Abstract
During natural movement on the earth’s surface, we are seldom aware of vestibular sensations, and when we do become aware of them, they usually signify an unnatural stimulus or an abnormality of vestibular function. With specially contrived conditions of observation, relationships between acceleratory stimuli and vestibular sensations and perceptions can be described quantitatively and qualitatively. These relationships constitute the primary subject matter of this chapter, but to appreciate this material in relation to daily experiences, we must first consider why vestibular sensations do not typically achieve conscious awareness during natural voluntary head and body movement.
Opinions or conclusions contained in this report are those of the author. They are not to be construed as necessarily reflecting the view or the endorsement of the Department of the Navy.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adrian, E.D.: Discharges from vestibular receptors in the cat. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 101, 389–407 (1943).
Ambler, R.K., Guedry, F.E.: Reliability and validity of the Brief Vestibular Disorientation procedure compared under 10 rpm and 15 rpm conditions. Aerospace Med. 42, 186–189 (1971).
Andersson, S., Gernandt, B.: Cortical projection of vestibular nerve in cat. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.), Suppl. 116 (1954).
Andersson, S., Ndlsson, A., Ruuth, E., Smith, G.: Visual aftereffects and the individual as an adaptive system. CWK Gleerup, Lund, Sweden 1972.
Arndts, F.: Zur Frage nach der Lagewahrnehmung dienenden Sinnesfunctionen. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 204, 539–540 (1924).
Arnoult, M.: Postrotatory localization of sound. Amer. J. Psychol. 63, 229–236 (1950).
Aschan, G., Bergstedt, M.: The genesis of secondary nystagmus induced by vestibular stimuli. Acta Soc. Med. upsalien. 60, 113–122 (1965).
Aschan, G., Nylén, C.O., Stahle, J., Wersäll, R.: The rotation test. Cupulometric data from 320 normals. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 42, 451–459 (1952).
Arslan, M., Molinari, J.A.: Modification of the activity of the vestibular nuclei in the cat following stimulation in the temporal lobe. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 59, 338–343 (1965).
Aubert, H.: Eine scheinbare bedeutende Drehung von Objekten bei Neigung des Kopfes nach rechts oder links. Virchows Arch. 20, 381–393 (1861).
Bárány, R.: Physiologie und Pathologie des Bogengangsapparates beim Menschen. Vienna: Deuticke 1907.
Bárány, R.: Zur Klinik und Theorie des Eisenbahn-Nystagmus. Arch. Augenheilk. 87, 139–142 (1921).
Barlow, J.S.: Inertial navigation as a basis for animal navigation. J. theor. Biol. 6, 76–117 (1964).
Barlow, J. S.: Vestibular and non-dominant and parietal lobe disorders. Dis. nerv. Syst. 31, 624–679 (1970).
Barnes, G. R.: A theoretical model of the utricular otolith and its response to angular motion with respect to an acceleration in shear. IAM Report 506. Farnborough, England: RAF Institute of Aviation Medicine 1971.
Barrett, G. V., Thorton, C.L.: Relationship between perceptual style and simulator sickness. J. appl. Psychol. 52, 304–308 (1968).
Bauermeister, M.: Effect of body tilt on apparent verticality, apparent body position, and their relation. J. exp. Psychol. 67, 142–147 (1964).
Bauermeister, M., Werner, H., Wapner, S.: The effect of body tilt on tactual-kinesthetic perception of verticality. Amer. J. Psychol. 77, 451–456 (1964).
Bechinger, D., Kongehl, G., Kornhuber, H.H.: Dependence of human sensory information transmission on distribution of stimuli. Naturwissenschaften 56 (8), 419 (1969).
Belanger, F., Mayne, R.: The dynamics of the semicircular canals. GERA-1085. Litchfield Park, Ariz.: Goodyear Aerospace Corp. 1965.
Benfari, R.C.: Perceptual vertigo: A dimensional study. Percept. Mot. Skills 18, 633–639 (1964).
Benson, A.J.: Modification of per- and post-rotational responses by the concomitant linear acceleration. NASA SP-115. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office 1966.
Benson, A.J.: Postrotational sensation and nystagmus as indicants of semicircular canal function. NASA SP-152. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office 1968a.
Benson, A.J.: Personal communication 1968b.
Benson, A.J.: Interactions between semicircular canals and gravireceptors. In: Recent advances in aerospace medicine. Dordrecht, Holland: Reidel 1970.
Benson, A.J.: Effect of angular oscillation in yaw on vision. Proc. Aerospace Med. Assn. Annual Meeting, Miami 1972.
Benson, A.J., Barnes, G.R.: Responses to rotating linear acceleration vectors considered in relation to a model of the otolith organs. NASA SP-314. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office 1973.
Benson, A.J., Bodin, M.: Interaction of linear and angular accelerations on vestibular receptors in man. Aerospace Med. 37, 144–154 (1966a).
Benson, A.J., Bodin, M.: Comparison of the effect of the direction of the gravitational acceleration on post-rotational responses in yaw, pitch and roll. Aerospace Med. 37, 889–897 (1966b).
Benson, A. J., Brand, J. L.: Some effects of 1-hyoscine hydrobromin on post-rotatory sensation and nystagmus in man. IAM Report 378. Farnborough, England: RAF Institute of Aviation Medicine 1966.
Benson, A.J., Guedry, F.E.: Comparison of tracking-task performance and nystagmus during sinusoidal oscillation in yaw and pitch. Aerospace Med. 42, 593–601 (1971).
Benson, A.J., Diaz, E., Farrugia, P.: The perception of body orientation relative to a rotating linear acceleration vector. Personal communication 1971.
Benson, A. J., Guedry, F.E., Melvill Jones, G.: Response of the semicircular canal dependent units in the vestibular nuclei to rotation of a linear acceleration vector without angular acceleration. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 210, 475–494 (1970).
Benson, A.J., Goorney, A.B., Reason, J.T.: The effect of instruction upon post-rotational sensations and nystagmus. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 62, 442–452 (1966).
Bergstedt, M.: Stepwise adaptation to a velocity of 10 rpm in the Pensacola Slow Rotation Room. NASA SP-77. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office 1965.
Beritov, I.S.: The mechanism of spatial orientation in man. Pavlov J. higher nerv. Activ. 9 (1), 1–11 (1959). Translated from the Russian and published by National Institute of Health, U.S. Public Health Service, and U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare. Translation S.A. Corson, Ed. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University.
Birren, J.E.: Static equilibrium and vestibular function. J. exp. Psychol. 35, 127–133 (1945).
Bischoff, N., Scheerer, E.: Systemanalyse der optisch-vestibulären Interaktion bei der Wahrnehmung der Vertikalen. Psychol. Forsch. 34, 99–181 (1970).
Bornschein, V.H., Schubert, G.: Objektivierung und Analyse des vestibulären Coriolis-Effektes. Z. Biol. 107, 95–107 (1954).
Bornschein, V.H., Schubert, G.: Die Reizparameter des vestibulären Coriolis-Effektes. Z. Biol. 110, 269–275 (1958).
Bornschein, V. H., Schubert, G.: Die Richtung des vestibulären Coriolis-Effektes. Z. Biol. 113, 145–160 (1962).
Bourdon, B.: Sur le rôle de la tête dans perception de l’espace. Rev. Philos. 61, 526–529 (1906).
Bourdon, B.: Reserches sur la perception des movements rectilignes de tout le corps. L’année Psychol. 20, 1–16 (1914).
Brandt, Th., Dichgans, J.: Circularvektion, optische Pseudocoriolis-Effekte und optokinetischer Nachnystagmus. Albrecht v. Graefes Arch. klin. exp. Ophthal. 184, 42–57 (1972).
Brandt, Th., Dichgans, J., Koenig, E.: Differential effects of central versus peripheral vision on egocentric and exocentric motion perception. Submitted to Exp. Brain Res. 16, 476–491 (1973).
Brandt, Th., Wist, E., Dichgans, J.: Optisch induzierte Pseudocoriolis-Effekte und Circularvektion. Arch. Psychiat. Nervenkr. 214, 365–389 (1971).
Brandt, U., Fluur, E.: Postural perceptions and eye displacements produced by a resultant vector acting in the medial sagittal plane of the head. I. Responses along three axes by stepwise increasing phi with the subject heading centripetally in an erect and tilted posi- tion. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 63, 489–502 (1967a).
Brandt, U., Fluur, E.: Postural perceptions and eye displacements produced by a resultant vector acting in the median sagittal plane of the head. II. Continuous responses along the Y axis with the subject in a vertical position, heading centripetally and centrifugally. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 63, 564–578 (1967b).
Brodal, A.: Anatomical observations on the vestibular nuclei, with special reference to their relations to the spinal cord and the cerebellum. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.), Suppl. 192 (1964).
Brodal, A.: Anatomical aspects on functional organization of the vestibular nuclei. NASA SP-115. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office 1966.
Brown, J.H.: Magnitude estimation of angular velocity during passive rotation. J. exp. Psychol. 72 (2), 169–172 (1966).
Brown, J.H.: Cross-modal estimation of angular velocity. Percept. Psychophysics 3, 115–117 (1968).
Brown, J.H., Crampton, G.H.: Quantification of the human nystagmic response to angular acceleration. Prediction formulae and nomograph. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 58, 555–564 (1964).
Brown, J.H., Crampton, G.H.: Concomitant visual stimulation does not alter habituation of nystagmic, oculogyral or psychophysical responses to angular acceleration. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 61, 80–91 (1966).
Brown, J.H., Wolfe, J.W.: Adaptation to prolonged constant angular acceleration. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 67, 389–398 (1969).
Brown, J.L.: Orientation to the vertical during water immersion. Aerospace Med. 32, 209–217 (1961).
Brown, R.H., Imus, H., Niven, J.I., Graybiel, A.: The relationship between apparent displacement and motion in the oculogyral illusion. NSAM-460. Pensacola, Florida: Naval School of Aviation Medicine 1949.
Burtt, N.E.: The perception of slight changes of equilibrium with special reference to the problems of aviation. J. appl. Psychol. 2, 101–115 (1918).
Buys, E.: Contribution à l’étude du nystagmus oculaire de la rotation chez l’homme. Rev. Oto-Neuro-Ouil. 2, 641–659, 721–749 (1924).
Byford, G.H.: Eye movements and the optogyral illusion. Aerospace Med. 34, 119–123 (1963).
Cappel, K.: Determination of physical constants of semicircular canals from measurement of single neural unit activity under constant angular acceleration. NASA SP-115. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office 1966.
Carlstrom, D.: A crystallogravic study of vertebrate otoliths. Biol. Bull. 125, 441 (1963).
Cawthorne, T., Dix, M., Hallpike, G., Hood, J.: The investigation of vestibular function. Brit. med. Bull. 12 (2), 131–142 (1956).
Christian, P.: Über unbewusste Vestibular is Wirkung. Z. für Neurol. und Psychiat. 165, 214–219 (1939).
Clark, B.: Thresholds for the perception of angular acceleration in man. Aerospace Med. 38, 443–450 (1967).
Clark, B.: The vestibular system. Ann. Rev. Psychol. 21, 273–306 (1970).
Clark, B., Graybiel, A.: The effect of angular acceleration on sound localization: The audiogyral illusion. J. Psychol. (Provincetown) 28, 235–244 (1949).
Clark, B., Graybiel, A.: The duration of the oculogyral illusion as a function of the interval between positive and negative acceleration. J. appl. Physiol. 5, 147–152 (1952).
Clark, B., Graybiel, A.: Antecedent visual frame of reference as a contributing factor in the perception of the oculogravic illusion. NSAM-457. Pensacola, Fla.: Naval School of Aviation Medicine 1961.
Clark, B., Graybiel, A.: Visual perception of the horizontal during prolonged exposure to radial acceleration on a centrifuge. J. exp. Psychol. 63, 294–302 (1962).
Clark, B., Graybiel, A.: Perception of the postural vertical in normals and subjects with labyrinthine defects. J. exp. Psychol. 65, 490–494 (1963a).
Clark, B., Graybiel, A.: Contributing factors in the perception of the oculogravic illusion. Amer. J. Psychol. 76, 18–27 (1963b).
Clark, B., Graybiel, A.: Perception of the postural vertical following prolonged bodily tilt in normals and subjects with labyrinthine defects. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 58, 143–148 (1964).
Clark, B., Graybiel, A.: Factors contributing to the delay in the perception of the oculo-gravic illusion. Amer. J. Psychol. 79, 377–388 (1966a).
Clark, B., Graybiel, A.: Perception of the visual horizontal in normal and labyrinthine defective subjects during prolonged rotation. Amer. J. Psychol. 79, 608–612 (1966b).
Clark, B., Graybiel, A.: Egocentric localization of the visual horizontal in normal and labyrinthine defective observers as a function of head and body tilt. Percept. Psychophysics 2, 609–611 (1967).
Clark, B., Graybiel, A.: Influence of contact on the perception of the oculogravic illusion. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 65, 373–380 (1968).
Clark, B., Stewart, J.D.: Perception of angular acceleration about the yaw axis of a flight simulation: Thresholds and reaction latency for research pilots. Aerospace Med. 33, 1426–1432 (1962).
Clark, B., Stewart, J.D.: Vestibular and nonvestibular information in judgments of attitude and Coriolis motion in a piloted flight simulator. Aerospace Med. 38, 936–940 (1967).
Clark, B., Stewart, J.D.: Comparison of three methods to determine thresholds for the perception of passive bodily acceleration. Amer. J. Psychol. 81, 207–216 (1968a).
Clark, B., Stewart, J.D.: Comparison of sensitivity for the perception of bodily rotation and the oculogyral illusion. Percept. Psychophysics 3, 253–256 (1968b).
Clark, B., Stewart, J.D.: Magnitude estimates of rotational velocity during and following prolonged increasing, constant, and zero acceleration. J. exp. Psychol. 78, 329–339 (1968c).
Clark, B., Stewart, J.D.: Effects of angular acceleration on man: Thresholds for the perception of rotation and the oculogyral illusion. Aerospace Med. 40, 952–956 (1969).
Clark, B., Stewart, J.D.: The power law for the perception of rotation by airline pilots. Percept. Psychophysics 11, 433–436 (1972a).
Clark, B., Stewart, J.D.: Comparison of the sensitivity to rotation of pilots and nonpilots. Aerospace Med. 43, 8–12 (1972b).
Clark, B., Graybiel, A., MacCorquodale, K.: The illusory perception of movement caused by angular acceleration and centrifugal force during flight. II. Visually perceived motion of a fixed target during turns. J. exp. Psychol. 38, 298–309 (1948).
Clegg, W.C., Dunfield, N.M.: Non-visual perception of the postural vertical. I. Sagittal plane. Canadian J. Psychol. 8, 1–8 (1954a).
Clegg, W.C., Dunfield, N.M.: Non-visual perception of the postural vertical. II. Lateral plane. Canadian J. Psychol. 8, 80–86 (1954b).
Cohen, B., Highstein, S.M.: Cerebellar control of vestibular pathways to oculomotor neurons. In: Progress in Brain Research, Vol. 37, Basic aspects of central vestibular mechanisms. Amsterdam: Elsevier 1972.
Cohen, B., Takemori, S.: Visual inhibition of nystagmus by the flocculus. Fed. Proc. (in press 1973).
Cohen, B., Takemori, S., Uemttra, T.: Visual-vestibular interaction: The role of the labyrinth in the production of optokinetic nystagmus and optokinetic afternystagmus. AGARD-CPP-128. London: Technical Editing and Reproduction Ltd. 1973.
Cohen, M.M., Crosbie, R.J., Blackburn, L.H.: Disorienting effects of air-craft catapult launchings. AGARD-CP-95-Part I. London: Technical Editing and Reproduction Ltd. 1972.
Colenbrander, A.: Eye and otoliths. Aeromed. Acta (Soesterberg) 9, 45–92 (1963–1964).
Collins, W.E.: Task control of arousal and the effects of repeated unidirectional angular acceleration on human vestibular responses. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) Suppl. 190 (1964).
Collins, W.E.: Subjective responses and nystagmus following repeated unilateral caloric stimulation. Ann. Otol. (St. Louis) 74, 1034–1055 (1965).
Collins, W. E.: Coriolis vestibular stimulation and the influence of different visual surrounds. Aerospace Med. 39, 125–130 (1968a).
Collins, W.E.: Special effects of brief periods of visual fixation on nystagmus and sensations of turning. Aerospace Med. 39, 257–266 (1968b).
Collins, W. E.: Influence of head position on the habituation of vertical vestibular nystagmus in the cat. J. comp. physiol. Psychol. 67, 156–159 (1969).
Collins, W.E., Guedry, F.E.: Arousal effects and nystagmus during prolonged constant acceleration. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 54, 349–362 (1962).
Collins, W.E., Guedry, F.E.: Duration of angular acceleration and ocular nystagmus from cat and man. I. Responses from the lateral and the vertical canals to two stimulus durations. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 64, 373–387 (1967).
Collins, W.E., Schroeder, D. J., Hill, R.J.: Some effects of alcohol on vestibular responses. Advanc. oto-rhino-laryng. 19, 295–303 (1973).
Collins, W.E., Schroeder, D. J., Gilson, R.D., Guedry, F.E.: Effects of alcohol ingestion on tracking performance during angular acceleration. J. appl. Psychol. 55, 559–563 (1971).
Correia, M.J.: An empirical and theoretical consideration of anchoring effects in the judgment of verticality. Thesis. University, Alabama: University of Alabama 1962.
Correia, M.J., Guedry, F.E.: Influence of labyrinth orientation relative to gravity on responses elicited by stimulation of the horizontal semicircular canals. NSAM-905. Pensacola, Fla.: Naval School of Aviation Medicine 1964.
Correia, M.J., Guedry, F.E.: Modification of vestibular responses as a function of rate of rotation about an Earth-horizontal axis. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 62, 297–308 (1966).
Correia, M.J., Money, K.E.: The effect of blockage of all six semicircular canal ducts on nystagmus produced by dynamic linear acceleration in the cat. DRET Report 728. Toronto: Defence Research Establishment, Defence Research Board 1968.
Correia, M.J., Hixson, W.C., Niven, J.I.: Otolith shear and the visual perception of force direction: Discrepancies and a proposed resolution. NAMI-951. Pensacola, Fla.: Naval Aerospace Medical Institute 1965.
Correia, M. J., Hixson, W.C., Niven, J.I.: On predictive equations for subjective judgments of vertical and horizon in a force field. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) Suppl. 230 (1968).
Corso, J.I.: A theoretico-historical review of the threshold concept. Psychol. Bull. 60, 356–370 (1963).
Corvera, J., Hallpike, C.S., Schuster, E.H.J.: A new method for the anatomical reconstruction of the human macular planes. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 49, 4–16 (1958).
Cramer, R.L.: Subjective responses to oscillation in yaw. Aerospace Med. 38, 457–458 (1964).
Crampton, G.H., Gall, K.: Responses of single cells within the cat medulla during prolonged constant angular acceleration. Tech. Report EATR 4505. Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland: Dept. of the Army, Edgewood Arsenal Research Laboratories 1971.
Crampton, G. H., Young, F. A.: The differential effects of a rotatory visual field on susceptibles and non-susceptibles to motion sickness. J. comp. physiol. Psychol. 46, 451–453 (1953).
Critchley, M.: The Parietal Lobes. London: Arnold 1953.
Crosby, E.C., Humphrey, T., Lauer, E.W.: Correlative Anatomy of the Nervous System. New York: MacMillan 1962.
Cullen, J. F., Harper, C.R.: Perceptual differences of airline pilots and engineers. Aerospace Med. 40, 407–408 (1969).
Day, R., Wade, N.: Visual spatial aftereffect from prolonged head tilt. Science 154, 1201–1202 (1966).
De Vries, Hl.: The minimum perceptible angular acceleration under various conditions. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 37, 218–229 (1949).
De Vries, Hl.: The mechanics of the labyrinth otoliths. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 38, 263–273 (1950).
De Vries, Hl., Schierbeek, P.: The minimum perceptible velocity under various conditions. Pract. oto-rhino-laryng. (Basel) 15, 65–72 (1953).
Dichgans, J., Brandt, Th.: Visual-vestibular interaction and motion perception. In: Cerebral control of eye movements and motion perception. Basel/New York: S. Karger 1972.
Dichgans, J., Brandt, Th.: The psychophysics of visually induced perception of self-motion and tilt. In: F.O. Schmitt and F.G. Worden (Eds.): The Neurosciences, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press 1974.
Dichgans, J., Brandt, Th.: Self-motion-sensation, pseudo-Coriolis effects and motion sickness induced by optokinetic stimuli. AGARD-CPP-128. London: Technical Editing and Reproduction Ltd. 1973b.
Dichgans, J., Jung, R.: Attention, eye movements and motion detection: Facilitation and selection in optokinetic nystagmus and railway nystagmus. In: Attention in Neurophysiology. London: Butterworth and Co. 1969.
Dichgans, J., Körner, F., Voigt, K.: Vergleichende Skalierung des afferenten undefferenten Bewegungssehens beim Menschen: Lineare Funktionen mit verschiedener Anstiegssteilheit. Psychol. Forsch. 32, 277–295 (1969).
Dichgans, J., Held, R., Young, L., Brandt, Th.: Moving visual scenes influence the apparent direction of gravity. Science 178, 1217–1219 (1972).
Dobie, T.B.: Evaluation of subjective cupulometry as a selection technique with potential aircrews. Presented at 40th Aerospace Medical Assn. Annual Meeting, San Francisco 1969.
Dockstader, S.L.: Comparison of cupulometric and psychophysical thresholds for perception of rotation and the oculogyral illusion. Percept. Psychophysics 9, 299–302 (1971).
Dodge, R.: Habituation to rotation; thresholds of rotation. J. exp. Psychol. 6, 1–35, 107–137 (1923).
Doty, R. L.: Effect of duration of stimulus presentation on the angular acceleration threshold. J. exp. Psychol. 80, 317–321 (1969).
Duensing, F., Schaefer, K.P.: Über die Konvergenz verschiedener labyrinthärer Afferenzen auf einzelne Neurone des Vestibularis-Kerngebietes. Arch. Psychiat. Nervenkr. 199, 345–371 (1959).
Duffy, F.H., Lombrose, C.T.: Electrophysiological evidence of visual suppression prior to the onset of a voluntary saccadic eye movement. Nature (Lond.) 218, 1074–1075 (1968).
Ek, J., Jongkees, L.B.W., Klijn, J.: The threshold of the vestibular organ. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 50, 292–299 (1959).
Ek, J., Jongkees, L.B.W., Klijn, J.: On the effect of continuous acceleration. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 51, 416–419 (1960).
Elsner, W.: The power laws for the perception of rotation and the oculogyral illusion. Percept. Psychophysics 9, 418–420 (1971).
Engen, T., Ross, B.M.: Effect of reference number on magnitude estimation. Percept. Psychophysics 1, 74–76 (1966).
Engström, H., Wersäll, J.: Structure and innervation of the inner ear sensory epithelia. Int. Rev. Cytol. 7, 535–585 (1958).
Engström, H., Lindeman, H.H., Ades, H.W.: Anatomical features of the auricular sensory organs. NASA SP-115. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office 1966.
Feilchenfeld, H.: Zur Lageschätzung bei seitlichen Kopfneigungen. Z. Psychol. Physiol. Sinnesorg. 31, 127–150 (1903).
Fernández, C., Fredrickson, J.M.: Experimental cerebellar lesions and their effect on vestibular function. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) Suppl. 192 (1964).
Fernández, C., Goldberg, J.M.: Physiology of peripheral neurons innervating the semicircular canals of the squirrel monkey. The response to sinusoidal stimulation and dynamics of the peripheral vestibular system. J. Neurophysiol. 34, 661–675 (1971).
Fischer, M.H.: Messende Untersuchungen über die Gegenrollung der Augen und die Lokalisation der scheinbaren Vertikalen bei seitlicher Neigung des Körpers, Kopfes und Stammes: III. Mitteilung. Untersuchungen an einem Ertaubten mit Functionsuntüchtigkeit beider Vestibularapparate und einem einseitig Labyrinthlosen. Albrecht v. Graefes Arch. klin. exp. Ophthal. 123, 509–531 (1930).
Fleishman, E.A.: The perception of body position-effect of speed, magnitude, and direction of displacement on accuracy of adjustment to an upright position. Human Resources Research Center Bulletin, 53–61 (1953a).
Fleishman, E.A.: Perception of body position in the absence of visual cues. J. exp. Psychol. 46, 261–270 (1953b).
Fluur, E.: The interaction between the utricle and saccule. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 69, 17–24 (1970).
Fluur, E., Mellström, A.: Utricular stimulation and oculomotor reactions. Laryngoscope (St. Louis) 80, 1701–1712 (1970a).
Fluur, E., Mellström, A.: Saccular stimulation and oculomotor reactions. Laryngoscope (St. Louis) 80, 1713–1721 (1970b).
Fredrickson, J.M., Schwarz, D.: Multisensory influence upon single units in the vestibular nucleus. NASA SP-187. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office 1970.
Fredrickson, J., Figge, U., Scheid, P., Kornhuber, H.H.: Vestibular nerve projection to the cerebral cortex of the Rhesus monkey. Exp. Brain Res. 2, 318–327 (1966).
Freedman, S.J.: The Neuropsychology of Spatially Oriented Behavior. Homewood, Illinois: Dorsey Press 1968.
Galebsky, A.: Vestibular nystagmus in new-born infants. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 11, 409–423 (1927).
Galle, R.R., Emel’ianov, M.D.: Results of physiological studies performed in a slow rotation chamber. Space Biol. Med. 1, 108–118 (1967).
Garner, W.R.: Uncertainty and Structure as Psychological Concepts. New York: Wiley 1962.
Garner, W.R., Hake, H.W.: The amount of information in absolute judgments. Psychol. Rev. 58, 446–459 (1951).
Garten, S.: Über die Grundlagen unserer Orientierung im Räume. Abh. Sachs, ges. (Akad.) Wiss. 26, 433–510 (1920).
Geldard, F.A.: The Human Senses. Second Edition. New York/London/Sydney/Toronto: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 1972.
Gernandt, B.E.: Vestibular influence upon spinal reflex activity. CIBA Symposium on myotatic, kinesthetic and vestibular mechanisms (1967).
Gescheider, G. A., Wright, J.H.: Effects of body position on judgments of postural vertical. Percept. Mot. Skills 21, 783–786 (1965).
Gibson, J. J., Mowrer, O.H.: Determinants of the perceived vertical and horizontal. Psychol. Rev. 45, 300–323 (1938).
Gilson, R.D., Guedry, F.E., Stockwell, C.W.: Conditioned suppression of vestibular nystagmus with visual stimuli. Presented at 44th Annual Aerospace Medical Assn. Meeting, Las Vegas, Nevada 1973 a.
Gilson, R.D., Stockwell, C.W., Guedry, F.E.: Nystagmus responses during triangular waveforms of angular velocity about the y- and z-axes. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 75, 21–26 (1973b).
Gilson, R.D., Schroeder, D. J., Collins, W.E., Guedry, F.E.: Effects of different alcohol dosages and display luminance on tracking performance during vestibular stimulation. Aerospace Med. 43, 656–660 (1972).
Goldberg, J.M., Fernandez, C.: Physiology of peripheral neurons innervating the semi-circular canals of the squirrel monkey. I and III. J. Neurophysiol. 34, 636–660, 676–684 (1971).
Gonshor, A., Melvill Jones, G.: Vestibular habituation induced by mirror vision: An optimising process. Presented at 42d Annual Aerospace Medical Assn. Meeting, Houston, Texas 1971.
Graybiel, A.: Oculogravic illusion. AMA Arch. Ophthal. 48, 605–615 (1952).
Graybiel, A., Brown, R.H.: The delay in visual reorientation following exposure to a change in direction of resultant force on a human centrifuge. J. genet. Psychol. 45, 143–150 (1951).
Graybiel, A., Clark, B.: Perception of the horizontal or vertical with the head upright, on the side, and inverted under static conditions, and during exposure to centripetal force. Aerospace Med. 33, 147–155 (1962).
Graybiel, A., Clark, B.: The validity of the oculogravic illusion as a specific indicator of otolith function. Aerospace Med. 36, 1173–1181 (1965).
Graybiel, A., Hupp, D.I.: The oculogyral illusion: A form of apparent motion which may be observed following stimulation of the semicircular canals. J. Aviat. Med. 3, 1–12 (1946).
Graybiel, A., Johnson, W.H.: A comparison of symptomatology experienced by healthy persons and subjects with loss of labyrinthine function when exposed to unusual patterns of centripetal force in counter-rotating room. Ann. Otol. (St. Louis) 72, 357–373 (1963).
Graybiel, A., Kellogg, R.S.: The inversion illusion in parabolic flight: Its probable dependence on otolith function. Aerospace Med. 38, 1099–1102 (1967).
Graybiel, A., Miller, E.F.: The otolith organs as a primary etiological factor in motion sickness: With a note on “off-vertical” rotation. NASA SP-187. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office 1970.
Graybiel, A., Patterson, J.L.: Thresholds of stimulation of the otolith organs as indicated by the oculogravic illusion. J. appl. Psychol. 7, 666–670 (1955).
Graybiel, A., Clark, B., Zarriello, J. J.: Observations on human subjects living in a “slow rotation room” for periods of two days. AMA Arch. Neurol. 3, 55–73 (1960).
Graybiel, A., Clark, B., MacCorquodale, K., Hupp, D.: The role of vestibular nystagmus in the visual perception of a moving target in the dark. Amer. J. Psychol. 59, 259–266 (1946).
Graybiel, A., Kerr, W., Hupp, D., Bartley, S.: Threshold of stimulation of the horizontal semicircular canals in man with particular reference to the first derivative of angular acceleration as a stimulus. Amer. J. Psychol. 61, 21–36 (1948).
Graybiel, A., Miller, E.F., Newsom, B., Kennedy, R.: The effect of water immersion on perception of the oculogravic illusion in normal and labyrinthine-defective subjects. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 65, 599–610 (1968).
Graybiel, A., Miller, E.F., Billingham, J., Waite, R., Berry, C.A., Deitlein, L.F.: Vestibular experiments in Gemini flights V and VII. Aerospace Med. 38, 360–370 (1967).
Graybiel, A., Kennedy, R.S., Knoblock, E.C., Guedry, F.E., Mertz, W., McLeod, M.E., Colehour, J.K., Miller, E.F., Fregly, A.R.: The effects of exposure to a rotating environment (10 rpm) on four aviators for a period of 12 days. Aerospace Med. 36, 733–754 (1965).
Groen, J.J.: The semicircular canal system of the organs of equilibrium II. Phys. in Med. Biol. 1, 225–242 (1956–1957).
Groen, J.J.: Adaptation. Pract. oto-rhino-laryng. (Basel) 19, 524–530 (1957).
Groen, J.J.: Vestibular stimulation and its effects from the point of view of theoretical physics. Confin. neurol. (Basel) 21, 380–389 (1961a).
Groen, J.J.: Problems of the semicircular canals from a mechanico-physiological point of view. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) Suppl. 163 (1961b).
Groen, J.J.: The problems of the spinning top applied to the semicircular canals. Confin. neurol. (Basel) 21, 454–455 (1961c).
Groen, J.J.: Postnatal changes in vestibular reactions. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 56, 390–396 (1963).
Groen, J.J.: Central regulation of the vestibular system. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 59, 211–216 (1965).
Groen, J.J.: Central regulations of vestibular function. In: Recent advances in aerospace medicine. Dordrecht, Holland: Reidel 1970.
Groen, J. J., Jongkees, L.B. W.: The threshold of angular acceleration perception. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 107, 1–7 (1948a).
Groen, J. J., Jongkees, L.B.W.: The turning test with small regulable stimuli. IV. The cupulogram obtained by subject angle estimation. J. Laryng. 62, 236–240 (1948b).
Groen, J. J., Lowenstein, O., Vendrick, A.J.H.: The mechanical analysis of the responses from the end organs of the horizontal semicircular canal in the isolated elasmobranch labyrinth. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 117, 329–346 (1952).
Guedry, F. E.: Some effects of interacting vestibular stimuli. USAMRL Report 261. Ft. Knox, Kentucky: U.S. Army Medical Research Laboratory 1957.
Guedry, F.E.: Visual control of habituation to complex vestibular stimulation in man. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 58, 377–389 (1964).
Guedry, F.E.: Psychophysiological studies of vestibular function. In: Contributions to sensory physiology. New York: Academic Press 1965a.
Guedry, F.E.: Habituation to complex vestibular stimulation in man: Transfer and retention of effects from twelve days of rotation at 10 rpm. Percept. Mot. Skills Monogr. Suppl. 1-V21 (1965b).
Guedry, F.E.: Orientation of the rotation-axis relative to gravity: Its influence on nystagmus and the sensation of rotation. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 60, 30–48 (1965c).
Guedry, F.E.: Relations between vestibular nystagmus and visual performance. Aerospace Med. 39, 570–579 (1968).
Guedry, F.E.: Effects of concomitant stimulation of the semicircular canals and otoliths by “barbecue spit” rotation, rotation about a tilted axis, and other forms of stimulation. Excerpta Med. Int. Cong. Ser. 206. Amsterdam 1970 a.
Guedry, F.E.: Conflicting sensory orientation cues as a factor in motion sickness. NASA SP-187. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office 1970b.
Guedry, F.E.: Vision during angular acceleration considered in relation to aerospace operations. In: Vestibular function on earth and in space. Oxford and New York: Pergamon Press 1970 c.
Guedry, F.E.: Theory of development of reactions to whole-body motion considered in relation to selection, assignment and training of flight personnel. AGARD-CP-95-Part I. London: Technical Editing and Reproduction Ltd. 1972.
Guedry, F.E., Ambler, R.K.: Assessment of reactions to vestibular disorientation stress for purposes of aircrew selection. AGARD-CP-109. London: Technical Editing and Reproduction Ltd. 1973 a.
Guedry, F.E., Ambler, R.K.: The subjective disturbance introduced by simple angular acceleration when visual and vestibular inputs are synergistic and when they are antisynergistic. In preparation (1973b).
Guedry, F.E., Benson, A.J.: Tracking performance during sinusoidal stimulation of the vertical and horizontal semicircular canals. In: Recent advances in aerospace medicine. Dordrecht, Holland: Reidel 1970.
Guedry, F.E., Benson, A.J.: Nystagmus and visual performance during sinusoidal stimulation of the vertical semicircular canals. NAMRL-1131. Pensacola, Fla.: Naval Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory 1971.
Guedry, F.E., Ceran, S.J.: Derivation of subjective velocity from angular displacement estimates made during prolonged angular acceleration: Adaptation effects. USAMRL Report 376. Ft. Knox, Kentucky: U.S. Army Medical Research Laboratory 1958.
Guedry, F.E., Collins, W.E.: Duration of angular acceleration and ocular nystagmus from cat and man. Acta oto-laryng (Stockh.) 65, 257–269 (1968).
Guedry, F.E., Graybiel, A.: Compensatory nystagmus conditioned during adaptation to living in a rotating room. J. appl. Physiol. 17, 398–404 (1962).
Guedry, F.E., Harris, C.S.: Labyrinthine function related to experiments on the parallel swing. NSAM-874. Pensacola, Fla.: Naval School of Aviation Medicine 1963.
Guedry, F.E., Holmes, J.T.: Personal observation (1972).
Guedry, F.E., Lauver, L.S.: Vestibular reactions during prolonged constant angular acceleration. J. appl. Physiol. 16, 215–220 (1961).
Guedry, F.E., Montague, E.K.: Quantitative evaluation of the vestibular Coriolis reaction. Aerospace Med. 32, 487–500 (1961).
Guedry, F.E., Richmond, G.: Differences in response latency with different magnitude angular acceleration. USAMRL Report 301. Ft. Knox, Kentucky: U.S. Army Medical Research Laboratory 1957.
Guedry, F.E., Collins, W.E., Graybiel, A.: Vestibular habituation during repetitive complex stimulation: A study of transfer effects. J. appl. Physiol. 19, 1005–1015 (1964).
Guedry, F.E., Collins, W.E., Sheffey, P.L.: Perceptual and oculomotor reactions to interacting visual and vestibular stimulation. Percept. Mot. Skills 12, 307–324 (1961).
Guedry, F.E., Cramer, R.L., Koella, W.P.: Experiments on the rate of development and rate of recovery of apparent adaptation effects in the vestibular system. USAMRL Report 338. Ft. Knox, Kentucky: U.S. Army Medical Research Laboratory 1958.
Guedry, F.E., Owens, G.G., Norman, J.W.: Assessment of semicircular canal function. I. Measurements of subjective effects produced by triangular waveforms of angular velocity. NAMI-1073. Pensacola, Fla.: Naval Aerospace Medical Institute 1969.
Guedry, F.E., Stockwell, C.W., Gilson, R.D.: Comparison of subjective responses to semicircular canal stimulation produced by rotation about different axes. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 72, 101–106 (1971b).
Guedry, F.E., Owens, G.G., Cummings, M., Norman, J. W.: Unpublished observations 1968.
Guedry, F.E., Stockwell, C. W., Norman, J. W., Owens, G. G.: Use of triangular waveforms of angular velocity in the study of vestibular function. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 71, 439–448 (1971a).
Gurnee, H.: Thresholds of vertical movement of the body. J. exp. Psychol. 17, 270–285 (1934).
Haber, R.N.: Contemporary Theory and Research in Visual Perception. New York/San Francisco/London: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston 1968.
Hallpike, C.S., Hood, J.D.: The speed of the slow component of ocular nystagmus induced by angular acceleration of the head: Its experimental determination and application to the physical theory of the cupula mechanism. Proc. roy. Soc. B 141, 216–230 (1953a).
Hallpike, C.S., Hood, J.D.: Fatigue and adaptation of the cupular mechanism of the human horizontal semicircular canal: An experimental investigation. Proc. roy. Soc. B 141, 542–561 (1953b).
Hallpike, C.S., Hood, J., Byford, G.: The design, construction and performance of a new type revolving chair. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 42, 511–538 (1952).
Hammer, L.R.: Perception of the visual vertical under reduced gravity. MRL-TDC-62–55. Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio: AMRL 1962.
Hebb, D.O.: The Organization of Behavior. New York: Wiley 1949.
Held, R.: Exposure history as a factor in maintaining stability of perception and coordination. J. nerv. ment. Dis. 132, 26–32 (1961).
Held, R.: Plasticity in sensory motor systems. Sci. Amer. (Nov. 1965).
Held, R., Hein, A.: Adaptation and disarranged hand-eye coordination contingent upon reafferent stimulation. Percept. Mot. Skills 8, 87–90 (1958).
Held, R., Hein, A.: Movement-produced stimulation in the development of visually guided behavior. J. comp. physiol. Psychol. 56, 872–876 (1963).
Henriksson, N.G., Lundgren, A., Tibbling, L., Nilsson, A., Anderson, A.: Tests of canal function with special reference to central vestibular pathways. NASA SP-152. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office 1968.
Hernández-Péon, R., Donoso, M.: Subcortical photically evoked activity in the human waking brain. Excerpta Med., p. 155 (1957).
Hernández-Péon, R., Donoso, M.: Influence of attention and suggestion upon subcortical evoked electric activity in the human brain. The First Int’l. Cong, of Neurological Sciences, Bruxelles, Vol. III. New York: MacMillan (Pergamon) 1959.
Hilding, A.C.: Studies on the otic labyrinth. III. On the threshold of minimum perceptible angular acceleration. Ann. Otol. (St. Louis) 62, 5–14 (1953).
Hixson, W.C.: Personal communication (1969).
Hixson, W.C., Niven, J.I.: Frequency response of the human semicircular canals. II. Nystagmus phase shift as a measure of nonlinearities. NSAM-830. Pensacola, Fla.: Naval School of Aviation Medicine 1962.
Hixson, W.C., Niven, J.I.: Directional differences in visual acuity during vertical nystagmus. NAMI-1079. Pensacola, Fla.: Naval Aerospace Medical Institute 1969.
Hixson, W.C., Niven, J.I., Correia, M.J.: Kinematics nomenclature for psychological accelerations. Monograph 14. Pensacola, Fla.: Naval Aerospace Medical Institute 1966.
Horn, G., Hill, R.M.: Modifications of receptive fields of cells in the visual cortex occurring spontaneously and associated with bodily tilt. Nature (Lond.) 221, 186–188 (1969).
Howard, I.P., Templeton, W.B.: Human Spatial Orientation. New York: John Wiley and Sons 1966.
Hulk, J., Jongkees, L.B.W.: The turning test with small regulable stimuli. II. The normal cupulogram. J. Laryng. 62, 70–75 (1948).
Igarashi, M.: Dimensional study of the vestibular end organ apparatus. NASA SP-115. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office 1966.
James, W.: The sense of dizziness in deaf-mutes. Amer. J. Otol. 4, 239–254 (1882).
Jones, R.E., Milton, J.L., Fitts, P.M.: An investigation of errors made by pilots in judging the attitude of an aircraft without the aid of vision. TSSAA 694–13. Wright Patterson AFB, Ohio: Aerospace Medical Laboratory, Engineering Division 1947.
Jongkees, L.B.W.: On the function of the saccule. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 38, 18–26 (1950).
Jongkees, L.B.W.: On the otoliths: Their function and the way to test them. NASA SP-152. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office 1968.
Jongkees, L.B.W.: Role of the otolith organ in the study of nystagmus. Rev. Laryng. 90, 493–501 (1969).
Jongkees, L.B.W., Groen, J.J.: The nature of the vestibular stimulus. J. Laryng. 61, 529–541 (1946).
Jongkees, L.B.W., Groen, J.J.: A quantitative analysis of the reactions of a person after loss of the function of both inner ears. J. Laryng. 64, 135–140 (1950).
Kellogg, R.S.: Vestibular influences on orientation in zero gravity produced by parabolic flight. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 188, 217–223 (1971).
Kempinsky, W. H.: Cortical projection of the vestibular and facial nerves in the cat. J. Neurophysiol. 14, 203–210 (1951).
Kennedy, R. S.: The relationship between habituation to vestibular stimulation and vigilance: Individual differences and subsidiary problems. Thesis. Rochester, New York: The University of Rochester 1972.
Kimble, G.A., Perlmuter, L.C.: The problem of volition. Psychol. Rev. 77, 361–384 (1970).
Kinsbourne, M.: Eye and head-turning indicates cerebral lateralization. Science (May 5) 539–541 (1972).
Kitahara, M., Uno, R.: Equilibrium and vertigo in a tilting environment. Ann. Otol. (St. Louis) 76, 166–178 (1967).
Kleinknecht, F.: Ein weiterer Beitrag zur Frage des Übungseinflusses und der Übungsfestigkeit am Neigungsstuhl. Z. Biol. 77, 11–28 (1922).
Klinke, R., Schmidt, C.L.: Efferent influence on the vestibular organ during active movement of the body. Pflügers Arch. 318, 325–332 (1970).
Körner, F., Dichgans, J.: Bewegungswahrnehmung, optokinetischer Nystagmus und retinale Bildwanderung. Der Einfluß visueller Aufmerksamkeit auf zwei Mechanismen des Bewegungssehens. Albrecht v. Graefes Arch. klin. exp. Ophthal. 174, 34–48 (1967).
Kongehl, G., Kornhuber, H.H.: Die Kanalkapazität des vestibulären Systems für Wahrnehmung von Drehbeschleunigungen. Pflügers Arch. 307, 129–130 (1969).
Kongehl, G., Kornhuber, H.H.: Information transmission in the human vestibular system for perception of angular acceleration and angular displacement in the horizontal plane. Proc. Barany Soc., 1st Extraord-Meeting Amsterdam, p. 179–183, 1970.
Kornhuber, H.H.: Motor functions of cerebellum and basal ganglia: The cerebello-cortical saccadic (ballistic) clock, the cerebello nuclear hold regulator, and the basal ganglia ramp (voluntary speed smooth movement) generator. Kybernetik 8, 157–162 (1971).
Kottenhoff, H., Lindahl, L.: Laboratory studies on the psychology of motion sickness. Acta psychol. (Amst.) 17, 89–112 (1960).
Kreidl, A.: Beiträge zur Physiologie des Ohrlabyrinths auf Grund von Versuchen an Taubstummen. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 51, 119–150 (1892).
Lansberg, M.P.: Some considerations and investigations in the field of labyrinthine functioning. Aeromed. Acta (Soesterberg) 3, 209–267 (1954).
Lansberg, M.P.: A Primer of Space Medicine. Amsterdam/New York: Elsevier 1960.
Ledoux, A.: Activité électrique des nerfs des canaux semi-circulaires, du saccule et de Putride chez la grenouille. Acta oto-rhino-laryng. belg. 3, 335–349 (1949).
Ledoux, A.: Les canaux semicirculaires. Acta oto-rhino-laryng. belg. 12, 109–348 (1958).
Ledoux, A.: L’adaptation du système vestibulaire périphérique. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 53, 307–315 (1961).
Licklider, J.C.R.: Three auditory theories. In: Psychology: A study of science. New York: McGraw-Hill 1959.
Lindeman, H. H.: Studies on the morphology of the sensory regions of the vestibular apparatus. In: Advances in Anatomy Embryology. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer 42, 1–113, 1969.
Long, G.M.: Field dependency-independency. A review of the literature. Monograph 19. Pensacola, Fla.: Naval Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory 1972.
Lowenstein, O.: The effect of galvanic polarization on the impulse discharge from sense endings in the isolated labyrinth of the thornback ray (Raja Clavata). J. Physiol. (Lond.) 127, 104–117 (1955).
Lowenstein, O.: Peripheral mechanisms of equilibrium. Brit. med. Bull. 12, 114–118 (1956).
Lowenstein, O., Roberts, T.D.M.: The equilibrium function of the otolith organs of the Thornback Ray. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 110, 392–415 (1949).
Lowenstein, O., Roberts, T.D.M.: The localization and analysis of the responses to vibration from the isolated elasmobranch labyrinth. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 114, 471–489 (1951).
MacCorquodale, K.: Effects of angular acceleration and centrifugal force on nonvisual space orientation during flight. J. Aviat. Med. 19, 146–157 (1948).
Mach, E.: Grundlinien der Lehre von den Bewegungsempfindungen. Verlag von Wilhelm Englemann 1875.
Mach, E.: The Analysis of Sensations. Republication of fifth edition (1959). Tr. by C.M. Williams 1902. New York: Dover 1902.
Magnus, R.: The experimental basis for theories on vestibular function. Roy. Soc. Med. Sect. Laryng. Otol., 11–17 (1924).
Malcolm, R., Melvill Jones, G.: A quantitative study of vestibular adaptation in humans. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 70, 126–135 (1970).
Mann, C.W.: Studies in space perception. NSAM-477. Pensacola, Fla.: Naval School of Aviation Medicine 1950.
Mann, C.W.: The effects of auditory-vestibular nerve pathology on space perception. J. exp. Psychol. 42, 450–456 (1951).
Mann, C.W., Berry, N.: The perception of the postural vertical. II. Visual factors. NSAM-464. Pensacola, Fla.: Naval School of Aviation Medicine 1949.
Mann, C.W., Canella, C.J.: An examination of the technique of cupulometry. NSAM-501. Pensacola, Fla.: Naval School of Aviation Medicine 1956.
Mann, C.W., Dauterive, H.J.: The perception of the vertical. I. The modification of nonlabyrinthine cues. J. exp. Psychol. 39, 700–707 (1949).
Mann, C.W., Passey, G.E.: The perception of the vertical. V. Adjustment to the postural vertical as a function of the magnitude of postural tilt and duration of exposure. J. exp. Psychol. 41, 108–113 (1951).
Mann, C.W., Ray, J.T.: The perception of the vertical. An investigation of quadrant differences. NSAM-498. Pensacola, Fla.: Naval School of Aviation Medicine 1956a.
Mann, C.W., Ray, J.T.: The perception of the vertical. The effect of rate of movement on the judgment of the vertical. NSAM-499. Pensacola, Fla.: Naval School of Aviation Medicine 1956b.
Mann, C.W., Ray, J.T.: Absolute thresholds of perception of direction of angular acceleration. NSAM-500. Pensacola, Fla.: Naval School of Aviation Medicine 1956c.
Mann, C.W., Berthelow-Berry, N.H., Dauterive, H.J.: The perception of the vertical. I. Visual and non-labyrinthine cues. J. exp. Psychol. 39, 538–547 (1949).
Mann, C. W., Guedry, F. E., Ray, J. T.: Postrotational perception of apparent bodily rotation. J. exp. Psychol. 41, 114–120 (1951).
Mann, C.W., Passey, G.E., Ambler, R.K.: The perception of the vertical. VII. Effect of varying intervals of delay in a tilted position upon perception of the postural vertical. NSAM-471. Pensacola, Fla.: Naval School of Aviation Medicine 1950.
Marchiafava, P.L., Pompeiano, O.: Enhanced excitability of intrageniculate optic tract endings produced by vestibular volleys. Arch. ital. Biol. 104, 459–479 (1966).
Marshall, J. E., Brown, J.H.: Visual-arousal interaction and specificity of nystagmus habituation. Aerospace Med. 38, 597–599 (1967).
Mayne, R.: The dynamic characteristics of the semicircular canals. J. comp. physiol. Psychol. 43, 309–319 (1950a).
Mayne, R.: The operating principle of the vestibular mechanisms. In: Psychophysiological factors in spatial orientation. ONR Symposium. NAVEXOS P-966, 1950b.
Mayne, R.: Some engineering aspects of the mechanism of body control. Electrical Engineering AIEE, March 1951.
Mayne, R.: The audiogyral illusion and the mechanism of spatial representation. Bull. Math. Biophysics 14, 27–34 (1952).
Mayne, R.: The match of the semicircular canals to the dynamics requirements of various species. NASA SP-77. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office 1965.
Mayne, R.: The biological inertial system. Proc. IEEE Conf. IEEE Cat. No. 69, C 12, Reg. 6, IEEE, Phoenix, Ariz. 1969.
McFarland, J.H., Wapner, S., Werner, H.: Relation between perceived location of objects and perceived location of one’s own body. Percept. Mot. Skills. 15, 331–341 (1962).
McNally, W.J.: Some facts and fancies about the utricle. Ann. Otol. (St. Louis) 64, 355–363 (1955).
McNally, W.J., Stuart, E.A.: Vertigo from the standpoint of the otolaryngologist. Trans. Amer. Acad. Ophthal. Otolaryng. 46, 33–37 (1941).
McNally, W.J., Stuart, E.A.: Physiology of the labyrinth reviewed in relation to seasickness and other forms of motion sickness. War Med. (Chic.) 2, 683–771 (1942).
McNally, W.J., Stuart, E.A.: Physiology of the Labyrinth. A manual prepared for graduates in Medicine, American Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology. Montreal: McGill University and Royal Victoria Hospital 1967.
Meda, E.: A research on the threshold for the Coriolis and Purkinje phenomena of excitation of the semicircular canals. Arch. Fisiol. 52 (1952). Tr. by E.R. Hope. Defense Scientific Information Service DRB Canada T 171, 1954.
Meiry, J.L.: The Vestibular System and Human Dynamic Space Orientation. Thesis. Cambridge, Mass.: Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1965.
Melvill Jones, G.: Interactions between optokinetic and vestibulo-ocular responses during head rotation in various planes. Aerospace Med. 37, 172–177 (1966a).
Melvill Jones, G.: Vestibular inaptitude in the environment of flight and space. J. Laryng. 53, 207–221 (1966b).
Melvill Jones, G.: Neural reflections of vestibular mechanics. NASA SP-152. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office 1967.
Melvill Jones, G., Gonshor, A.: Extreme vestibular habituation to long-term reversal of vision during natural head movements. Presented at 43d Annual Aerospace Medical Assn. Meeting, Miami 1972.
Melvill Jones, G., Milsum, J.H.: Spatial and dynamic aspects of visual fixation. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. BME 12, 54–62 (1965).
Melvill Jones, G., Milsum, J.H.: Relations between neural and mechanical responses of the semicircular canals. Presented at 38th Annual Aerospace Medical Assn. Meeting, Washington 1967.
Melvill Jones, G., Spells, K.E.: A theoretical and comparative study of the functional dependence of the semicircular canal upon its physical dimensions. Proc. roy. Soc. B 157, 403–419 (1963).
Melvill Jones, G., Barry, W., Kowalsky, N.: Dynamics of the semicircular canals compared in yaw, pitch and roll. Aerospace Med. 35, 984–989 (1964).
Meshman, V.F.: Changes in general electrical activity and primary response to light induced by stimulation of the vestibular apparatus of the cat. Zh. vyssh. nerv. Deyat. Pavlova 18, 525–527 (1968).
Meshman, V.F.: Change of the bioelectric activity in the visual system and the anterior ectosylvian gyrus during vestibular stimulation. Fiziol. Zh. (Mosk.) 56, 1570–1578 (1970).
Mickle, W., Ades, H.: A composite sensory projection area in the cerebral cortex of the cat. J. Neurophysiol. 170, 682–689 (1952).
Miller, E.F., Graybiel, A.: Role of the otolith organs in the perception of horizontality. NSAM-851. Pensacola, Fla.: Naval School of Aviation Medicine 1963.
Miller, E.F., Graybiel, A.: Role of the otolith organs in the perception of horizontality. Amer. J. Psychol. 79, 24–37 (1966a).
Miller, E.F., Graybiel, A.: Magnitude of gravito inertial force, an independent variable in egocentric visual localization of the horizontal. J. exp. Psychol. 71, 452–460 (1966b).
Miller, E.F., Graybiel, A.: Effect of gravito inertial force on ocular counterrolling. J. appl. Physiol. 31, 697–700 (1971).
Miller, E.F., Fregly, A.R., Graybiel, A.: Visual horizontal perception in relation to otolith function. NAMI-989. Pensacola, Fla.: Naval Aerospace Medical Institute 1966.
Miller, E.F., Fregly, A.R., Graybiel, A.: Visual horizontal perception in relation to otolith function. Amer. J. Psychol. 81, 488–496 (1968).
Miller, E.F., Graybiel, A., Kellogg, R.S.: Otolith organ activity within earth standard, one-half standard and zero gravity environment. Aerospace Med. 37, 399–403 (1965b).
Miller, E.F., Fregly, A.R., van den Brink, G., Graybiel, A.: Visual localization of the horizontal as a function of body tilt up to ±90° from gravitational vertical. NAMI-942. Pensacola, Fla.: Naval Aerospace Medical Institute 1965a.
Miller, G.A.: The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some Limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychol. Rev. 63, 81–97 (1956).
Miller, J.W., Goodson, J.E.: Motion sickness in a helicopter simulator. Aerospace Med. 31, 204–211 (1960).
Miller, J.W., Ludvigh, E.: The effect of relative motion on visual acuity. Surv. Ophthal. 7, 83–116 (1962).
Money, K.E., Wood, J.D.: Neural mechanisms underlying the symptomatology of motion sickness. NASA SP-187. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office 1970.
Montandon, P., Monnier, M.: Correlations of the diencephalic nystagmogenic area with the bulbo-vestibular nystagmogenic area. Brain 87, 673–690 (1964).
Montandon, A., Russbach, A.: Etude de quelques syndromes vestibulaires par l’épreuve gératoire luminaire. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 46, 264–276 (1956).
Morrison, A.R., Pompeiano, O.: Vestibular influences during sleep. IV. Functional relations between vestibular nuclei and lateral geniculate nucleus during desynchronized sleep. Arch. ital. Biol. 104, 425–458 (1966).
Mowrer, O.H.: Nystagmus response of pigeons to constant acceleration at liminal and supraliminal intensities. J. comp. Psychol. 19, 177–193 (1935).
Mowrer, O. H.: Influence of vision during bodily rotation upon the duration of post-rotational vestibular nystagmus. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 25, 351–364 (1937).
Mulder, W.: Quantitatieve betrekking tusschen prikkel en effect bij het statisch organ. Dissertation. Rijks University of Utrecht (1908). NASA Technical Translation F-11, 489, 1968.
Müller, G.E.: Über das Aubertsche Phänomen. Z. Sinnesphysiol. 49, 109–244 (1916).
Mygind, S.H.: Static function of the labyrinth attempt at synthesis. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) Suppl. 70 (1948).
Nagel, W.A.: Über kompensatorische Raddrehungen der Augen. Z. Psychol. Physiol. Sinnesorg. 12, 331–354 (1896).
Nagel, W.A.: Über das Aubertsche Phänomen und verwandte Täuschungen über die vertikale Richtung. Z. Psychol. Physiol. Sinnesorg. 16, 373–398 (1898).
Neal, M.: Vestibular stimulation and developmental behavior of the small premature infant. In: Nursing Research Report, 3, 1–4. New York: American Nurses Foundation 1968.
Nelson, J.G.: Effect of water immersion and body position upon perception of the gravitational vertical. Aerospace Med. 39, 806–811 (1968).
Nilsson, A., Henriksson, N.G.: The oculogyral illusion — a form of rotation after-effect — and its relation to spiral after-effect in repeated trials. Psych. Res. Bull. 7, 5 (1967). Lund, Sweden: Lund University.
Niven, J.I., Hixson, W.C.: Frequency response of the human semicircular canals. I. Steady-state ocular nystagmus response to high level, sinusoidal angular rotations. NSAM-459. Pensacola, Fla.: Naval School of Aviation Medicine 1961.
Niven, J.I., Hixson, W.C., Correia, M. J.: An experimental approach to the dynamics of the vestibular mechanisms. NASA SP-77. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office 1965.
Niven, J.I., Hixson, W.C., Correia, M.J.: Elicitation of horizontal nystagmus by periodic linear acceleration. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 62, 429–441 (1966).
Ornitz, E.M.: Vestibular dysfunction in schizophrenia and childhood autism. Comprehens. Psychiat. 11, 159–173 (1970).
Outerbridge, J.S.: Experimental and theoretical investigation of vestibularly-driven head and eye movement. Thesis. Montreal: McGill University 1969.
Padden, D.A.: Ability of deaf swimmers to orient themselves when submerged in water. Res. Quart. V30, 214–226 (1959).
Parker, D.M.: A psychophysiological test for motion sickness susceptibility. J. genet. Psychol. 85, 87–92 (1971).
Parsons, R.D.: Magnitude estimates of the oculogyral illusion during and following angular acceleration. J. exp. Psychol. 84, 230–238 (1970).
Passey, G.E.: The perception of the vertical. IV. Adjustment to the vertical with normal and tilted visual frames of reference. J. exp. Psychol. 40, 738–745 (1950).
Passey, G.E., Guedry, F.E.: The perception of the vertical. II. Adaptation effects in four planes. J. exp. Psychol. 39, 700–707 (1949).
Pearson, R.G., Hauty, G.T.: Role of postural experiences in proprioceptive perception of verticality. J. exp. Psychol. 59, 425–428 (1960).
Peiper, A.: Cerebral Function in Infancy and Childhood. New York: Consultants’ Bureau 1963.
Penfield, W.: Vestibular sensation and the cerebral cortex. Ann. Otol. (St. Louis) 66, 691–698 (1957).
Peto, A.: To Cast Away — A vestibular forerunner of the superego. Psychoanal. Stud. Child 25, 401–416 (1970).
Poulton, E.C.: The new psychophysics: Six models for magnitude estimation. Psychol. Bull. 69, 1–19 (1968).
Prescott, J. W.: Early somatosensory deprivation as an ontogenetic process in the abnormal development of the brain and behavior. In: Medical primatology. Basel/New York: S. Karger 1971.
Price, R.H.: Signal detection methods in personality and perception. Psychol. Bull. 66, 55–62 (1966).
Purkinje, J. E.: Beiträge zur näheren Kenntnis des Schwindels aus heautognostischen Daten. Med. Jb. (Österreich) 6, 79–125 (1820).
Quix, F.H.: L’Examen clinique de la fonction des Otolithes. Ann. Mal. Oreil. Larynx 42, 261–286 (1923).
Quix, F. H.: The function of the vestibular organ and the clinical examination of the otolithic apparatus. J. Laryng. 40, 425–443 (1925).
Reason, J.T.: Individual differences in motion sickness susceptibility: A further test of the receptivity “hypothesis.” Brit. J. Psychol. 60, 321–328 (1969).
Reason, J.T.: Motion sickness: A special case of sensory rearrangement. Advanc. Sci. 26, 386–393 (1970).
Reason, J.T., Benson, A. J.: Individual differences in the reported persistence of visual and labyrinthine after-sensations, and of exponentially decaying visual and auditory signals. Brit. J. Psychol. 59, 167–172 (1968).
Reason, J.T., Diaz, E.: The effects of visual reference on adaptation to Coriolis acceleration. FPRC Report 1303. London: Ministry of Defence (Air Force Dept.) 1970.
Reason, J.T., Diaz, E.: Simulator sickness in passive observers. FPRC Psychological Sub-Committee paper, April 1971.
Reason, J.T., Graybiel, A.: Magnitude estimation of Coriolis sensations. NAMI-1082. Pensacola, Fla.: Naval Aerospace Medical Institute 1969a.
Reason, J.T., Graybiel, A.: Adaptation to Coriolis accelerations. Its transfer to the opposite direction of rotation as a function of intervening activity at zero velocity. NAMI-1086. Pensacola, Fla.: Naval Aerospace Medical Institute 1969b.
Reason, J.T., Graybiel, A.: Progressive adaptation to Coriolis accelerations associated with 1 rpm increments in the velocity of the Slow Rotation Room. Aerospace Med. 41, 73–79 (1970).
Reason, J.T., Graybiel, A.: Predictability of motion sickness in the selection of pilots. AGARD CP-109. London: Technical Editing and Reproduction Ltd. 1972.
Roberts, T.D.M.: Neurophysiology of Postural Mechanisms. New York: Plenum Press 1967.
Roggeveen, L.J., Nijhoff, P.: The normal and pathological threshold of the perception of angular accelerations for the optogyral illusion and the turning sensation. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 46, 533–541 (1956).
Rohrer, F.: Zur Theorie der Drehreizung des Bogengangsapparates. Schweiz, med. Wschr. 3, 669–674 (1922).
Ross, H.E., Crickmar, S.D., Sills, N.V., Owen, E.P.: Orientation to the vertical in free divers. Aerospace Med. 40, 728–732 (1969).
Sadoff, M., Matheson, F.A., Havill, C.D.: A method for evaluating the loads and controlability aspects of the pitchup problem. NACA RMA 55 DO6, 1955.
Schilder, P.: The vestibular apparatus in neurosis and psychosis. J. nerv. ment. Dis. 78, 1–23, 137–164 (1933).
Schilpp, P.A.: Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist. Second Edition. New York: Tudor Publishing Co. 1951.
Schöne, H.: On the role of gravity in human spatial orientation. Aerospace Med. 35, 764–772 (1964).
Schöne, H., Mortag, H.-G.: Variation of the subjective vertical on the parallel swing at different body positions. Psychol. Forsch. 32, 124–134 (1968).
Schöne, H., Parker, D.E.: Inversion of the effect of increased gravity on the subjective vertical. Die Naturw. Heft 11, 288–289, 54. Jahrgang, 1967.
Schöne, H., Udo de Haes, H.: Perception of gravity — vertical as a function of head and trunk position. Z. vergl. Physiol. 60, 440–444 (1968).
Schöne, H., Udo de Haes, H.: Space orientation in humans with special reference to the interaction of vestibular, somesthetic, and visual inputs. In: Biokybernetik 3, Materialen des II. Internationalen Symposiums “Biokybernetik” Leipzig 1969. Jena: Gustav Fischer Verlag 1971.
Schöne, H., Parker, D.E., Mortag, H.-G.: Subjective vertical as a function of body position and gravity magnitude. Naturwissenschaften 54, 288 (1967).
Schoen, L.: Mikroableitungen einzelner zentraler Vestibularisneurone von Knochenfischen bei Statolithenreizen. Z. vergl. Physiol. 39, 399–417 (1957).
Schroeder, D. J., Gilson, R.D., Guedry, F.E., Collins, W.E.: Alcohol and disorientation-related responses. VI. Effects of alcohol on eye movements and tracking performance during laboratory angular accelerations about the y and z axes. Aerospace Med. 44, 477–483 (1973).
Schubert, G.: Die physiologischen Auswirkungen der Coriolisbeschleunigungen bei Flugzeugsteuerung. Arch. Ohr.-, Nas.-, u. Kehlk.-Heilk. 30, 595–604 (1932).
Semmes, J., Winestein, S., Ghent, L., Teuber, H.L.: Spatial orientation in man after cerebral injury. J. Psychol. (Provincetown) 39, 227–244 (1955).
Shames, I.H.: Engineering Mechanics, Statics and Dynamics. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1960.
Sharpless, S.K.: Reorganization of function in the nervous system — use and disuse. Ann. Rev. Physiol. 26, 357–380 (1964).
Shimazu, H., Precht, W.: Tonic and kinetic responses of cat’s vestibular neurones to horizontal angular acceleration. J. Neurophysiol. 27, 991–1013 (1965).
Shubert, E.: Perception of body tilt. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 49, 450 (1942).
Singleton, G. T.: Relationships of cerebellar nodulus to vestibular function: A study of the effects of nodulectomy on habituation. Laryngoscope (St. Louis) 77, 1579–1620 (1967).
Smith, K.U., Smith, W.M.: Perception and Motion. Philadelphia/London: W.B. Saunders Co. 1962.
Smythies, J.R.: The Neurological Foundations of Psychiatry. New York: Academic Press 1966.
Spiegel, E.A., Egyed, J., Szekely, E.: Cortical responses to rotation. II. Responses recorded at the onset of rotation from the second somatic sensory and posterior areas. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 66, 261–272 (1968b).
Spiegel, E.A., Szekely, E.G., Moffet, R.: Cortical responses to rotation. I. Responses recorded after cessation of rotation. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 66, 81–88 (1968a).
Spoendlin, H. H.: Ultrastructure of the vestibular sense organ. In: The vestibular system and its diseases. Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press 1966.
Steele, J.E.: The symptomatology of motion sickness. NASA SP-187. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office 1970.
Steer, R.W.: Progress in vestibular modeling. Part I: Response of semicircular canals to constant speed rotation on a linear acceleration field. NASA SP-187. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office 1970.
Steinhausen, W.: Über die Beobachtung der Cupula in den Bogengangsampullen des Laby-rinthes des lebenden Hechts. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 232, 500–512 (1933).
Steinhausen, W.: Über die durch die Otolithen ausgelösten Kräfte. Pflügers Arch. ges. Physiol. 235, 538–544 (1934–1935).
Stevens, S.S.: The psychophysics of sensory function. Amer. Sci. 48, 226–253 (1960).
Stevens, S.S.: A metric for the social concensus. Science 151, 530–541 (1966).
Stigler, R.: Experiments dealing with the participation of the sensation of gravity in the orientation of man in space. Arch. ges. Physiol. 148, 573–584 (1912). Tr. by Mrs. A. Woke NMRI, 1972.
Stockwell, C.W., Guedry, F.E.: The effect of semicircular canal stimulation during tilting on the subsequent perception of the visual vertical. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 70, 170–175 (1970).
Stockwell, C.W., Gilson, R.D., Guedry, F.E.: Adaptation of horizontal semicircular canal responses. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 75, 471–476 (1973).
Stone, R.W., Letko, W.: Some observations during weightlessness simulation with subject immersed in a rotating water tank. NASA Technical Note NASA TN D-2195. Washington, D.C.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration 1964.
Swets, J.A.: Detection theory and psychophysics. A review. Psychometrika 26, 49–63 (1961).
Szentagothai, J.: Die Rolle der einzelnen Labyrinthreceptoren bei der Orientation von Augen und Kopf im Räume. Akad. Kiade (Budapest) 1952.
Taub, E.: Prism compensation as a learning phenomenon: A phylogenetic perspective. In: The neuropsychology of spatially oriented behavior. Homewood, Ill.: Dorsey Press 1968.
Taub,E., Berman, A.J.: Movement and learning in the absence of sensory feedback. In: The neuropsychology of spatially oriented behavior. Homewood, Ill.: Dorsey Press 1968.
Ten Kate, J.H.: The oculo-vestibular reflex of the growing pike. A biophysical study. Thesis. Groningen: Rijksuniversitet te Groningen 1969.
Teuber, H.L.: Perception. In: Handbook of Neurophysiology, Vol. 3. Washington, D.C.: American Physiol. Soc. 1960.
Teuber, H.L.: Space perception and its disturbances after brain injury in man. Neurophysiologia 1, 47–57 (1963).
Teuber, H.L., Mishkin, M.: Judgment of visual and postural vertical in man after brain injury. J. Psychol. (Provincetown) 38, 161–175 (1954).
Tibbling, L.: The rotatory nystagmus response in children. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 68, 459–467 (1969).
Travis, R.C., Dodge, R.: Experimental analysis of the sensorimotor consequences of passive oscillation — rotary and rectilinear. Psych. Mon. 38, 1–96 (1928).
Trincker, D.: Neuere Untersuchungen zur Elektrophysiologie des Vestibular-Apparates. Naturwissenschaften 46, 344 (1959).
Trincker, D.: Transformation of mechanical stimulus into nervous excitation. Soc. Exp. Biol. Symp. 16, 289–316 (1962).
Tumarkin, I.A.: Some observation on the function of the labyrinth. J. Laryng. 52, 438–451 (1937).
Udo de Haes, H., Schöne, H.: Interaction between statolith organs and semicircular canals on apparent vertical and nystagmus. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 69, 25–31 (1970).
Ulrich, H.: Die Function des Otolithen, geprüft durch direkte mechanische Beeinflussung des Utriculusotolithen am lebenden Hecht. Arch. ges. Physiol. 235, 545–553 (1934–1935).
Van Dishoeck, H.A.E., Spoor, A., Nijhoff, P.: The opto-gyral illusion and its relation to the nystagmus of the eyes. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) 44, 597–607 (1954).
Van Egmond, A.A.J., Groen, J.J., Jongkees, L.B.W.: The mechanics of the semicircular canals. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 110, 1–17 (1949).
Vilstrup, G., Vilstrup, T.: Does the utricular otolithic membrane move on postural changes of the head? Ann. Otol. (St. Louis) 61, 189–197 (1952).
Von Békésy, G.: Über die Stärke der Vibrationsempfindung und ihre objektive Messung. Sonderdruck aus “Akustische Zeits.” 5, 113–124 (1940).
Von Békésy, G.: Subjective cupulometry. AMA Arch. Otol. 61, 16–28 (1955).
Von Békésy, G.: Pressure and shearing forces as stimuli of labyrinthine epithelium. Arch. Otolaryng. 84, 26–130 (1966).
Von Diringshofen, H.: In: Medical Guide for Flying Personnel. Toronto: Univ. of Toronto Press 1940.
Von Diringshofen, H., Kessel, G., Osypka, P.: Thresholds for the perception of linearly increasing angular accelerations. Aerospace Med. 35, 775–778 (1964).
Von Holst, E.: Die Arbeitsweise des Statolithenapparates bei Fischen. Z. vergl. Physiol. 32, 60–120 (1950a).
Von Holst, E.: Die Tätigkeit des Statolithenapparats im Wirbeltierlabyrinth. Naturwissenschaften 37, 265–272 (1950b).
Wade, N.J.: The interaction of postural systems in visual orientation. Percept. Psychophysics 6, 309–310 (1969).
Wade, N.J., Day, R.H.: Development and dissipation of a visual spatial aftereffect from prolonged head tilt. J. exp. Psychol. 76, 439–443 (1968).
Walsh, E.G.: Sensibility of patients to linear acceleration after unilateral labyrinthectomy. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 149, 33P–34P (1959).
Walsh, E.G.: Perception of linear motion following unilateral labyrinthectomy: Variation of threshold according to the orientation of the head. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 153, 350–357 (1960).
Walsh, E.G.: Role of the vestibular apparatus in the perception of motion on a parallel swing. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 155, 506–513 (1961a).
Walsh, E.G.: Sensations aroused by rhythmically repeated linear motion-phase relationships. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 155, 53P–54P (1961b).
Walsh, E.G.: The perception of rhythmically repeated linear motion in the horizontal plane. Brit. J. Psychol. 53, 439–445 (1962).
Walsh, E.G.: The perception of rhythmically repeated linear motion in the vertical plane. Quart. J. exp. Physiol. 49, 58–65 (1964).
Walzl, E., Mountcastle, V.: Projection of vestibular nerve to cerebral cortex of the cat. Amer. J. Physiol. 159, 594 (1949).
Wapner, S., Werner, H., Marant, R.B.: Experiments of sensori-tonic field theory of perception. III. Effect of body rotation on the visual perception of vertical. J. exp. Psychol. 42, 351–357 (1951).
Weaver, R.S.: Theoretical aspects of the role of angular acceleration in vestibular stimulation. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) Suppl. 205 (1965).
Wendt, G. R.: Vestibular functions. In: Handbook of Experimental Psychology. New York: Wiley 1951.
Werner, H., Wapner, S., Chandler, K.A.: Experiments on sensory-tonic field theory of perception. II. Effect of supported and unsupported tilt of the body on the visual perception of verticality. J. exp. Psychol. 42, 346–350 (1951).
White, H.E.: Classical and Modern Physics. New York: Doran Nostrand Co., Inc. 1940.
Whiteside, T.D.M., Graybiel, A., Niven, J.I.: Visual illusions of motion. NSAM-877. Pensacola, Fla.: Naval School of Aviation Medicine 1963.
Whiteside, T.D.M., Graybiel, A., Niven, J.I.: Visual illusions of movement. Brain 88, 193–210 (1965).
Witkin, H.A.: Orientation to visual and postural vertical. Individual differences in mode of space orientation. In: Psychophysiological factors in spatial orientation. ONR Symp. NAVEXOS P-966. Pensacola, Fla. 1950.
Witkin, H.A.: Origins of cognitive style. In: Cognition: Theory, research, promise. New York: Harper Row 1962.
Wolfe, J.W.: Evidence for control of nystagmic habituation by folium-tuber vermis and fastigial nuclei. Acta oto-laryng. (Stockh.) Suppl. 231 (1968).
Young, L.R.: On visual-vestibular interaction. NASA SP-314. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office 1973.
Young, L., Meiry, J.: A revised dynamic otolith model. NASA SP-152. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office 1968.
Young, L., Oman, C.M.: Model for vestibular adaptation to horizontal rotation. Aerospace Med. 40, 1076–1080 (1969).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1974 Springer-Verlag, Berlin · Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Guedry, F.E. (1974). Psychophysics of Vestibular Sensation. In: Kornhuber, H.H. (eds) Vestibular System Part 2: Psychophysics, Applied Aspects and General Interpretations. Handbook of Sensory Physiology, vol 6 / 2. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-65920-1_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-65920-1_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-65922-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-65920-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive