Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Potential Vectors of West Nile Virus in North America

  • Chapter
Japanese Encephalitis and West Nile Viruses

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology ((CT MICROBIOLOGY,volume 267))

Abstract

The recent outbreak of illness due to infection with West Nile (WN) virus in the New York City metropolitan area (CDC 1999a,b; Lanciotti et al. 1999) represents the first documented introduction of WN virus into the New World. This virus is enzootic in Africa, Asia (east to the Indian highlands), and southern/central Europe. In addition, Kunjin virus, a virus closely related to WN virus (Lanciotti et al. 1999), is found in much of northern Australia.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abbassy MM, Osman M, Marzouk AS (1993) West Nile virus (Flaviviridae:Flavivirus) in experimentally infected Argas ticks ( Acari: Argasidae). Am J Trop Med Hyg 48: 726–737

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey CL, Eldridge BF, Hayes DE, Watts DM, Tammariello RF, Dalrymple JM (1978) Isolation of St. Louis encephalitis virus from overwintering Cutex pipiens mosquitoes. Science 129: 1346–1349

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baqar S, Hayes CG, Murphy JR Jr, Watts DM (1993) Vertical transmission of West Nile virus by Culex and Aedes species mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 48:757–762

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter SJ, LaCasse WJ (1955) Mosquitoes of North America (North of Mexico). University of California Press, Berkeley

    Google Scholar 

  • CDC (1999a) Outbreak of West Nile-like viral encephalitis — New York, 1999. MMWR 48: 845–849

    Google Scholar 

  • CDC (1999b) Update: West Nile-like viral encephalitis — New York, 1999. MMWR 48: 890–892

    Google Scholar 

  • CDC (2000a) Update: Surveillance for West Nile virus in overwintering mosquitoes — New York. 2000. MMWR 49: 178–179

    Google Scholar 

  • CDC (2000b) Update: West Nile virus Activity — Northeastern United States, 2000. MMWR 49: 820–822

    Google Scholar 

  • Cornel AJ, Jupp PG, Blackburn NK (1993) Environmental temperature on the vector competence of Cades univittatus ( Diptera: Culicidae) for West Nile virus. J Med Entomol 30: 449–456

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Darsie RF, Ward RA (1981) Identification and geographical distribution of the mosquitoes of North America north of Mexico. Mosq Syst Supplement 1: 1–313

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis NC (1932) The effect of various temperatures in modifying the extrinsic incubation period of yellow fever virus in Aedes aegypti. Am J Hyg 16: 163–176

    Google Scholar 

  • Eldridge BF (1966) Environmental control of ovarian development in mosquitoes of the Cades pipiens complex. Science 151: 826–828

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eldridge BF (1968) Effect of temperature and photoperiod on blood-feeding and ovarian development in mosquitoes of the Culex pipiens complex. Am J Trop Med Hyg 17: 133–140

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Francy DB, Rush WA, Montoya M, Inglish DS, Bolin RA (1981) Transovarial transmission of St. Louis encephalitis virus by Culex pipiens complex mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 30: 699–705

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hardy JL (1988) Susceptibility and resistance of vector mosquitoes. In: Monath T (ed), Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology, vol I. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 87–126

    Google Scholar 

  • Hardy JL, Rosen L, Kramer LD, Presser SB, Shroyer DA, Turell MJ (1980) Effect of rearing temperature on transovarial transmission of St Louis encephalitis virus in mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 29: 963–968

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hardy JL, Rosen L, Reeves WC, Scrivani RP, Presser SB (1984) Experimental transovarial transmission of St Louis encephalitis virus by Culex and Aedes mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 33: 166–175

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes C (1989) West Nile fever. In: Monath T (ed), Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology, vol 5. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 59–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes CG, Baqar S, Ahmed T, Chowdhry MA, Reisen WK (1982) West Nile virus in Pakistan I Seroepideaniological studies in Punjab Province. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 76: 431–436

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hubalek Z, Halouzka J (1999) West Nile virus — a reemerging mosquito-borne viral disease in Europe. Emerg Infect Dis 5: 643–650

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hess AD, Cherubin CE, LaMotte LC (1963) Relation of temperature to activity of western and St. Louis encephalitis viruses. Am J Trop Med Hyg 12: 657–667

    Google Scholar 

  • Hurlbut HS (1956) West Nile virus infection in arthropods. Am J Trop Med Hyg 5: 76–85

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hurlbut HS (1973) The effect of environmental temperature upon the transmission of St. Louis encephalitis virus by Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus. J Med Entomol 10: 1–12

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jupp PG (1974) Laboratory Studies on the Transmission of West Nile by Culex (Culex) univittatus Theobald; factors influencing the transmission rate. J Med Entomol 11: 455–458

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kramer LD, Hardy JL, Presser SB, Houk EJ (1981) Dissemination barriers for western equine encephalomyelitis virus in Culex tarsalis infected after ingestion of low viral doses. Am J Trop Med Hyg 30: 190–197

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LaMotte LC Jr (1963) Effect of low environmental temperature upon Japanese B encephalitis virus multiplication in the mosquito. Mosq News 23: 330–335

    Google Scholar 

  • Lanciotti RS, Roehrig JT, Deubel V, Smith J, Parker M, Steele K, Crise B. Volpe KE, Crabtree MB, Scherret JH, Hall RA, MacKenzie JS, Cropp CB, Panigrahy B, Ostlund E, Schmitt B, Malkinson M. Banet C, Weissman J, Komar N, Savage HM, Stone W, McNamara T, Gubler DJ (1999) Origin of the West Nile virus responsible for an outbreak of encephalitis in the northeastern United States. Science 286: 2333–2337

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall ID (1988) Murray Valley and Kunjin encephalitis In: Monath. T (ed), Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology, Vol III. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 151–190

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller BR, Nasci RS, Godsey MS, Savage HM, Lutwama JJ, Lanciotti RS, Peters CJ (2000) First field evidence for natural vertical transmission of West Nile virus in Cades univittatus complex mosquitoes from Rift Valley Province, Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62: 240–246

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell CJ, Niebylski ML, Smith GC, Karabatsos N, Martin D, Mutebi J-P, Craig GB Jr. Mahler MJ (1992) Isolation of eastern equine encephalitis virus from Aedes albopictus in Florida. Science 257:526–527

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore CG, McLean RG, Mitchell CJ, Nasci RS. Tsai TF, Calisher CH. Marfin AA, Moore PS. Gubler DJ (1993) Guide for Arbovirus Surveillance Programs in the United States. CDC. Fort Collins

    Google Scholar 

  • Peyton EL. Cambell SR, Candeletti TM, Romanowski M. Crans W (1999) Aedes (Finlaya) japonicas japonicas ( Theobald), a new introduction into the United States. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 15: 238–241

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reeves WC (1957) Arthropods as vectors and reservoirs of animal pathogenic viruses. In: Hallauer C, Meyer KF (eds) Handbuch de Virusforschung. Springer-Verlag, Vienna. V. 4 (Supplementary V. 3 ) pp 177–202

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosen L. Tesh RB. Lien JC, Cross JH (1978) Transovarial transmission of Japanese encephalitis virus by mosquitoes. Science 199: 909–911

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosen L, Lien JC, Shroyer DA, Baker RA, Lu LC (1989) Experimental vertical transmission of Japanese encephalitis virus by Cules triteaniorhynchus and other mosquitoes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 40: 548–556

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sardelis MR, Turell MJ (2001) Ochlerotatus j. japonicas in Frederick County, Maryland: discovery, distribution, and vector competence for West Nile virus. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 17: 137–141

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sardelis MR, Turell MJ. Dohm DJ. O’Guinn ML (2001) Vector competence of selected North American Cules and Coquillettidia mosquitoes for West Nile virus. Emerg Infec Dis 7: 1018–1022

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor RM, Work TH, Hurlbut HS, Rizk F (1956) A study of the ecology of West Nile virus in Egypt. Am J Trop Med Hyg 5: 579–620

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tempelis CH (1975) Host-feeding patterns of mosquitoes, with a review of advances in analysis of blood meals by serology. J Med Entomol 11: 635–653

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turell MJ (1988) Horizontal and vertical transmission of viruses by insect and tick vectors. In: Monath T (ed), Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology, Vol I. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 127–152

    Google Scholar 

  • Turell MJ, Gargan TP II, Bailey CL (1984) Replication and dissemination of Rift Valley fever virus in Codes pipiens. Am J Trop Med Hyg 33: 176–181

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turell MJ, Rossi CA, Bailey CL (1985) Effect of extrinsic incubation temperature on the ability of Aedes taeniorhynchus and Cules pipiens to transmit Rift Valley fever virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 34: 1211–1218

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turell MJ, O’Guinn M, Oliver J (2000) Potential for New York mosquitoes to transmit West Nile Virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62: 413–414

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turell MJ, O’Guinn ML, Dohm DJ, Jones JW (2001) Vector Competence of North American mosquitoes ( Diptera: Culicidae) for West Nile virus. J Med Entomol 38: 130–134

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watts DM, Pantuwatana S, DeFoliart GR, Yuill TM, Thompson WH (1973) Transovarial transmission of LaCrosse virus (California encephalitis group) in the mosquito, Aedes triseriatus. Science 182: 1140–1141.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watts DM, Burke DS, Harrison BA, Whitmire RE, Nisalak A (1987) Effect of temperature on the vector efficiency of Aedes aegypti for dengue 2 virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 36: 143–152

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Vector Assessment, Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702-5011, USA

    M. J. Turell, M. R. Sardelis, M. L. O’Guinn & D. J. Dohm

Authors
  1. M. J. Turell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M. R. Sardelis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. M. L. O’Guinn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. D. J. Dohm
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia

    John S. Mackenzie

  2. Departments of Pathology and Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch of Galveston, Galveston, 77555-0605, USA

    Alan D. T. Barrett

  3. Centre de Recherche Mérieux Pasteur à Lyon, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69365, Lyon cedex 7, France

    Vincent Deubel

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Turell, M.J., Sardelis, M.R., O’Guinn, M.L., Dohm, D.J. (2002). Potential Vectors of West Nile Virus in North America. In: Mackenzie, J.S., Barrett, A.D.T., Deubel, V. (eds) Japanese Encephalitis and West Nile Viruses. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 267. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59403-8_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59403-8_12

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-63966-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-59403-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation