Skip to main content

Artificial Salivas: Why Are They Not More Useful?

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Dry Mouth

Abstract

The potential market for artificial salivas is huge, yet the actual usage is relatively low. One reason may be the lack of effectiveness of current brands. At best they only mimic the viscous nature of saliva but not the other physical properties, such as elasticity. This leads to a poor retention of the product in the mouth which then requires frequent application to provide any kind of relief. Since most dry mouth sufferers have some residual secretory activity, it makes sense to formulate artificial salivas to supplement any pre-existing saliva. Due to their very low surface tension, artificial salivas may displace the pre-existing saliva. This chapter explores the components of some leading brands, examines their physical properties – both neat and when mixed with saliva – and suggests some potential future directions for new product development.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 159.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Berg CH, Lindh L, Arnebrant T. Intraoral lubrication of PRP-1, statherin and mucin as studied by AFM. Biofouling. 2004;20(1):65–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Bhat PP, Appathurai S, Harris MT, Pasquali M, McKinley GH, Basaran OA. Formation of beads on a string structures during break-up of viscoelastic filaments. Nat Phys. 2010;6(8):625–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Bradway SD, Bergey EJ, Scannapieco FA, Ramasubbu N, Zawacki S, Levine MJ. Formation of salivary-mucosal pellicle – the role of transglutaminase. Biochem J. 1992;284:557–64.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Cardenas M, Elofsson U, Lindh L. Salivary mucin MUC5B could be an important component of in vitro pellicles of human saliva: an in situ ellipsometry and atomic force microscopy study. Biomacromolecules. 2007;8(4):1149–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Castro I, Sepulveda D, Cortes J, Quest AFG, Barrera MJ, Bahamondes V, Aguilera S, Urzua U, Alliende C, Molina C, Gonzalez S, Hermoso MA, Leyton C, Gonzalez MJ. Oral dryness in Sjogren’s syndrome patients. Not just a question of water. Autoimmun Rev. 2013;12(5):567–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Clegg JP, Guest JF, Lehman A, Smith AF. The annual cost of dry eye syndrome in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom among patients managed by ophthalmologists. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2006;13(4):263–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Dongari-Bagtzoglou A, Kashleva H. Development of a highly reproducible three-dimensional organotypic model of the oral mucosa. Nat Protoc. 2006;1(4):2012–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Frigerio L, Vine ND, Pedrazzini E, Hein MB, Wang F, Ma JKC, Vitale A. Assembly, secretion, and vacuolar delivery of a hybrid immunoglobulin in plants. Plant Physiol. 2000;123(4):1483–93.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Furness S, Worthington HV, Bryan G, Birchenough S, McMillan R. Interventions for the management of dry mouth: topical therapies Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(12):106.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Gibbins HL, Yakubov GE, Wilson S, Carpenter GH. Concentration of salivary protective proteins in the bound oral mucosal pellicle. Oral Dis. 2013. doi:10.1111/odi.12194.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Gil-Montoya JA, Guardia-Lopez I, Gonzalez-Moles MA. Evaluation of the clinical efficacy containing the antimicrobial of a mouthwash and oral gel proteins lactoperoxidase, lysozyme and lactoferrin in elderly patients with dry mouth a pilot study. Gerodontology. 2008;25(1):3–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Gomez-Moreno G, Aguilar-Salvatierra A, Guardia J, Uribe-Marioni A, Cabrera-Ayala M, Delgado-Ruiz RA, Calvo-Guirado JL. The efficacy of a topical sialogogue spray containing 1% malic acid in patients with antidepressant-induced dry mouth: a double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Depress Anxiety. 2013;30(2):137–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Hanning SM, Yu T, Jones DS, Andrews GP, Kieser JA, Medlicott NJ. Lecithin-based emulsions for potential use as saliva substitutes in patients with xerostomia – viscoelastic properties. Int J Pharm. 2013;456(2):560–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Harvey NM, Carpenter GH, Proctor GB, Klein J. Normal and frictional interactions of purified human statherin adsorbed on molecularly-smooth solid substrata. Biofouling. 2011;27(8):823–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Hatton MN, Loomis RE, Levine MJ, Tabak LA. Masticatory lubrication – the role of carbohydrate in the lubricating property of a salivary glycoprotein albumin complex. Biochem J. 1985;230(3):817–20.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Klein J. Polymers in living systems: from biological lubrication to tissue engineering and biomedical devices. Polym Adv Technol. 2012;23(4):729–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Ma JKC, Christou P, Chikwamba R, Haydon H, Paul M, Ferrer MP, Ramalingam S, Rech E, Rybicki E, Wigdorowitz A, Yang DC, Thangaraj H. Realising the value of plant molecular pharming to benefit the poor in developing countries and emerging economies. Plant Biotechnol J. 2013;11(9):1029–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Nederfors T, Isaksson R, Mornstad H, Dahlof C. Prevalence of perceived symptoms of dry mouth in an adult Swedish population – relation to age, sex and pharmacotherapy. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1997;25(3):211–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Ogawa M, Oshima M, Imamura A, Sekine Y, Ishida K, Yamashita K, Nakajima K, Hirayama M, Tachikawa T, Tsuji T. Functional salivary gland regeneration by transplantation of a bioengineered organ germ. Nat Commun. 2013;4:2498.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Park MS, Chang JY, Kim YY, Kang JH, Kho HS. Physical and biological properties of yam as a saliva substitute. Arch Oral Biol. 2010;55(2):177–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Pathak D, Kumar P, Kuppusamy G, Gupta A, Kamble B, Wadhwani A. Physicochemical characterization and toxicological evaluation of plant-based anionic polymers and their nanoparticulated system for ocular delivery. Nanotoxicology. 2014;8(8):843–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Proctor GB, Hamdan S, Carpenter GH, Wilde P. A statherin and calcium enriched layer at the air interface of human parotid saliva. Biochem J. 2005;389:111–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Ramos-Casals M, Brito-Zeron P, Siso-Almirall A, Bosch X, Tzioufas AG. Topical and systemic medications for the treatment of primary Sjogren’s syndrome. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2012;8(7):399–411.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Ranc H, Elkhyat A, Servais C, Mac-Mary S, Launay B, Humbert P. Friction coefficient and wettability of oral mucosal tissue: changes induced by a salivary layer. Colloids Surf Physicochem Eng Asp. 2006;276(1–3):155–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Stokes JR, Davies GA. Viscoelasticity of human whole saliva collected after acid and mechanical stimulation. Biorheology. 2007;44(3):141–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Sugiura Y, Soga Y, Yamabe K, Tsutani S, Tanimoto I, Maeda H, Kokeguchi S, Fujii N, Ishimaru F, Tanimoto M, Nishimura F, Takashiba S. Total bacterial counts on oral mucosa after using a commercial saliva substitute in patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation. Support Care Cancer. 2010;18(3):395–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Toida M, Nanya Y, Takeda-Kawaguchi T, Baba S, Iida K, Kato K, Hatakeyama D, Makita H, Yamashita T, Shibata T. Oral complaints and stimulated salivary flow rate in 1188 adults. J Oral Pathol Med. 2010;39(5):407–19.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Tsibouklis J, Middleton AM, Patel N, Pratten J. Toward mucoadhesive hydrogel formulations for the management of xerostomia: the physicochemical, biological, and pharmacological considerations. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2013;101(11):3327–38.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Veeregowda DH, Kolbe A, van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ, Herrmann A, Sharma PK. Recombinant supercharged polypeptides restore and improve biolubrication. Adv Mater. 2013;25(25):3426–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Vissink A, Waterman HA, Sgravenmade EJ, Panders AK, Vermey A. Rheological properties of saliva substitutes containing mucin, carboxymethylcellulose or polyethylenoxide. J Oral Pathol Med. 1984;13(1):22–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Yakubov GE, McColl J, Bongaerts JHH, Ramsden JJ. Viscous boundary lubrication of hydrophobic surfaces by mucin. Langmuir. 2009;25(4):2313–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The data shown in this chapter was produced by Amandeep Bains as part of a summer project during her BDS programme. The author is very grateful for her helpful comments in preparing this chapter.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Guy Carpenter .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Carpenter, G. (2015). Artificial Salivas: Why Are They Not More Useful?. In: Carpenter, G. (eds) Dry Mouth. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55154-3_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55154-3_11

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-55153-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-55154-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics