as nociceptors responding to deep pressure or to squeezing the muscle, and compare with similar receptors found in skin. The rest of the myelinated sensory axons supply two types of mechanoreceptor responding to stretch, namely, the tendon organ and the muscle spindle; a few paciniform corpuscles, such as occur more commonly in joint capsules and periarticular tissue; and occasionally one or two of the much larger Pacinian corpuscles. The small muscle fibres that compose the spindles receive their own supply of motor (γ) axons, which on average constitute 43% of the total somatic motor component in cat hindlimb muscle nerves (Boyd and Davey, 1968). The receptor equipment of a cat hindlimb muscle thus receives a very large share (81%) of the total supply of somatic nerve fibres, while the muscle fibres that execute its contractions and constitute the bulk of the organ receive the small remainder as skeletomotor (α) axons.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adal, M. N.: The proprioceptive component of certain muscle nerves in the cat. M. Sc. Thesis: University of Hong Kong 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adal, M.N.: A study of the motor supply to mammalian skeletal muscle. Ph. D. Thesis: University of Durham 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adal, M. N.: The fine structure of the sensory region of cat muscle spindles. J. Ultrastruct. Ees. 26, 332–354 (1969).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adal, M.N., Barker, D.: Intramuscular diameters of afferent nerve fibres in the rectus femoris muscle of the cat. In: Symposium on Muscle Receptors. Barker, D., Ed., pp. 249–256. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Univ. Press 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adal, M.N., Barker, D.: Intramuscular branching of fusimotor fibres. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 177, 288–299 (1965a).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adal, M.N., Barker, D.: Motor supply to hindlimb muscles of the cat and rabbit J. Anat. (Lond.) 99, 918–919 (1965b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Adal, M.N., Barker, D.: The fine structure of cat fusimotor endings. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 192, 50–52 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen, W. F.: Distribution of the spinal nerves in Polistotrema and some special studies on the development of spinal nerves. J. comp. Neurol. 28, 137–213 (1917).

    Google Scholar 

  • de Anda, G., Rebollo, M.A.: The neuromuscular spindles in the adult chicken: I. Morphology. Acta anat. (Basel) 67, 437–451 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrew, B.L.: The sensory innervation of the medial ligament of the knee joint. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 123, 241–250 (1954).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andrew, B.L. (Ed.): Symposium on Control and Innervation of Skeletal Muscle. Dundee: Thomson (Edinburgh: Livingstone) 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrew, B.L., Part, N.J.: Properties of fast and slow motor units in hindlimb and tail muscles of the rat. Quart. J. exp. Physiol. 57, 213–225 (1972).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andrew, B.L., Part, N.J.: The distribution of fusimotor fibres to distal caudal muscles in the rat (in preparation, 1973).

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrew, B.L., Part, N.J., Wait, F.: Muscle spindles without γ-efferents. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 219, 28–29 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  • Appelberg, B., Bessou, P., Laporte, Y.: Action of static and dynamic fusimotor fibres on secondary endings of the cat’s spindles. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 185, 160–171 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arbuthnott, E. R.: Three groups of motor nerve fibres in cat peripheral nerves differentiated by the number of lamellae in the myelin sheath. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 227, 44–45 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  • Arbtjthnott, E.R., Boyd, I.A., Kalu, K.U.: The somatosensory system. Proc. of Sat. Symp. XXV Int. Cong. Phys. Sci. (in press, 1971).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bach-Y-Rita, P., Ito, F.: In vivo microelectrode studies of the cat retractor bulbi fibres. Invest. Ophthal. 4, 338 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Banker, B.Q., Girvin, J.P.: The ultrastructural features of the mammalian muscle spindle. J. Neuropath, exp. Neurol. 30, 155–195 (1971).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Banker, B.Q., Przybylski, R.J., Van der MeUlen, J.P., Victor, M., Eds.: Research in Muscle Development and the Muscle Spindle. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Banks, R.W.: Histochemical studies on rabbit intrafusal fibres. J. Anat. (Lond.) 108, 613 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  • Banks, R.W., James, N.T., Meek, G.A.: Morphometric studies on intrafusal and extrafusal muscle fibres. J. Anat. (Lond.) 111, 489 (1972).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barets, A.: Les récepteurs intra-musculaires des nageoires chez les sélaciens. Arch. Anat. micr. Morph, exp. 45, 254–260 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barker, D.: The innervation of the muscle-spindle. Quart. J. micr. Sci. 89, 143–186 (1948).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barker, D., Ed.: Symposium on Muscle Receptors. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Univ. Press 1962a.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker, D.: The structure and distribution of muscle receptors. In: Symposium on Muscle Receptors. Barker, D., Ed., pp. 227–240. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Univ. Press 1962b.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker, D.: Three types of motor ending in cat spindles. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 186, 27–28 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker, D.: The innervation of mammalian skeletal muscle. In: Ciba Foundation Symposium on Myotatic, Kinesthetic and Vestibular Mechanisms, de Reuck, A.V.S., Knight, J., Eds., pp. 3–15. London: Churchill 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker, D.: L’innervation motrice du muscle strié des vertébrés. Actualités neurophysiol. 8, 23–71 (1968 a).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barker, D.: The disposition of trail endings in mammalian spindles. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 196, 51–52 (1968b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker, D., Bessou, P., Jankowska, E., Pages, B., Stacey, M.: Distribution des axons fusimoteurs statiques et dynamiques aux fibres musculaires intrafusales, chez le chat. C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 275, 2527–2529 (1972).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barker, D., Chin, N.K.: The number and distribution of muscle-spindles in certain muscles of the cat. J. Anat. (Lond.) 94, 473–486 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barker, D., Cope, M.: Tandem muscle-spindles in the frog. J. Anat. (Lond.) 96, 49–57 (1962a).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barker, D., Cope, M.: The innervation of individual intrafusal muscle fibres. In: Symposium on Muscle Receptors. Barker, D., Ed., pp. 263–269. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Univ. Press 1962b.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker, D., Emonet-Dénand, F., Laporte, Y., Proske, U., Stacey, M.: Identification des terminaisons motrices des fibres fusimotrices statiques chez la chat. C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 271, 1203–1206 (1970).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barker, D., Emonet-Dénand, F., Laporte, Y., Proske, U., Stacey, M.: Identification of the endings and function of cat fusimotor fibres. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 216, 51–52 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker, D., Emonet-Dénand, F., Laporte, Y., Proske, U., Stacey, M.: Morphological identification and intrafusal distribution of the endings of static fusimotor axons in the cat. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 230, 405–427 (1973).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barker, D., Gidumal, J. L.: The morphology of intrafusal muscle fibres in the cat. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 157, 513–528 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barker, D., Harker, D.W.: Two types of multiply-innervated muscle fibre in the superior rectus muscle of the sheep. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 222, 74–75 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker, D., Harker, D.W., Stacey, M. J., Smith, C.R.: Fusimotor innervation. In: Research Concepts in Muscle Development and the Muscle Spindle. Banker, B.Q. et al., Eds., pp. 227–250. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker, D., Hunt, J.P.: Mammalian intrafusal muscle fibres. Nature (Lond.) 203, 1193 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barker, D., Ip, M.C.: The primary and secondary endings of the mammalian muscle spindle. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 153, 8–10 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker, D., Ip, M.C.: A study of single and tandem types of muscle-spindle in the cat. Proc. roy. Soc. B. 154, 377–397 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barker, D., Ip, M.C.: A silver method for demonstrating the innervation of mammalian muscle in teased preparations. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 169, 73–74 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker, D., Ip, M.C.: The motor innervation of cat and rabbit muscle spindles. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 177, 27–28 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker, D., Ip, M.C.: Sprouting and degeneration of mammalian motor axons in normal and de-afferentated skeletal muscle. Proc. roy. Soc. B. 163, 538–554 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barker, D., Ip, M.C, Adal, M.N.: A correlation between the receptor population of the cat’s soleus muscle and the afferent fibre diameter spectrum of the nerve supplying it. In: Symposium on Muscle Receptors. Barker, D., Ed., pp. 257–261. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Univ. Press 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker, D., Milburn, A.: Increase in number of intrafusal muscle fibres during the development of muscle spindles in the rat. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 222, 159–160 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker, D., Stacey, M.J.: Somatic non-myelinated axons in cat hindlimb muscles. Proc. int. Union Physiol. Sci. 7, 30 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker, D., Stacey, M.J.: Rabbit intrafusal muscle fibres. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 210, 70–72 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker, D., Stacey, M.J., Adal, M.N.: Fusimotor innervation in the cat. Phil. Trans. B. 258, 315–346 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrios, P., Haase, J., Heinrich, W.: Fusimotorische Alpha-reflexe an prätibialen Flexoren-spindeln der Katze. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 296, 49–69 (1967).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Batten, F.E.: The muscle-spindle under pathological conditions. Brain 20, 138–179 (1897).

    Google Scholar 

  • Baum, J.: Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Muskelspindeln. Anat. Hefte 13, 250–305 (1900).

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, H.W., Weisendanger, M.: Elektrophysiologische und elektronmikroskopische Charakterisierung der afferenten Innervation des M. tenuissimus der Katze. Helv. physiol. Pharmacol. Acta 25, 262–286 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bentley, F.H., Hill, N.: Nerve grafting. Brt. J. Surg. 24, 368–387 (1936).

    Google Scholar 

  • Berndt, J.M., Oswaldo-Cruz, E., Rocha-Mitranda, C.E.: Identification of beta fibres at spindle entry. J. comp. Neurol. 136, 419–422 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bessou, P., Emonet-Dénand, F., Laporte, Y.: Occurence of intrafusal muscle fibre innervation by branches of slow α motor fibres in the cat. Nature (Lond.) 198, 594–595 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bessou, P., Emonet-Dénand, F., Laporte, Y.: Motor fibres innervating extrafusal and intrafusal muscle fibres in the cat. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 180, 649–672 (1965).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bessou, P., Laporte, Y.: Activation des fibres afférentes myelinisées de petit calibre, d’origine musculaire (fibres du groupe III). C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 154, 1093–1096 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bessou, P., Laporte, Y.: Etude des récepteurs musculaires innervés par les fibres afferents due groupe III (fibre myelinisées fines), chez le chat. Arch. ital. Biol. 99, 293–321 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bessou, P., Pages, B.: Spindle secondary ending responses elicited by stimulation of static fusimotor axons. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 202, 569–584 (1969).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bloom, F.E., Barrnett, R.J.: Fine structural localization of noradrenaline in vesicles of autonomic nerve endings. Nature (Lond.) 210, 599 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonavolonta, A.: Ricerche comparative sulle espansioni nervose sensitive nei muscoli estrinseci dell’occhio dell’uomo e di altri mammiferi. 1. I fusi neuro-muscolari. Quad. Anat. prat. 11, 48–73 (1956a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonavolonta, A.: Ricerche comparative sulle espansioni nervöse sensitive nei muscoli estrinseci dell’occhio dell’uomo e di altri mammiferi. 2. Gli organi muscolo-tendinei di Golgi. Quad. Anat. prat. 11, 151–166 (1956b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonavolonta, A.: Ulteriori ricerche comparative sulla innervazione propriocettiva dei muscoli oculo-estrinseci. Quad. Anat. prat. 14, 48–55 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bone, Q.: Some observations upon the peripheral nervous system of the hagfish, Myxine glutinosa. J. mar. biol. Ass. U. K. 43, 31–47 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowden, R.E.M.: Muscle spindles in the human foetus. Acta Biol. Szeged. 9, 35–39 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowden, R.E.M., Mahran, Z.Y.: The functional significance of the pattern of innervation of the muscle quadratus labii superioris of the rabbit, cat and rat. J. Anat. (Lond.) 90, 217–227 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, I.A.: The histological structure of the receptors in the knee joint of the cat correlated with their physiological response. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 124, 476–488 (1954).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, I.A.: The tenuissimus muscle of the cat. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 133, 35–36 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, I.A.: Simple and compound mammalian muscle spindles. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 145, 55–56 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, I.A.: The diameter and distribution of the nuclear bag and nuclear chain muscle fibres in the muscle spindles of the cat. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 153, 23–24 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, I.A.: The nuclear-bag fibre and nuclear-chain fibre systems in the muscle spindles of the cat. In: Symposium on Muscle Receptors. Barker, D., Ed., pp. 185–190. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Univ. Press 1962 a.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, I.A.: Final discussion. In: Symposium on Muscle Receptors. Barker, D., Ed., pp. 271–273. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Univ. Press. 1962b.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, I.A.: The structure and innervation of the nuclear bag muscle fibre system and the nuclear chain muscle fibre system in mammalian muscle spindles. Phil. Trans. B. 245, 81–136 (1962c).

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, I.A.: The mammalian muscle spindle — an advanced study (film). J. Physiol. (Lond.) 214, 1(1971 a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, I.A.: Specific fusimotor control of nuclear bag and nuclear chain fibres in cat muscle spindles. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 214, 30–31 (1971b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, I.A., Davey, M.R.: The groups of origin in the nerves to skeletal muscle of the γ1 and γ2 fusimotor fibres present close to, and within, mammalian muscle spindles. In: Symposium on Muscle Receptors. Barker, D., Ed., pp. 191–198. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Univ. Press 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, I.A., Davey, M.R.: The distribution of two types of small motor nerve fibre to different muscles in the hind-limb of the cat. In: Muscular Afferents and Motor Control, Nobel Symposium I. Granit, R., Ed., pp. 59–68. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, I.A., Davey, M.R.: Composition of Peripheral Nerves. Edinburgh: Livingstone 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, I.A., Gladden, M.H., McWilliam, P.N.: Static and dynamic fusimotor action in isolated cat muscle spindles with intact nerve and blood supply. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 230, 29–30 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bridgman, C. F.: The structure of tendon organs in the cat: a proposed mechanism for responding to muscle tension. Anat. Rec. 162, 209–220 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bridgman, C.F.: Comparisons in structure of tendon organs in the rat, cat and man. J. comp. Neurol. 138, 369–372 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bridgman, C.F., Eldred, E.: Hypothesis for a pressure-sensitive mechanism in muscle spindles. Science 143, 481–482 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bridgman, C.F., Shumpert, E.E., Eldred, E.: Insertions of intrafusal fibres in muscle spindles of the cat and other mammals. Anat. Rec. 164, 391–402 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brooke, M.H., Kaiser, K.K.: Three “myosin adenosine triphosphatase” systems: The nature of their pH lability and sulfhydryl dependence. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 18, 670–672 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, M. C.: A comparison of the spindles in two different muscles of the frog. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 216, 553–563 (1971).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, M.C., Butler, R.G.: Depletion of intrafusal muscle fibres glycogen by stimulation of fusimotor fibres. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 229, 25–26 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, M.C., Crowe, A., Matthews, P.B.C.: Observations of the fusimotor fibres of the tibialis posterior muscle of the cat. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 177, 140–159 (1965).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brzezinski, D.K., von: Untersuchungen zur Histochemie der Muskelspindeln. I. Mitteilung: Topochemie der Polysaccharide. Acta histochem. (Jena) 12, 75–79 (1961a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brzezinski, D.K., von: Untersuchungen zur Histochemie der Muskelspindeln. IL Mitteilung: Zur Topochemie und Funktion des Spindelraumes und der Spindelkapsel. Acta histochem. (Jena) 12, 277–288 (1961b).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buller, A.J., Lewis, D.M.: Further observations on mammalian cross-innervated skeletal muscle. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 178, 343–358 (1965).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burke, R.E., Engel, W.K., Levine, D.N., Tsairis, P., Zajac, F.E.: Mammalian motor units: physiological-histochemical correlation in three types in cat gastrocnemius. Science 174, 709–712 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cajal, S.RamónY: Degeneration and regeneration of the nervous system. (Transl. and ed. By May, KM.). Oxford: University Press 1928.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carli, G., Diete-Spiff, K., Pompeiano, O.: Skeletomotor and fusimotor control of gastrocnemius muscle from Deiter’s nucleus. Experientia (Basel) 22, 583–584 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Carli, G., Diete-Spiff, K., Pompeiano, O.: Responses of the muscle spindles and of the extrafusal fibres in an extensor muscle to stimulation of the lateral vestibular nucleus in the cat. Arch. ital. Biol. 105, 209–242 (1967a).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carli, G., Diete-Spiff, K., Pompeiano, O.: Mechanisms of muscle spindle excitation. Arch. ital. Biol. 105, 273–289 (1967b).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Castro, F.: Technique pour la coloration du systeme nerveux quand il est pourvu de ses etuis osseux. Trab. Lab. Invest. biol. Univ. Madr. 23, 427–446 (1925).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cattaneo, A.: Organes nerveux terminaux muscolo-tendineux, leurs conditions normales et leur maniére de se comporter après la section des racines nerveuses et des nerfs spinaux. Arch. ital. Biol. 10, 337–357 (1888).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cauna, N.: Fine structure of the receptor organs and its probable functional significance. In: Ciba Foundation Symposium on Touch, Heat and Pain, de Reuck, A.V.S., Knight, J., Eds., pp. 117–127. London: Churchill 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cazzato, G., Walton, J.N.: The pathology of the muscle spindle. A study of biopsy material in various muscular and neuromuscular diseases. J. neurol. Sci. 7, 15–70 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ceccherelli, G.: Sulle “terminazioni nervose a paniere” del Giacomini, nei muscoli dorsali degli anfibi anuri adulti. Anat. Anz. 24, 428–435 (1904).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, K.: Cholinesterase activity in human extraocular muscles. Jap. J. Ophthalmology 7, 174–183 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chin, N.K.: The structure and innervation of the muscle spindle in the latissimus dorsi anterior and posterior muscles of the domestic fowl. Ph. D. Thesis: University of Hong Kong 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chin, N.K., Cope, M., Pang, M.: Number and distribution of spindle capsules in seven hind-limb muscles of the cat. In: Symposium on Muscle Receptors. Barker, D., Ed., pp. 24–248. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Univ. Press 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ciaccio, G.V.: Sur les plaque nerveuses finales dans les tendons des vertébrés. Arch. ital. Biol. 14, 31–57 (1890).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cilimbaris, P.A.: Histologische Untersuchungen über die Muskelspindeln der Augenmuskeln. Arch. mikr. Anat. 75, 692–747 (1910).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cipollone, L. T.: Ricerche sull’anatomia normale e patologica delle terminazioni nervose nei muscoli striati. Suppl. Ann. Med. Nav. 3, 222–282 (1897).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cliff, G.F., Ridge, R.M. A. P.: Innervation of extrafusal and intrafusal fibres in snake muscle. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 233, 1–18 (1973).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coërs, C.: Histochemical identification of motor nerve endings in muscle spindles. In: Symposium on Muscle Receptors. Barker, D., Ed., pp. 221–226. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Univ. Press 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coërs, C., Durand, J.: Données morphologiques nouvelles sur l’innervation des fuseaux neuromusculaires. Arch. Biol. (Liège) 67, 685–715 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cole, W.V.: Motor endings in the striated muscle of vertebrates. J. comp. Neurol. 102, 671–716 (1955).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, S.: The relation of active to inactive fibres in fractional contraction of muscle. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 69, 1–13 (1929).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, S.: Muscle spindles in the intrinsic muscles of the human tongue. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 122, 193–202 (1953).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, S.: Muscle spindles and other muscle receptors. In: The Structure and Function of Muscle. Bourne, G.H., Ed., pp. 381–420. New York: Academic Press 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, S.: Muscle spindles and motor units. In: Symposium on Control and Innervation of Skeletal Muscle. Andrew, B.L., Ed., pp. 9–17. Dundee: Thompson (Edinburgh: Livingstone) 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, S., Daniel, P.M.: Muscle spindles in human extrinsic eye muscles. Brain 72, 1–24 (1949).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, S., Daniel, P.M.: Human muscle spindles. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 133, 1–3 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, S., Daniel, P.M.: Muscle spindles in man: their morphology in the lumbricals and the deep muscles of the neck. Brain 86, 563–586 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, S., Daniel, P.M.: Elastic tissue in muscle spindles of man and the rat. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 192, 10–11 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Coopee, S., Daniel, P.M., Whitteridge, D.: Muscle spindles and other sensory endings in the extrinsic eye muscles: the physiology and anatomy of these receptors and of their connexions with the brainstem. Brain 78, 564–583 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, S., Fillenz, M.: Afferent discharges in response to stretch from the extraocular muscles of the cat and monkey and the innervation of these muscles. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 127, 400–413 (1955).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Corvaja, N., Magherini, P.C., Pompeiano, O.: Ultrastructure of glycogen-membrane complexes in sensory nerve fibres of cat muscle spindles. Z. Zeilforsch. 121, 199–217 (1971).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Corvaja, N., Marinozzi, V., Pompeiano, O.: Close appositions and junctions of plasma membranes of intrafusal muscle fibres in mammalian muscle spindles. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 296, 337–345 (1967).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Corvaja, N.Marinozzi, V., Pompeiano, O.: Muscle spindles in the lumbrical muscle of the cat. Arch. ital. Biol. 107, 365–543 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Corvaja, N., Pompeiano, O.: The differentiation of two types of intrafusal fibres in rabbit muscle spindles. Pflügers Arch. 317, 187–197 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Couteaux, R.: Particularités histochimiques des zones d’insertion du muscle strié. C. R. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 147, 1974–1976 (1953).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crevatin, F.: Sopra le terminazioni nervose nei tendini dei pipistrelli. Rend. Sess. Roy. Accad. Sci. Ist. Bologna 5, 31–34 (1901).

    Google Scholar 

  • Crevatin, F.: Su di alcune forma di terminazioni nervose nei muscoli dell’occhio del dromedario. Rend. Sess. Roy. Accad. Sci. Ist. Bologna 6, 57–61 (1902).

    Google Scholar 

  • Crowe, A., Ragab, A.H.M.F.: Some preliminary studies on spindle-like structures in tortoise muscle. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 192, 22–23 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Crowe, A., Ragab, A.H.M.F.: The innervation and capsular structure of the tortoise muscle spindle. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 201, 5–6 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  • Crowe, A., Ragab, A.H.M.F.: The structure, distribution and innervation of spindles in the extensor digitorum brevis 1 muscle of the tortoise Testudo graeca. J. Anat. (Lond.) 106, 521–538 (1970a).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crowe, A., Ragab, A.H.M.F.: Studies on the fine structure of the capsular region of tortoise muscle spindles. J. Anat. (Lond.) 107, 257–269 (1970b).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crowe, A., Ragab, A.H.M.F.: A histochemical investigation of intrafusal fibres in tortoise muscle spindles. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 20, 200–204 (1972).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Csillik, B.: Cholinesterase-active myoneural structures of alpha and gamma efferent fibres. Histochemie der Cholinesterase. Bibl. anat. (Basel) 2, 161–173 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Csillik, B.: Functional structure of the post-synaptic membrane in the myoneural junction. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cuajunco, F.: Embryology of the neuromuscular spindle. Contr. Embryol. Carneg. Instn. 19, 45–72 (1927).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cuajunco, F.: Development of the neuromuscular spindle in human fetuses. Contr. Embryol. Carneg. Instn. 28, 95–128 (1940).

    Google Scholar 

  • Daniel, P.M.: Spiral nerve endings in the extrinsic eye muscles of man. J. Anat. (Lond.) 80, 189–192 (1946).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dietert, S.E.: The demonstration of different types of muscle fibres in human extraocular muscle by electron microscopy and Cholinesterase staining. Invest. Ophthal. 4, 51–63 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dogiel, A. S.: Methylenblautinktion der motorischen Nervenendigungen in den Muskeln der Amphibien und Reptilien. Arch. mikr. Anat. 35, 305–320 (1890).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dogiel, A. S.: Die Nervenendigungen im Bauchfell, in den Sehnen, den Muskelspindeln und dem Centrum tendineum des Diaphragmas beim Menschen und bei Säugetieren. Arch. mikr. Anat. 59, 1–31 (1902).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dogiel, A. S.: Nervenendigungen in der Pleura des Menschen und der Säugetiere. Arch. mikr. Anat. 62, 244–250 (1903).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dogiel, A.S.: Zur Frage über den fibrillären Bau der Sehnenspindeln oder der Golgi’schen Körperchen (organo nervoso terminale musculo-tendineo). Arch. mikr. Anat. 67, 638–646 (1906a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dogiel, A. S.: Die Endigungen der sensiblen Nerven in den Augenmuskeln und deren Sehnen beim Menschen und den Säugetieren. Arch. mikr. Anat. 68, 501–526 (1906b).

    Google Scholar 

  • During, M., Andres, K.H.: Die Feinstruktur der Muskelspindeln von Mammalia. Anat. Anz. 124, 566–573 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ecoles, J.C.: The Physiology of nerve cells. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press 1957.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ecoles, J.C., Sherrington, C.S.: Numbers and contraction-values of individual motor-units examined in some muscles of the limb. Proc. roy. Soc. B. 106, 326–357 (1930).

    Google Scholar 

  • Edström, L., Kugelberg, E.: Histochemical composition, distribution of fibres and fatiguability of single motor units. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. 31, 424–433 (1968).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eldred, E., Bridgman, C.F., Swett, J.E., Eldred, B.: Quantitative comparisons of muscle receptors of the cat’s medial gastrocnemius, soleus and extensor digitorum brevis muscles. In: Symposium on Muscle Receptors. Barker, D., Ed., pp. 207–213. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Univ. Press 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eldred, E., Yellin, H., Gadbois, L., Sweeney, S.: Bibliography on Muscle Receptors; their Morphology, Pathology and Physiology. Exp. Neurol. Suppl. 3 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellaway, P.H., Emonet-Dénand, F., Jami, L., Joffroy, M.: Proportion des fibres fusimotrices statiques et dynamiques dans les muscles peroneus longus et flexor hallucis longus du chat. C.R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 274, 3597–3600 (1972).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ellaway, P.H., Emonet-Dénand, F., Joffroy, M.: Mise en évidence d’axones squeletto-fusimoteurs (axones β) dans le muscle premier lombrical superficiel du Chat. J. Physiol. (Paris) 68, 617–623 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellaway, P.H., Emonet-Dénand, F., Joffroy, M., Laporte, Y.: Lack of exclusively fusimotor α axons in flexor and extensor leg muscles of the cat. J. Neurophysiol. 35, 149–153 (1972).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Emonet-Dénand, F., Jankowska, F., Laporte, Y.: Skeleto-fusimotor fibres in the rabbit. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 210, 669–680 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  • Emonet-Dénand, F., Joffroy, M., Laporte, Y.: Absence d’axones α exclusivement fusimoteurs dans les muscles prétibiaux du Chat. J. Physiol. (Paris) 63, 46 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  • Emonet-Dénand, F., Joffroy, M., Laporte, Y.: Fibres fusimotrices dont l’action sur la sensibilité phasique des terminaisons primaires dépend de leur fréquence de stimulation. C.R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 275, 89–91 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  • Emonet-Dénand, F., Laporte, Y.: Frequencygrams of rabbit spindle primary endings elicited by stimulation of fusimotor fibres. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 201, 673–684 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  • Engel, W.K., Irwin, R.L.: A histochemical-physiological correlation of frog skeletal muscle fibres. Amer. J. Physiol. 213, 511–518 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Erlanger, J., Gasser, H.S.: Electrical Signs of Nervous Activity. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press 1937.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erulkar, S.D., Shelanski, M.L., Whitsel, B.L., Ogle, P.: Studies of muscle fibres of the tensor tympani of the cat. Anat. Rec. 149, 279–297 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farrell, P. R., Fedde, M. R.: Uniformity of structural characteristics throughout the length of skeletal muscle-fibres. Anat. Rec. 164, 219–230 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feindel, W.H., Weddell, G., Sinclair, D.C.: Pain sensibility in deep somatic structures. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. 11, 113–117 (1948).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fernand, V.S.V., Hess, A.: The occurence, structure and innervation of slow and twitch muscle fibres in the tensor tympani and stapedius of the cat. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 200, 547–554 (1969).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fernand, V.S.V., Young, J.Z.: The sizes of the nerve fibres of muscle nerves. Proc. roy. Soc. B. 139, 38–58 (1951).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fessard, A., Sand, A.: Stretch receptors in the muscles of fishes. J. exp. Biol. 14, 383–404 (1937).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fitzgerald, M.J.T.: Developmental changes in epidermal innervation. J. Anat. (Lond.) 95, 495–514 (1961).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzgerald, M.J.T.: On the structure and life history of bulbous corpuscles (Corpusculo, Nervorum Terminalia Bulboidea). J. Anat. (Lond.) 96, 189–208 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Floyd, K.: Small multiple nerve endings in sheep oesophageal muscle. J. Physiol. (Lond). 216, 37–38 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  • Forbes, W.: Experimental and histological studies of function in peripheral nerves in the cat. Ph. D. Thesis: University of Glasgow 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foestee, L.: Note on foetal muscle spindles. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 28, 201–203 (1894).

    Google Scholar 

  • Feeeman, M.A.K., Wyke, B.: The innervation of the knee joint. An anatomical and histological study in the cat. J. Anat. (Lond.) 101, 505–532 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fukami, Y.: Tonic and phasic muscle spindles in the snake. J. Neurophysiol. 33, 28–35 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fukami, Y., Hunt, C.C.: Structure of snake muscle spindles. J. Neurophysiol. 33, 9–27 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gairns, F.W.: A modified gold chloride method for the demonstration of nerve endings. Quart. J. micr. Sci. 74, 151–153 (1930).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardnee, E.: The distribution and termination of nerves in the knee-joint of the cat. J. comp. Neurol. 80, 11–32 (1944).

    Google Scholar 

  • Garven, H.S.D.: The nerve-endings in the panniculus carnosus of the hedgehog, with special reference to the sympathetic innervation of striated muscle. Brain 48, 380–441 (1925).

    Google Scholar 

  • Germino, N.I., D’Alboea, H.: Succinic-dehydrogenase activity in the neuromuscular spindles of the chick. Experientia (Basel) 21, 45–46 (1965).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giacomini, E.: Sui fusi neuro-musculari dei Sauropsidi. Atti Accad. Fisiocr. Siena Sez. med.-fis. 9, 215–230 (1898).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gill, H.I.: Neuromuscular spindles in human lateral pterygoid muscles. J. Anat. (Lond.) 109, 157–167 (1971).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ginsborg, B. L., Mackay, B.: A histochemical demonstration of two types of motor innervation in avian skeletal muscle. Bibl. anat. (Basel) 2, 174–181 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gladden, M. H.: Muscle spindle innervation in the intertransverse caudal muscles of the rat. Experientia (Basel) 25, 604–606 (1969).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gladden, M.H.: The elastic fibres of muscle spindles. In: Abstracts of Communications given at Sixth Symposium on Current Research in Muscular Dystrophy and Related Diseases. Abstr. 1. 1972 a.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gladden, M.H.: Elastic fibres in muscle spindles of the cat. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 227, 45–46 (1972b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Goglia, G.: Ricerche ultrastrutturali sopra i fusi neuromuscolari del gatto, del coniglio e del ratto. Acta med. romana 8, 7–53 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  • Golgi, C.: Intorno alla distribuzione e terminazione dei nervi nei tendini dell’uomo e di altri vertebrati. Rend. 1st. Lombardo Sci. Lettere B 11, 445–453 (1878).

    Google Scholar 

  • Golgi, C.: Sui nervi dei tendini dell’uomo e di altri vertebrati e di un nuovo organo nervosa terminale musculo-tendineo. Mem. Roy. Accad. Sci. Torino 32, 359–385 (1880).

    Google Scholar 

  • Goto, K., Loewenstein, W.R.: An accessory small nerve fibre in a mechanoreceptor. Biol. Bull. 121(2), 391 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Geanit, R. (Ed.): Muscular Afferents and Motor Control. Nobel Symposium I. New York: J. Wiley 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray, E.G.: The spindle and extrafusal innervation of a frog muscle. Proc. roy. Soc. B. 146, 416–430 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gray, E.G.: The structure of fast and slow muscle fibres in the frog. J. Anat. (Lond.). 92, 559–562 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greene, T., Jampel, R.: Muscle spindles in the extraocular muscles of the Macaque. J. comp. Neurol. 126, 547–550 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gregoe, A.: Über die Vertheilung der Muskelspindeln in der Musculatur des menschlichen Fötus. Arch. Anat. Physiol. Anat. Abt., 112–196 (1904).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gruner, Jean-E.: La structure fine du fuseau neuromusculaire humain. Rev. neurol. 104, 490–507 (1961).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guth, L., Samaha, F.J.: Qualitative differences between actomyosin ATPase of slow and fast mammalian muscle. Exp. Neurol. 25, 138–152 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gutmann, E., Guttmann, L., Medawae, P.B., Young, J.Z.: The rate of regeneration of nerve. J. exp. Biol. 19, 14–44 (1942).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagbarth, K.E., Wohlfart, G.: The number of muscle-spindles in certain muscles in cat in relation to the composition of the muscle nerves. Acta anat. (Basel) 15, 85–104 (1952).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamada, I.: Morphological study of nerve endings in the ocular muscles (In Japanese). J. Kyoto Prefect. med. Univ. 2, 1641–1678 (1928); cited by Hosokawa, 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harker, D. W.: The structure and innervation of sheep superior rectus and levator palpebrae extraocular muscles. I. Extrafusal muscle fibres. Invest. Ophthal. 11, 956–969 (1972a).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harker, D.W.: The structure and innervation of sheep superior rectus and levator palpebrae extraocular muscles. II. Muscle spindles. Invest. Ophthal. 11, 970–979 (1972b).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harker, D.W.: The structure and innervation of sheep extraocular and foot muscles. Ph. D. Thesis: University of Durham 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hassall, A.H.: The Microscopic Anatomy of the Human Body, Vol. 1. London: Samuel Highley 1849.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henneman, E., Olson, C.B.: Relations between structure and function in the design of skeletal muscles. J. Neurophysiol. 28, 581–598 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hennig, G.: Die Nervendigungen der Rattenmuskelspindel im elektronen und phasekontrast-mikroskopischen Bild. Z. Zeilforsch. 96, 275–294 (1969).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hess, A.: The structure of extrafusal muscle fibres in the frog and their innervation studied by the Cholinesterase technique. Amer. J. Anat. 107, 129–152 (1960).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hess, A.: Two kinds of motor nerve endings on mammalian intrafusal muscle fibres revealed by the Cholinesterase technique. Anat. Rec. 139, 173–184 (1961a).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hess, A.: The structure of slow and fast extrafusal muscle fibres in the extraocular muscles and their nerve endings in guinea pig. J. cell. comp. Physiol. 58, 63–80 (1961b).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hess, A.: Structural differences of fast and slow extrafusal muscle fibres and their nerve endings in chickens. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 157, 221–231 (1961c).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hess, A.: Two kinds of extrafusal muscle fibres and their nerve endings in the garter snake. Amer. J. Anat. 113, 347–364 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hess, A.: The structure of vertebrate slow and twitch muscle fibres. Invest. Ophthal. 6, 217–228 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hess, A.: Vertebrate slow muscle fibres. Physiol. Rev. 50, 40–62 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hewer, E.E.: The development of nerve endings in the human foetus. J. Anat. (Lond.) 69, 369–379 (1935).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hines, M.: The innervation of the muscle spindle. Proc. Res. nerv. ment. Dis. 9, 124–137 (1930).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hines, M., Tower, S.S.: Studies on the innervation of skeletal muscles. II. Of muscle spindles in certain muscles of the kitten. Bull. Johns Hopk. Hosp. 42, 264–307 (1928).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinsey, J. C.: Some observations on the innervation of skeletal muscle of the cat. J. comp. Neurol. 44, 87–195 (1927).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinsey, J.C.: The innervation of skeletal muscle. Physiol. Rev. 14, 514–585 (1934).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinsey, J.C., Haee, K., Phillips, R. A.: Sensory components of the phrenic nerve of the cat. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 41, 411–414 (1939).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirano, N.: Histologische Untersuchungen über die nervose Innervation der menschlichen äußeren Augenmuskeln. Albrecht v. Graefes Arch. klin. exp. Ophthal. 142, 560–575 (1941).

    Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, W.: Holmes’s silver method. In: Carleton’s Histological Technique. 4th edit. Drury, R.A.B., Wallington, E.A., Eds. London: Oxford University Press 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Homma, S., Seki, Y.: Muscle spindles in phasic and tonic muscle. Tohoku J. exp. Med. 83, 391–397 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Honee, G.L. J.M.: An investigation on the presence of muscle spindles in the human lateral pterygoid muscle. Ned. T. Tandheelk. 73, 43–48 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hosokawa, H.: Proprioceptive innervation of striated muscles in the territory of cranial nerves. Tex. Rep. Biol. Med. 19, 405–464 (1961).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Houk, J., Henneman, E.: Responses of Golgi tendon organs to active contractions of the soleus muscle of the cat. J. Neurophysiol. 30, 466–481 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hromada, J., Poláček, P.: A contribution to the morphology of encapsulated nerve endings in the joint capsule and the periarticular tissue. Acta anat. (Basel) 33, 187–202 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hubbard, S. J., Hess, A.: The fine structure of the primary sensory zone of cat muscle spindles. Anat. Rec. 157, 262 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Huber, G. C.: Sensory nerve terminations in the tendons of the extrinsic eye-muscles of the cat. J. comp. Neurol. 10, 152–158 (1900).

    Google Scholar 

  • Huber, G. C., de Witt, L. M.: A contribution on the motor nerve-endings and on the nerve-endings in muscle spindles. J. comp. Neurol. 7, 169–230 (1897).

    Google Scholar 

  • Huber, G. C., de Witt, L. M.: A contribution on the nerve terminations in neuro-tendinous and end-organs. J. comp. Neurol. 10, 159–208 (1900).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, C. C.: Relation of function to diameter in afferent fibres of muscle nerves. J. gen. Physiol. 38, 117–131 (1954).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, C.C., McIntyre, A.K.: Characteristics of responses from receptors from the flexor longus digitorum muscle and the adjoining interosseous region of the cat. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 153, 74–87 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, C.C., Wylie, R.M.: Responses of snake muscle spindles to stretch and intrafusal muscle fibre contractions. J. Neurophysiol. 33, 1–8 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hunter, J.I.: Lectures on the sympathetic innervation of striated muscle. Brit. med. J. 1, 197–201 (1925).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hursh, J.B.: Conduction velocity and diameter of nerve fibres. Amer. J. Physiol. 127, 131–139 (1939).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ip, M.C.: The number and variety of proprioceptors in certain muscles of the cat. M. Sc. Thesis: University of Hong Kong 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ito, F.: Abortive spike of leaf-like receptors in the frog muscle. J. Physiol. Soc. Jap. 30, 411–412 (1968a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ito, P.: Functional properties of leaf-like muscle receptors in frog sartorius muscle. Jap. J. Physiol. 18, 590–600 (1968b).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ito, F.: Responses in the sensory nerve terminal of leaf-like receptors in the frog sartorius muscle. Jap. J. Physiol. 21, 431–441 (1971).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ito, F., Toyama, K., Ito, R.: A comparative study on structure and function between the extrafusal receptor and the spindle receptor in the frog. Jap. J. Physiol. 14, 12–33 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jahn, U.: Morphological observations on living neuromuscular spindles. Acta anat. (Basel) 39, 341–350 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • James, N. T.: The histochemical demonstration of myoglobin in muscle spindles. Histochemical Journal 3, 333–338 (1971a).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • James, N. T.: The histochemical demonstration of three types of intrafusal fibre in rat muscle spindles. Histochemical Journal 3, 457–462 (1971b).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • James, N.T., Meek, G.A.: The ultrastructure of the avian muscle spindle. J. Anat. (Lond.) 111, 489–491 (1972).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, E.G.: The innervation of muscle spindles in the Australian opposum, Trichosurus vulpecula, with special reference to the motor nerve endings. J. Anat. (Lond.) 100, 733–759 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karlsen, K.: The location of motor end plates and the distribution and histological structure of muscle spindles in jaw muscles of the rat. Acta odont. scand. 23, 521–547 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karlsson, U. L.: The frog muscle spindle: Ultrastructure and intrafusal stretch characteristics. In: Research in Muscle Development and the Muscle Spindle. Banker, B.Q. et al., Eds., pp. 299–332. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karlsson, U.L., Andersson-Cedergren, E.: Motor myoneural junctions on frog intrafusal muscle fibres. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 14, 191–211 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karlsson, U.L., Andersson-Cedergren, E.: Small leptomeric organelles in intrafusal muscle fibres of the frog as revealed by electron microscopy. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 23, 417–426 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karlsson, U.L., Andersson-Cedergren, E.: Satellite cells of the frog muscle spindle as revealed by electron microscopy. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 34, 426–438 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  • Karlsson, U.L., Andersson-Cedergren, E., Ottoson, D.: Cellular organization of the frog muscle spindle as revealed by serial sections for electron microscopy. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 14, 1–35 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Karnovsky, M.J., Roots, L.: A ‘direct-coloring’ thiocholine method for Cholinesterase. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 12, 219–221 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katz, B.: The terminations of the afferent nerve fibre in the muscle spindle of the frog. Phil. Trans. B. 243, 221–240 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, A.M., Zacks, S.I.: The histogenesis of rat intercostal muscle. J. Cell Biol. 42, 135–152 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, W.R.: Innervation of normal human muscle spindles. Neurology (Minneap.) 20, 463–475 (1970).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kerschner, L.: Bemerkungen über ein besonderes Muskelsystem im willkürlichen Muskel. Anat. Anz. 3, 126–132 (1888a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerschner, L.: Beitrag zur Kenntnis der sensiblen Endorgane. Anat. Anz. 3, 288–296 (1888b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerschner, L.: Über Muskelspindeln. Anat. Anz. 7, 85–89 (1892).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerschner, L.: Über die Fortschritte in der Erkenntnis der Muskelspindeln. Anat. Anz. 8, 449–458 (1893).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kidd, G.L.: Excitation of primary muscle spindle endings by β-axon stimulation. Nature (Lond.) 203, 1248–1251 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kölliker, A.: On the termination of nerves in muscles, as observed in the frog, and on the disposition of the nerves in the frog’s heart. Proc. roy. Soc. B. 12, 65–84 (1862).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kubota, K., Masegi, T.: Muscle spindle distribution in snout musculature of the Japanese shrew-mole. Anat. Rec. 172, 703–710 (1972).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuffler, S.W.: The two skeletal nerve-muscle systems in frog. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmak. exp. Path. 220, 116–135 (1953).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuffler, S.W., Gerard, R.W.: The small-nerve motor system to skeletal muscle. J. Neurophysiol. 10, 383–394 (1947).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuffler, S.W., Hunt, C.C., Quilliam, J.P.: Function of medullated small-nerve fibres in mammalian ventral roots: efferent muscle spindle innervation. J. Neurophysiol. 14, 29–54 (1951).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kühne, W.: Über die Endigung der Nerven in den Nervenhügeln der Muskeln. Virchows Arch. path. Anat. 30, 187–220 (1864).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kulchitsky, N.: Nerve endings in muscles. J. Anat. (Lond.) 58, 152–168 (1924a).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kulchitsky, N.: Nerve endings in muscles of the frog. J. Anat. (Lond.) 59, 1–17 (1924b).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kupfer, C.: Motor innervation of extra-ocular muscle. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 153, 522–526 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lambertini, G.: Nouvelles recherches sur les récepteurs nerveux de l’homme et du singe practiquées a l’aide de la méthode de Ruffini. Bull. Ass. Anat. (Nancy) 47, 3–30 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Landon, D.N.: Electron microscopy of muscle spindles. In: Control and innervation of skeletal muscle. Andrew, B.L., Ed., pp. 96–111. Edinburgh-London: Livingstone 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Landon, D.N.: Observations on the morphogenesis of rat skeletal muscle. J. Anat. (Lond.) 107, 385–387 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  • Landon, D.N.: A quantitative study of some fine structural features of developing myotubes in the rat. J. Anat. (Lond.) 110, 170–171 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  • Landon, D.N.: The fine structure of developing muscle spindles in the rat. J. Anat. (Lond.) 111, 512–513 (1972a).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Landon, D.N.: The fine structure of the equatorial regions of developing muscle spindles in the rat. J. Neurocytol. 1, 189–210 (1972b).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Langley, J. N.: The nerve fibre constitution of peripheral nerves and of nerve roots. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 56, 382–395 (1922).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lännergren, J., Smith, R.S.: Types of muscle fibres in toad skeletal muscle. Acta physiol. scand. 68, 263–274 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Gros Clark, W.E.: The tissues of the body, 5th Ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leksell, L.: The action potential and excitatory effects of the small ventral root fibres to skeletal muscle. Acta physiol. scand. 10, (Suppl. 31), 1–84 (1945).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd, D.P.C.: Neuron patterns controlling transmission of ipsilateral hind limb reflexes in cat. J. Neurophysiol. 6, 293–315 (1943).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd, D.P.C., Chang, H.T.: Afferent fibres in muscle nerves. J. Neurophysiol. 11, 199–208 (1948).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loewenstein, W. E.: Modulation of cutaneous mechanoreceptors by sympathetic stimulation. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 132, 40–60 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loewenstein, W.R., Goto, K., Noback, C.: C fibre innervation of a mechanoreceptor. Experientia (Basel) 18, 460 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lowenstein, O.: Pressure receptors in the fins of the dogfish Scylliorhinus canícula. J. exp. Biol. 33, 417–421 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahran, Z.Y., Sakla, F.B.: The pattern of innervation of the extrinsic ocular muscles and the intra-orbital ganglia of the albino mouse. Anat. Rec. 152, 173–184 (1965).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maier, A., Eldred, E.: Comparisons in the structure of avian muscle spindles. J. comp. Neurol. 143, 25–40 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maier, A., Eldred, E., Edgerton, V.G.: The effects on spindles of muscle atrophy and hypertrophy. Exp. Neurol. 37, 100–123 (1972).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maier, A., deSantis, M., Eldred, E.: Absence of muscle spindles in avian extraocular muscles. Exp. Eye Ees. 12, 251–253 (1971).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marchand, R., Bridgman, C.F., Shumpert, E., Eldred, E.: Association of tendon organs with spindles in muscles of the cat’s leg. Anat. Rec. 169, 23–32 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marchand, E.R., Eldred, E.: Postnatal increase of intrafusal fibres in the rat muscle spindle. Exp. Neurol. 25, 655–676 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mather, V., Hines, M.: Studies in the innervation of skeletal muscle. V. The limb muscles of the newt, Triturus torosus. Amer. J. Anat. 54, 177–201 (1934).

    Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, P.B.C.: Muscles spindles and their motor control. Physiol. Rev. 44, 219–288 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, P.B.C.: Mammalian muscle receptors and their central actions. London: Edward Arnold 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, P.B.C., Westbury, D.R.: Some effects of fast and slow motor fibres on muscle spindles of the frog. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 178, 178–192 (1965).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mavrinskaia, L. F.: On the relationship between the development of the nerve endings of the skeletal muscles and the appearance of movement activity in the human foetus. Arkh. Anat. Gistol. Embriol. 38, 61–68 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Maynard, J.A., Tipton, C.M.: The effects of exercise training and denervation on the morphology of intrafusal muscle fibres. Int. Z. angew. Physiol. 30, 1–9 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mayr, R.: Untersuchungen an isolierten Muskelspindeln der Ratte nach Cholinesterasedar- stellung und Sudanschwarz-Färbung. Z. Zellforsch. 93, 594–606 (1969).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mayr, R.: Zwei elektronenmikroskopisch unterscheidbare Formen sekundärer sensorischer Endigungen in einer Muskelspindel der Ratte. Z. Zellforsch. 110, 97–107 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Merrillees, N. C. R.: Some observations on the fine structure of a Golgi tendon organ of a rat. In: Symposium on Muscle Receptors. Barker, D., Ed., pp. 199–206. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Univ. Press 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merrillees, N.C.R., Sunderland, S., Hayhow, W.: Neuromuscular spindles in the extraocular muscles in man. Anat. Rec. 108, 23–30 (1950).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miescher, J. F.: Über eigenthümliche Schläuche in den Muskeln einer Hausmaus. Bericht Ver. Nat. Ges., Basel. 5, 198–202 (1842).

    Google Scholar 

  • Milburn, A.: The early development of muscle spindles in the rat. J. Cell Sci. 12, 175–195 (1973).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Munk, H.: Zur Anatomie und Physiologie der Quergestreiften Muskelfasern der Wirbelthiere, mit Anschluss von Beobachtungen über die electrischen Organe der Fische. Göttingen Nachrichten No. 1, 1–14 (1858).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogata, T., Mori, M.: Histochemical demonstration of the three types of intrafusal fibres of muscle spindles, a study on oxidative enzymes. Acta Med. Okayama 16, 347–350 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ogata, T., Mori, M.: Histochemical study of exidative enzymes in vertebrate muscles. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 12, 171–182 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Leary, J., Heinbecker, P., Bishop, G.H.: Analysis of function of a nerve to a muscle. Amer. J. Physiol. 110, 636–658 (1935).

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson, C.B., Swett, C.P.: A functional and histochemical characterization of motor units in a heterogeneous muscle (flexor digitorum longus) of the cat. J. comp. Neurol. 128, 475–498 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Onanoff, J. G.: Sur la nature des faisceaux neuro-musculaires. C. R. Acad. Sci. (Paris) 42, 432–433 (1890).

    Google Scholar 

  • Orkland, R.K.: A further study of electrical responses in slow and twitch muscle fibres of the frog. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 167, 181–191 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Oshima, T.: Anatomical studies of the muscle spindle. J. Nagasaki med. Ass. 16, 525–548 (1938); cited by Hosokawa 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ovalle, W.K.: Fine structure of rat intrafusal muscle fibres. The polar region. J. Cell Biol. 51, 83–103 (1971).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ovalle, W.K.: Fine structure of rat intrafusal muscle fibres. The equatorial region. J. Cell Biol. 52, 382–396 (1972a).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ovalle, W.K.: Motor nerve terminals on rat intrafusal muscle fibres; a correlated light and electron microscopic study. J. Anat. (Lond.) 111, 239–253 (1972b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ovalle, W.K., Smith, U.S.: Histochemical identification of three types of intrafusal muscle fibres in the cat and monkey based on the myosin ATPase reaction. Canad. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 50, 195–202 (1972).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Page, S.G.: Intrafusal muscle fibres in the frog. J. Microscopie 5, 101–104 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Page, S.G.: Fine structure of tortoise skeletal muscle. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 197, 707–715 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  • Paintal, A.S.: Functional analysis of Group III afferent fibres of mammalian muscles. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 152, 250–270 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paintal, A.S.: Responses and reflex effects of pressure-pain receptors of mammalian muscles. In: Symposium on Muscle Receptors. Barker, D., Ed., pp. 133–142. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Univ. Press 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pallot, D.J.: Structural and functional studies on snake muscle spindles. Ph. D. Thesis: University of Bristol 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pallot, D. J., Ridge, R.M.A.P.: Ultrastructure of snake muscle spindles. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 218, 17–18 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pallot, D.J., Ridge, R.M.A.P.: The fine structure of the long-capsule muscle spindles in the snake Natrix sp. J. Anat. (Lond.) 113, 61–74 (1972).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pallot, D.J., Ridge, R.M.A.P.: The fine structure of the short-capsule muscle spindles of Natrix sp. J. Anat. (Lond.) 114, 13–24 (1973).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pallot, G.: Contribution à l’étude des terminaisons nerveuses dans le muscle striée: Recherches cytologiques sur les fuseaux de type Kühne. Bull. Histol. Techn. micr. 11, 337–364 (1934).

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, J.M., Stilwell, D.L.: Analysis of innervation of tenuissimus muscle of cat. Anat Rec. 130, 434 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Perroncito, A.: Sur la terminaison des nerfs dans les fibres musculaires striés. Arch. ital. Biol. 36, 245–254 (1901).

    Google Scholar 

  • Perroncito, A.: Études ultérieures sur la terminaisons des nerfs dans les muscles a fibres striés. Arch. ital. Biol. 38, 392–411 (1902).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pezard, A., May, R.M.: Les terminaisons nerveuses du muscle couturier de la grenouille et la question de sa partie aneurale. Ann. Physiol. Physicochim. biol. 13, 460–473 (1937).

    Google Scholar 

  • Poloumordwinoff, D.: Recherches sur les terminaisons nerveuses sensitives dans les muscles striés volontaires. Soc. Sci. Arcachon Sta. Biol. Bull. 3, 73–79 (1898).

    Google Scholar 

  • Porayko, O., Smith, R.S.: Morphology of muscle spindles in the rat. Experientia (Basel) 24, 588–589 (1968).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Proske, U.: Responses of muscle spindles in the lizard. Nature (Lond.) 213, 1144–1146 (1967).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Proske, U.: The innervation of muscle spindles in the lizard Tiliqua nigrolutea. J. Anat. (Lond.) 105, 217–230 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  • Proske, U.: The muscle spindles in slow and twitch skeletal muscle of the lizard. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 230, 429–448 (1973).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Proske, U., Vaughan, P.: Histological and electrophysiological identification of lizard muscle fibres. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 199, 495–509 (1968).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ragab, A.H.M.F.: The structure and innervation of tortoise muscle spindles. Ph. D. Thesis: University of Durham 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rakhawy, M.T., Shehata, S.H., Badawy, Z.H.: The proprioceptive innervation of the lateral pterygoid muscle in man and some other mammals. Acta anat. (Basel) 79, 581–598 (1971).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ralston, H.J., Miller, M.R., Kasahara, M.: Nerve endings in human fasciae, tendons, ligaments, periosteum, and joint synovial membrane. Anat. Rec. 136, 137–147 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanson, S.W., Davenport, H.K.: Sensory unmyelinated fibres in the spinal nerves. Amer. J. Anat. 48, 331–353 (1931).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rebollo, M.A., deAnda, G.: The neuromuscular spindles in the adult chicken. II. Histochemistry. Acta anat. (Basel) 67, 595–608 (1967).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Regaud, C.: Les terminaisons nerveuses et les organes nerveux sensitifs de l’appareil locomoteur. II. Les terminaisons nerveuses et les organes nerveux sensitifs des tendons, de leurs gaines, des enveloppes conjonctives musculo-tendineuses du perioste et des tissus articulaires. Rev. gén. Histol. 1, 587–689 (1907).

    Google Scholar 

  • Regaud, C., Favre, M.: Les terminaisons nerveuses et les organes nerveux sensitifs de l’appareil locomoteur. I. Les terminaisons nerveuses et les organes nerveux sensitifs des muscles striés squelettaux. Rev. gén. Histol. 1, 1–140 (1904).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rexed, B., Therman, P.O.: Calibre spectra of motor and sensory nerve fibres to flexor and extensor muscles. J. Neurophysiol. 11, 133–140 (1948).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ridge, R.M.A.P.: Different types of extrafusal muscle fibres in snake costocutaneous muscles. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 217, 393–418 (1971).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, J.D.: Electron microscopy of the motor end-plate and the neuromuscular spindle. Amer. J. phys. Med. 39, 1–43 (1960).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruffini, A.: Sur un reticule nerveux special, et sur quelques corpuscules de Pacini qui se trouvent en connexion avec les organes musculo-tendineux du chat. Arch. ital. Biol. 18, 101–105 (1893a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruffini, A.: Sur la terminaison nerveuse dans les faisceaux musculaires et leur signification physiologique. Arch. ital. Biol. 18, 106–114 (1893b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruffini, A.: Sur un nouvel organe nerveux terminal et sur la présence des corpuscules Golgi-Mazzoni dans le conjonctif sous-cutané de la pulpe des doigts de l’homme. Arch. ital. Biol. 21, 249–265 (1894).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruffini, A.: Sopra due speciali modi d’innervazione degli organi di Golgi. Ric. Lab. Anat. Norm. Roy. Univ. Roma 6, 231–253 (1897).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruffini, A.: On the minute anatomy of the neuromuscular spindles of the cat, and on their physiological significance. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 23, 190–208 (1898).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruffini, A.: Sur les expansions nerveuses de la peau chez l’homme et quelques autres mammifères. Rev. gén. Histol. 1, 421–540 (1905).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rumpelt, H.J., Schmalbruch, H.: Zur Morphologie der Bauelemente von Muskelspindeln bei Mensch und Ratte. Z. Zellforsch. 102, 601–630 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sağlam, M.: Morphologische und quantitative Untersuchungen über die Muskelspindeln in der Nackenmuskulatur (M. biventer cervicis, M. rectus capitis dorsalis, and M. rectus capitis lateralis) des Bunt- und Blutspechtes. Acta anat. (Basel) 69, 87–104 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sampaolo, C.L.: Le espansioni sensitive nei muscoli oculari del vitello. Boll. Soc. ital. Biol. sper. 28, 1305–1308 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanders, F. K.: The thickness of the myelin sheaths of normal and regenerating peripheral nerve fibres. Proc. roy. Soc. B. 134, 323–357 (1948).

    Google Scholar 

  • Santini, M.: Noradrenergic fibres in Pacinian corpuscles. Anat. Rec. 160, 494 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  • Santini, M.: New fibres of sympathetic nature in the inner core region of Pacinian corpuscles. Brain Res. 16, 53–538 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  • Santini, M., Ibata, Y.: The fine structure of thin unmyelinated axons within muscle spindles. Brain Res. 33, 289–302 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Santini, M., Ibata, Y., Papas, G.D.: The fine structure of the sympathetic axons within the Pacinian corpuscle. Brain Res. 33, 279–287 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sas, J., Appeltauer, C.: Atypical muscle spindles in the extrinsic eye muscles of man. Acta anat. (Basel) 55, 311–322 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sas, J., Schab, R.: Die Sogenannten »Palisaden-Endigungen« der Augenmuskeln. Acta morph. Acad. Sci. hung. 2, 259–266 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  • Scalzi, H.A., Price, H.M.: The arrangement and sensory innervation of the intrafusal fibres in the feline muscle spindle. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 36, 375–390 (1971).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scalzi, H.A., Price, H.M.: Electron-microscopic observations of the sensory region of the mammalian muscle spindle. In: Research in muscle development and the muscle spindle. Banker, A. et al., Eds., pp. 254–263. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoultz, T. W., Swett, J.E.: The fine structure of the Golgi tendon organ. J. Neurocytol. 1, 1–26 (1972).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sfameni, A.: Recherches anatomiques sur l’existence des nerfs et sur leur mode de se terminer dans le tissu adipeux, dans le périoste, dans le périchondre et dans les tissus qui renforcent les articulations. Arch. ital. Biol. 38, 49–101 (1902).

    Google Scholar 

  • Shantha, T.R., Golaez, M.N., Bourne, G.H.: Histological and histochemical observations on the capsule of the muscle spindle in normal and denervated muscle. Acta anat. (Basel) 69, 632–646 (1968).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sherrington, C. S.: Notes on the arrangements of some motor fibres in the lumbosacral plexus. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 13, 621–772 (1892).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sherrington, O.S.: On the anatomical constitution of nerves to skeletal muscles; with remarks on recurrent fibres in the ventral spinal nerve-root. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 17, 211–258 (1894).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherrington, O.S.: Further note on the sensory nerves of muscles. Proc. roy. Soc. B. 61, 247–249 (1897).

    Google Scholar 

  • Shimizu, M.: Ultrastructure of Golgi’s tendon spindle of mouse (In Japanese). J. Yonago Med. Ass. 22, 285–296 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  • Siemmerling, C.: Ein Fall von gummöser Erkrankung der Hirnbasis mit Beteiligung des Chiasma Nervorum Opticorum. Arch. Psychiat. Nervenkr. 19, 423 (1888).

    Google Scholar 

  • Skoglund, S.: Anatomical and physiological studies of knee joint innervation in the cat. Acta physiol. scand. 36, Suppl. 124, 1–101 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slawik, F.F.: Über das Vorkommen von Muskelspindeln in der Muscularis propria des menschlichen Ösophagus. Anat. Anz. 93, 133–137 (1942).

    Google Scholar 

  • Smirnoff, A.E.: Sur les nerfs des tendons chez Rana temporaria, Rana escalenta and Bufo viridis. C. r. Séanc. Soc. nat. Univ. Kasan (In Russian) (1890); cited by Regaud, 1907.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smirnoff, A.E.: Sur les nerfs des tendons chez Rana temporaria, Rana esculenta and Bufo vulgaris. Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Petersbourg (In Russian) 73, Suppl. 4 (1893); cited by Regaud, 1907.

    Google Scholar 

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R.S.: Intrafusal musculature in Xenopus laevis. Acta physiol. scand. 59, Suppl. 213 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

    Google Scholar 

  • Sommerkamp, H.: Das Substrat der Dauerverkürzung am Froschmuskel (Physiologische und pharmakologische Sonderstellung bestimmter Muskelfasern). Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmak. exp. Path. 128, 99–115 (1928).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spiro, A.J., Beilin, R.L.: Histochemical duality of rabbit intrafusal fibres. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 17, 348–349 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sprague, J.M.: The distribution of dorsal root fibres on motor cells in the lumbosacral spinal cord of the cat, and the site of excitatory and inhibitory terminals in monosynaptic pathways. Proc. roy. Soc. B. 149, 534–556 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stacey, M. J.: The innervation of mammalian skeletal muscle by medium and small diameter afferent nerve fibres. Ph. D. Thesis: University of Durham 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stacey, M. J.: Free endings in skeletal muscle of the cat. J. Anat. (Lond.) 105, 231–254 (1969).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steer, J.C., Horney, F.D.: Evidence for passage of cerebrospinal fluid among spinal nerves. Canad. med. Ass. J. 98, 71–74 (1968).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stefanelli, A.: Terminazioni nervose di moto e di senso nei petromizonti. Arch. Zool. ital. 17, 85–101 (1932).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sterling, R. J.: Extrafusal and intrafusal end-plate morphology in frog muscle (in preparation 1973).

    Google Scholar 

  • Stilwell, D.L., jr.: Regional variations in the innervation of deep fasciae and aponeuroses. Anat. Rec. 127, 635–654 (1957a).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stilwell, D.L., jr.: The innervation of tendons and aponeuroses. Amer. J. Anat. 100, 289–317 (1957b).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stilwell, D.L., jr.: The innervation of the deep structures of the hand. Amer. J. Anat. 101, 75–99 (1957c).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stilwell, D.L., jr.: The innervation of deep structures of the foot. Amer. J. Anat. 101, 59–74 (1957d).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sunderland, S., Roche, A.F.: Axon-myelin relationships in peripheral nerve fibres. Acta anat. (Basel) 33, 1–37 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sutton, A. C.: On the development of the neuro-muscular spindle in the extrinsic eye muscles of the pig. Amer. J. Anat. 18, 117–144 (1915).

    Google Scholar 

  • Swash, M., Fox, K.P.: Muscle spindle innervation in man. J. Anat. (Lond.) 112, 61–80 (1972).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swett, J.E., Eldred, E.: Distribution and numbers of stretch receptors in medial gastrocnemius and soleus muscles of the cat. Anat. Rec. 137, 453–460 (1960a).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swett, J.E., Eldred, E.: Comparison in structure of stretch receptors in medial gastrocnemius and soleus muscles of the cat. Anat. Rec. 137, 461–473 (1960b).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Szepsenwol, J.: The neuromuscular spindle in the lizard Anolis cristatellus. Cellule 61, 21–37 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tello, J.F.: Genesis de las terminaciones nerviosas motrices y sensitivas. I. En el sistema locomotor de los vertebrados superiores. Histogenesis muscular. Trab. Lab. Invest. biol. Univ. Madrid 15, 101–199 (1917).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tello, J. F.: Die Entstehung der motorischen und sensiblen Nervenendigungen. Z. ges. Anat. 64, 348–440 (1922).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tello, J.F.: Contribution à la connaissance des terminaisons sensitives dans les organes génitaux externes et de leur développement. Trav. rech. biol. Univ. Madrid 28, 1–58 (1932).

    Google Scholar 

  • vonThiel, W.: Bau und funktionelle Bedeutung einiger isolierter markhaltiger Nervenfasern des Musculus piriformis der Katze. Acta anat. (Basel) 37, 137–153 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, J.: Parallel spindle systems in the small muscles of the rat tail. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 211, 781–799 (1970).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tiegs, O.W.: Innervation of voluntary muscle. Physiol. Rev. 33, 90–144 (1953).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tower, S.S.: Atrophy and degeneration in the muscle spindle. Brain 55, 77–90 (1932).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tozer, F.M., Sherrington, C.S.: Receptors and afferents of the third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerves. Proc. roy. Soc. B. 82, 450–457 (1910).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tranzer, J.P., Thoenen, H.: Electronmicroscopic localization of 5-hydroxydopamine (3, 4, 5-trihydroxy-phenyl-ethylamine) as new ‘false’ sympathetic transmitter. Experientia (Basel) 23, 743–744 (1967).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tuffery, A.R.: Growth and degeneration of motor end-plates in normal cat hind limb muscles. J. Anat. (Lond.) 110, 221–247 (1971).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Voss, H.: Untersuchungen über Zahl, Anordnung und Länge der Muskelspindeln in den Lum-bricalmuskeln des Menschen und einiger Tiere. Z. mikr.-anat. Forsch. 42, 509–524 (1937).

    Google Scholar 

  • Voss, H.: Ein ungewöhnliches und reichliches Vorkommen von freien Zellen im Kapselraum der Muskelspindeln beim Neugeborenen. Anat. Anz. 110, 417–419 (1962a).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Voss, H.: Sonderformen der Muskelspindeln des Menschen. Anat. Anz. 110, 420–424 (1962b).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Voss, H.: Untersuchungen über die absolute und relative Zahl der Muskelspindeln in weiteren Muskelgruppen (Mm. Scaleni und Rückenmuskeln) des Menschen. Anat. Anz. 112, 276–279 (1963).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, L.B., Jr.: Diameter spectrum of intrafusal muscle fibres in muscle spindles of the dog. Anat. Rec. 133, 385 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, L.B., jr., Rajagopal, M.D.: Neuromuscular spindles in the human tongue. Anat. Rec. 133, 438 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Weddell, G., Harpman, J. A.: The neurohistological basis for the sensation of pain provoked from deep fascia, tendon, and periosteum. J. Neurol. Psychiat. 3, 319–328 (1940).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weismann, A.: Über das Wachsen der quergestreiften Muskeln nach Beobachtungen am Frosch. Z. Rat. Med. 10, 263–284 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Werner, J.K.: Development of the neuromuscular spindle. Amer. J. phys. Med. 51, 192–207 (1972).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winckler, G., Foroglou, C.: Caractéristiques des ‘nuclear bag’ et des ‘nuclear chain’ fibres des fuseaux neuro-musculaires. Brain Res. 42, 289–296 (1972).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whitteridge, D.: The effect of stimulation of intrafusal muscle fibres on sensitivity to stretch of extraocular muscle spindles. Quart. J. exp. Physiol. 44, 385–393 (1959).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wirsen, C., Larsson, K.S.: Histochemical differentiation of skeletal muscle in foetal and newborn mice. J. Embryol. exp. Morph. 12, 759–767 (1964).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wohlfakt, G., Henriksson, K. G.: Observations on the distribution, number and innervation of Golgi musculo-tendinous organs. Acta anat. (Basel) 41, 192–204 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Woltee, J.R.: Morphology of the sensory nerve apparatus in striated muscle of the human eye. Arch. Ophthal. 53, 201–207 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  • Yellin, H.: A histochemical study of Muscle spindles and their relationship to extrafusal fibre types in the rat. Amer. J. Anat. 125, 31–46 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yellin, H., Guth, L.: The histochemical classification of muscle fibers. Exp. Neurol. 26, 424–432 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yokomatsu, K.: Studies of nerves and nerve endings in the visual organs. VI. Nerve endings in the extrinsic eye muscles (In Japanese). Acta anat. nippon. 4, 1331–1354 (1932); cited by Hosokawa, 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, J.Z.: The functional repair of nervous tissue. Physiol. Rev. 22, 318–374 (1942).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zelená, J.: The morphogenetic influence of innervation on the ontogenetic development of muscle-spindles. J. Embryol. exp. Morph. 5, 283–292 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zelená, J.: Effect of innervation on the development of skeletal muscle. Babakova Sbirka (Praha) 12, 1–102 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zelená, J.: Development of muscle receptors after tenotomy. Physiol, bohemoslov. 12, 30–36 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zelená, J.: Development, degeneration and regeneration of receptor organs. In: Progress in Brain Research, Vol. 12. Amsterdam: Elsevier 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zelená, J., Hnik, P.: Absence of spindles in muscles of rats reinnervated during development. Physiol, bohemoslov. 9, 373–381 (1960a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zelená, J., Hnik, P.: Irreversible elimination of muscle receptors. Nature (Lond.) 188, 946–947 (1960b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Zelená, J., Hnik, P.: Effect of innervation on the development of muscle receptors. In: The Effect of Use and Disuse on Neuromuscular Functions. Gutmann, E., Hnik, P., Eds., pp. 95–105. Prague: Publishing House of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences 1963a.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zelená, J., Hnik, P.: Motor and receptor units in the soleus muscle after nerve regeneration in very young rats. Physiol. bohemoslov. 12, 277–290 (1963b).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zenker, W., Keammer, E.: Untersuchungen über Feinstruktur und Innervation der inneren Augenmuskulatur des Huhnes. Z. Zellforsch. 83, 147–168 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Durham, England

    David Barker

Authors
  1. David Barker
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Washington University, School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Mo., 63110, USA

    C. C. Hunt

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1974 Springer-Verlag Berlin · Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Barker, D. (1974). The Morphology of Muscle Receptors. In: Hunt, C.C. (eds) Muscle Receptors. Handbook of Sensory Physiology, vol 3 / 2. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-65945-4_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-65945-4_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-65947-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-65945-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation